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Shahzad S, Sharma A, Mehdi SEH, Gurung A, Hussain F, Kang W, Jang M, Oh SE. Assessment of Metals Toxicity Using a Nitrifying Bacteria Bioassay Kit Based on Oxygen Consumption. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2025:10.1007/s00244-025-01126-9. [PMID: 40402242 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-025-01126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/23/2025]
Abstract
The escalating concentrations of emerging contaminants in water systems and the possible environmental threats they emphasize the necessity for more sophisticated methods in the evaluation of water quality. Traditional bioassays raise ethical concerns, require intricate procedures, entail significant expenses, and only allow for endpoint measurements. The using of nitrifying bacteria in bioassays has resulted in increased sensitivity to a wide range of toxic substances, making them valuable for the identification of water pollution. This study introduces a novel nitrifying bacteria bioassay kit for detecting heavy metal contaminants in water. This bioassay is specifically designed for expedited analysis of oxygen consumption. This technique enables the identification of a range of toxic metals. Optimization studies indicated that 100 mg ammonia NH4+-N/L, and 1 mL acclimated culture were the ideal conditions facilitating the necessary volume of gas consumption for sensitive data generation. Determined EC50 values of the selected toxic metals were: chromium (Cr6+), 0.51 mg/L; silver (Ag+), 2.90 mg/L; copper (Cu2+), 2.90 mg/L; nickel (Ni2+), 3.60 mg/L; arsenic (As3+), 4.10 mg/L; cadmium (Cd2+), 5.56 mg/L; mercury (Hg2+), 8.06 mg/L; and lead (Pb2+), 19.3 mg/L. Metagenomics analysis found key species in the research included Nitrosomonas eutropha, Nitrosomonas oligotropha, Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrobacter vulgaris, Nitrobacter winogradskyi, Nitrospira moscoviensis and Nitrospira lenta. In addition, this bioassay is ideal for field screening and real-time monitoring due to its simplicity and reliability. This bioassay provides a precise, economical, and effective substitute for more intricate and ethically problematic techniques, enhancing the effectiveness of water quality monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Shahzad
- Department of Biological Environmental, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-Dong, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-State, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Aparna Sharma
- Department of Biological Environmental, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-Dong, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-State, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Ejaz Hussain Mehdi
- Department of Biological Environmental, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-Dong, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-State, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Anup Gurung
- Department of Biological Environmental, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-Dong, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-State, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Fida Hussain
- Department of Biological Environmental, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-Dong, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-State, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Woochang Kang
- Department of Biological Environmental, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-Dong, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-State, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Oh
- Department of Biological Environmental, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-Dong, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-State, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Bhatt A, Jain S, Navani NK. Rapid, Sensitive, and Specific Microbial Whole-Cell Biosensor for the Detection of Histamine: A Potential Food Toxin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:27466-27478. [PMID: 39441673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Histamine is a biogenic amine; its level indicates food quality, as elevated levels cause food poisoning. Therefore, monitoring food at each step during processing until it reaches the consumer is crucial, but current techniques are complicated and time-consuming. Here, we designed a Pseudomonas putida whole-cell biosensor using a histamine-responsive genetic element expressing a fluorescent protein in the presence of the cognate target. We improved the performance of the proposed biosensor by optimizing the chassis, genetic regulatory element, and reporter gene. A sensitive and rapid biosensor variant was obtained with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.39 ppm, manifesting a linear response (R2 = 0.98) from 0.28 to 18 ppm in 90 min. The biosensor showed minimal cross-reactivity with other biogenic amines and amino acids prevalent in food, making it highly specific. The biosensor effectively quantified histamine in spiked fish, prawn, and wine samples with a satisfactory recovery. Additionally, a colorimetric sensor variant PAlacZ was developed enabling histamine quantification in seafood via a smartphone application, with an LODgray of 0.23 ppm, exhibiting a linear response from 0 to 2.24 ppm. Overall, this study reports an efficient, specific, and highly sensitive biosensor with strong potential for the on-site detection of histamine, ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Chemical Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shubham Jain
- Chemical Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Naveen K Navani
- Chemical Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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Bindu A, Bhadra S, Nayak S, Khan R, Prabhu AA, Sevda S. Bioelectrochemical biosensors for water quality assessment and wastewater monitoring. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220933. [PMID: 39220594 PMCID: PMC11365470 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioelectrochemical biosensors offer a promising approach for real-time monitoring of industrial bioprocesses. Many bioelectrochemical biosensors do not require additional labelling reagents for target molecules. This simplifies the monitoring process, reduces costs, and minimizes potential contamination risks. Advancements in materials science and microfabrication technologies are paving the way for smaller, more portable bioelectrochemical biosensors. This opens doors for integration into existing bioprocessing equipment and facilitates on-site, real-time monitoring capabilities. Biosensors can be designed to detect specific heavy metals such as lead, mercury, or chromium in wastewater. Early detection allows for the implementation of appropriate removal techniques before they reach the environment. Despite these challenges, bioelectrochemical biosensors offer a significant leap forward in wastewater monitoring. As research continues to improve their robustness, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness, they have the potential to become a cornerstone of efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Bindu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal506004, Telangana, India
| | - Sudipa Bhadra
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal506004, Telangana, India
| | - Soubhagya Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal506004, Telangana, India
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal506004, Telangana, India
| | - Ashish A. Prabhu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal506004, Telangana, India
| | - Surajbhan Sevda
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal506004, Telangana, India
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Farina R, Scalese S, Corso D, Capuano GE, Screpis GA, Coniglio MA, Condorelli GG, Libertino S. Chronoamperometric Ammonium Ion Detection in Water via Conductive Polymers and Gold Nanoparticles. Molecules 2024; 29:3028. [PMID: 38998981 PMCID: PMC11243345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of ammonium ion levels in water is essential due to its significant impact on environmental and human health. This work aims to fabricate and characterize sensitive, real-time, low-cost, and portable amperometric sensors for low NH4+ concentrations in water. Two strategies were conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV): electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles on a commercial polyaniline/C electrode (Au/PANI/C), and CV of electropolymerized polyaniline on a commercial carbon electrode (Au/PANIep/C). Au NPs increase the electrical conductivity of PANI and its ability to transfer charges during electrochemical reactions. The electrode performances were tested in a concentration range from 0.35 µM to 7 µM in NH4+ solution. The results show that the Au/PANI/C electrode performs well for high NH4+ concentrations (0.34 µM LoD) and worsens for low NH4+ concentrations (0.01 µM LoD). A reverse performance occurs for the electrode Au/PANIep/C, with a 0.03 µM LoD at low NH4+ concentration and 0.07 µM LoD at high NH4+ concentration. The electrodes exhibit a good reproducibility, with a maximum RSD of 3.68% for Au/PANI/C and 5.94% for Au/PANIep/C. In addition, the results of the repeatability tests show that the electrochemical reaction of sensing is fully reversible, leaving the electrode ready for a new detection event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Farina
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII Z.I., 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Scalese
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII Z.I., 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Corso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII Z.I., 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Emanuele Capuano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII Z.I., 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Andrea Screpis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate "G.F. Ingrassia", Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Anna Coniglio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII Z.I., 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate "G.F. Ingrassia", Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Guido Condorelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Sebania Libertino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII Z.I., 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
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Ahangari A, Mahmoodi P, Mohammadzadeh A. Advanced nano biosensors for rapid detection of zoonotic bacteria. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:41-56. [PMID: 36253878 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans and vice-versa is called zoonosis. Bacterial zoonotic diseases can re-emerge after they have been eradicated or controlled and are among the world's major health problems which inflict tremendous burden on healthcare systems. The first step to encounter such illnesses can be early and precise detection of bacterial pathogens to further prevent the following losses due to their infections. Although conventional methods for diagnosing pathogens, including culture-based, polymerase chain reaction-based, and immunological-based techniques, benefit from their advantages, they also have their own drawbacks, for example, taking long time to provide results, and requiring laborious work, expensive materials, and special equipment in certain conditions. Consequently, there is a greater tendency to introduce simple, innovative, quicker, accurate, and low-cost detection methods to effectively characterize the causative agents of infectious diseases. Biosensors, therefore, seem to practically be one of those novel promising diagnostic tools on this aim. These are effective and reliable elements with high sensitivity and specificity, that their usability can even be improved in medical diagnostic systems when empowered by nanoparticles. In the present review, recent advances in the development of several bio and nano biosensors, for rapid detection of zoonotic bacteria, have been discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ahangari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Pezhman Mahmoodi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Ammonia Gas Sensors: Comparison of Solid-State and Optical Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High precision and fast measurement of gas concentrations is important for both understanding and monitoring various phenomena, from industrial and environmental to medical and scientific applications. This article deals with the recent progress in ammonia detection using in-situ solid-state and optical methods. Due to the continuous progress in material engineering and optoelectronic technologies, these methods are among the most perceptive because of their advantages in a specific application. We present the basics of each technique, their performance limits, and the possibility of further development. The practical implementations of representative examples are described in detail. Finally, we present a performance comparison of selected practical application, accumulating data reported over the preceding decade, and conclude from this comparison.
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8
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Nakamura H. Current status of water environment and their microbial biosensor techniques - Part II: Recent trends in microbial biosensor development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3967-3989. [PMID: 29736704 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Part I of the present review series, I presented the current state of the water environment by focusing on Japanese cases and discussed the need to further develop microbial biosensor technologies for the actual water environment. I comprehensively present trends after approximately 2010 in microbial biosensor development for the water environment. In the first section, after briefly summarizing historical studies, recent studies on microbial biosensor principles are introduced. In the second section, recent application studies for the water environment are also introduced. Finally, I conclude the present review series by describing the need to further develop microbial biosensor technologies. Graphical abstract Current water pollution indirectly occurs by anthropogenic eutrophication (Part I). Recent trends in microbial biosensor development for water environment are described in part II of the present review series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nakamura
- Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan.
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Chen Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Li Y, Ma P, Gu B, Li H. Recent advances in rapid pathogen detection method based on biosensors. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1021-1037. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zulkifli SN, Rahim HA, Lau WJ. Detection of contaminants in water supply: A review on state-of-the-art monitoring technologies and their applications. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018; 255:2657-2689. [PMID: 32288249 PMCID: PMC7126548 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water monitoring technologies are widely used for contaminants detection in wide variety of water ecology applications such as water treatment plant and water distribution system. A tremendous amount of research has been conducted over the past decades to develop robust and efficient techniques of contaminants detection with minimum operating cost and energy. Recent developments in spectroscopic techniques and biosensor approach have improved the detection sensitivities, quantitatively and qualitatively. The availability of in-situ measurements and multiple detection analyses has expanded the water monitoring applications in various advanced techniques including successful establishment in hand-held sensing devices which improves portability in real-time basis for the detection of contaminant, such as microorganisms, pesticides, heavy metal ions, inorganic and organic components. This paper intends to review the developments in water quality monitoring technologies for the detection of biological and chemical contaminants in accordance with instrumental limitations. Particularly, this review focuses on the most recently developed techniques for water contaminant detection applications. Several recommendations and prospective views on the developments in water quality assessments will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herlina Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Woei-Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Ding J, Lv E, Zhu L, Qin W. Optical Ion Sensing Platform Based on Potential-Modulated Release of Enzyme. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3235-3239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental
Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal
Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
| | - Enguang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental
Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal
Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental
Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal
Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental
Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal
Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
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Xiao Y, De Araujo C, Sze CC, Stuckey DC. Toxicity measurement in biological wastewater treatment processes: a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:15-29. [PMID: 25550080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological wastewater treatment processes (WWTPs), by nature of their reliance on biological entities to degrade organics and sometimes remove nutrients, are vulnerable to toxicants present in their influent. Various toxicity measurement methods have been adopted for biological WWTPs, but most are performed off-line, and cannot be adapted to on-line monitoring tools to provide an early warning for WWTP operators. However, the past decade has seen a rapid expansion in the research and development of biosensors that can be used for toxicity assessment of aquatic environments. Some of these biosensors have also been shown to be effective for use in biological WWTPs. Nevertheless, more research is needed to: examine the sensitivity of assays and sensors based on single organisms to various toxicants and develop a matrix of biosensors or a biosensor incorporating multiple organisms that can protect WWTPs; test the micro fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensors with real wastewaters and correlate the results with the well-established oxygen uptake rate (OUR)-based or CH4-based toxicity assay; and, develop advanced data processing methods for interpreting the results of on-line toxicity sensors in real WWTPs to reduce the noise due to the normal fluctuation in influent quality and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyuan Xiao
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre (AEBC), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Centre (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University,Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Cecilia De Araujo
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre (AEBC), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Centre (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University,Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Chun Chau Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre (AEBC), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Centre (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University,Singapore 637141, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Geng F, Ding J, Jia C, Ding B, Qin W. A potentiometric biosensing system based on an isolated degrading bacterium Klebsiella sp. MP-6 for the determination of methyl parathion. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A potentiometric system for methyl parathion using bacterial cells as bioreceptors and an anion-sensitive electrode as a transducer is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Geng
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
| | - Jiawang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes
- YICCAS
| | - Cuiying Jia
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Baojun Ding
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes
- YICCAS
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Sharma H, Agarwal M, Goswami M, Sharma A, Roy SK, Rai R, Murugan M. Biosensors: tool for food borne pathogen detection. Vet World 2013. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.968-973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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