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Yue O, Wang X, Xie L, Bai Z, Zou X, Liu X. Biomimetic Exogenous "Tissue Batteries" as Artificial Power Sources for Implantable Bioelectronic Devices Manufacturing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307369. [PMID: 38196276 PMCID: PMC10953594 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronic devices (IBDs) have gained attention for their capacity to conformably detect physiological and pathological signals and further provide internal therapy. However, traditional power sources integrated into these IBDs possess intricate limitations such as bulkiness, rigidity, and biotoxicity. Recently, artificial "tissue batteries" (ATBs) have diffusely developed as artificial power sources for IBDs manufacturing, enabling comprehensive biological-activity monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy. ATBs are on-demand and designed to accommodate the soft and confining curved placement space of organisms, minimizing interface discrepancies, and providing ample power for clinical applications. This review presents the near-term advancements in ATBs, with a focus on their miniaturization, flexibility, biodegradability, and power density. Furthermore, it delves into material-screening, structural-design, and energy density across three distinct categories of TBs, distinguished by power supply strategies. These types encompass innovative energy storage devices (chemical batteries and supercapacitors), power conversion devices that harness power from human-body (biofuel cells, thermoelectric nanogenerators, bio-potential devices, piezoelectric harvesters, and triboelectric devices), and energy transfer devices that receive and utilize external energy (radiofrequency-ultrasound energy harvesters, ultrasound-induced energy harvesters, and photovoltaic devices). Ultimately, future challenges and prospects emphasize ATBs with the indispensability of bio-safety, flexibility, and high-volume energy density as crucial components in long-term implantable bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Yue
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Long Xie
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Zhongxue Bai
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Xiaoliang Zou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
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Efficient scheme for WCE image compression based on strategic chroma subsampling and encoding. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Babu C, Chandy DA. A Review on Lossless Compression Techniques for Wireless Capsule Endoscopic Data. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:27-38. [PMID: 32324517 DOI: 10.2174/1573405616666200423084725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The videos produced during wireless capsule endoscopy have larger data size causing difficulty in transmission with limited bandwidth. The constraint on wireless capsule endoscopy hinders the performance of the compression module. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this paper are as follows: (i) to conduct an extensive review of the lossless compression techniques and (ii) to find out the limitations of the existing system and the possibilities for improvement. METHODS The literature review was conducted with a focus on the compression schemes satisfying minimum computational complexity, less power dissipation and low memory requirements for hardware implementation. A thorough study of various lossless compression techniques was conducted under two perspectives, i.e., techniques applied to Bayer CFA and RGB images. The detail of the various stages of wireless capsule endoscopy compression was investigated to have a better understanding. The suitable performance metrics for evaluating the compression techniques were listed from various literature studies. RESULTS In addition to the Gastrolab database, WEO clinical endoscopy atlas and Gastrointestinal atlas were found to be better alternatives for experimentation. Pre-processing operations, especially new subsampling patterns need to be given more focus to exploit the redundancies in the images. Investigations showed that encoder module can be modified to bring more improvement towards compression. The real-time endoscopy still exists as a promising area for exploration. CONCLUSION This review presents a research update on the details of wireless capsule endoscopy compression together with the findings as an eye-opener and guidance for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Babu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - D Abraham Chandy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
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Xue J, Yin L, Lan Z, Long M, Li G, Wang Z, Xie X. 3D DCT Based Image Compression Method for the Medical Endoscopic Application. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051817. [PMID: 33807805 PMCID: PMC7961525 DOI: 10.3390/s21051817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel 3D discrete cosine transform (DCT) based image compression method for medical endoscopic applications. Due to the high correlation among color components of wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) images, the original 2D Bayer data pattern is reconstructed into a new 3D data pattern, and 3D DCT is adopted to compress the 3D data for high compression ratio and high quality. For the low computational complexity of 3D-DCT, an optimized 4-point DCT butterfly structure without multiplication operation is proposed. Due to the unique characteristics of the 3D data pattern, the quantization and zigzag scan are ameliorated. To further improve the visual quality of decompressed images, a frequency-domain filter is proposed to eliminate the blocking artifacts adaptively. Experiments show that our method attains an average compression ratio (CR) of 22.94:1 with the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of 40.73 dB, which outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xue
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (J.X.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Li Yin
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (J.X.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zehua Lan
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (J.X.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Mingzhu Long
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (J.X.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Guolin Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (J.X.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiang Xie
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (J.X.); (L.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Z.W.)
- The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence:
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Hwang GB, Cho KN, Han CY, Oh HW, Yoon YH, Lee SE. Lossless Decompression Accelerator for Embedded Processor with GUI. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020145. [PMID: 33572563 PMCID: PMC7911039 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mobile industry brings about the demand for high-performance embedded systems in order to meet the requirement of user-centered application. Because of the limitation of memory resource, employing compressed data is efficient for an embedded system. However, the workload for data decompression causes an extreme bottleneck to the embedded processor. One of the ways to alleviate the bottleneck is to integrate a hardware accelerator along with the processor, constructing a system-on-chip (SoC) for the embedded system. In this paper, we propose a lossless decompression accelerator for an embedded processor, which supports LZ77 decompression and static Huffman decoding for an inflate algorithm. The accelerator is implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to verify the functional suitability and fabricated in a Samsung 65 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The performance of the accelerator is evaluated by the Canterbury corpus benchmark and achieved throughput up to 20.7 MB/s at 50 MHz system clock frequency.
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Low cost image compression algorithm with colour reproduction algorithm for transmitting video frame of capsule endoscopy using low power. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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An Ingenious Design of a High Performance-Low Complexity Image Compressor for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061617. [PMID: 32183258 PMCID: PMC7147374 DOI: 10.3390/s20061617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wireless Capsule Endoscopy is a state-of-the-art technology for medical diagnoses of gastrointestinal diseases. The amount of data produced by an endoscopic capsule camera is huge. These vast amounts of data are not practical to be saved internally due to power consumption and the available size. So, this data must be transmitted wirelessly outside the human body for further processing. The data should be compressed and transmitted efficiently in the domain of power consumption. In this paper, a new approach in the design and implementation of a low complexity, multiplier-less compression algorithm is proposed. Statistical analysis of capsule endoscopy images improved the performance of traditional lossless techniques, like Huffman coding and DPCM coding. Furthermore the Huffman implementation based on simple logic gates and without the use of memory tables increases more the speed and reduce the power consumption of the proposed system. Further analysis and comparison with existing state-of-the-art methods proved that the proposed method has better performance.
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Varma Malathkar N, Kumar Soni S. Low complexity image compression algorithm based on hybrid DPCM for wireless capsule endoscopy. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Advanced Image Enhancement Method for Distant Vessels and Structures in Capsule Endoscopy. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2017:9813165. [PMID: 29225668 PMCID: PMC5684617 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9813165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes an advanced method for contrast enhancement of capsule endoscopic images, with the main objective to obtain sufficient information about the vessels and structures in more distant (or darker) parts of capsule endoscopic images. The proposed method (PM) combines two algorithms for the enhancement of darker and brighter areas of capsule endoscopic images, respectively. The half-unit weighted-bilinear algorithm (HWB) proposed in our previous work is used to enhance darker areas according to the darker map content of its HSV's component V. Enhancement of brighter areas is achieved thanks to the novel threshold weighted-bilinear algorithm (TWB) developed to avoid overexposure and enlargement of specular highlight spots while preserving the hue, in such areas. The TWB performs enhancement operations following a gradual increment of the brightness of the brighter map content of its HSV's component V. In other words, the TWB decreases its averaged weights as the intensity content of the component V increases. Extensive experimental demonstrations were conducted, and, based on evaluation of the reference and PM enhanced images, a gastroenterologist (Ø.H.) concluded that the PM enhanced images were the best ones based on the information about the vessels, contrast in the images, and the view or visibility of the structures in more distant parts of the capsule endoscopy images.
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Alam MW, Hasan MM, Mohammed SK, Deeba F, Wahid KA. Are Current Advances of Compression Algorithms for Capsule Endoscopy Enough? A Technical Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 10:26-43. [PMID: 28961125 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2757013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent technological advances in capsule endoscopy system have revolutionized the healthcare system by introducing new techniques and functionalities to diagnose gastrointestinal tract. These techniques improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce the risk of hospitalization. Although many benefits of capsule endoscopy are known, there are still limitations including lower battery life, higher bandwidth, poor image quality and lower frame rate, which have restricted its wide use. In order to solve these limitations, the importance of a low-cost compression algorithm, that produces higher frame rate with better image quality and yet consumes lower bandwidth and transmission power, is paramount. While several review papers have been published describing the capability of capsule endoscope in terms of its functionality and emerging features, an extensive review on the compression algorithms from past and for future applications is still of great interest. Hence, in this review, we aim to address the issue by exploring the characteristics of endoscopic images, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of useful compression techniques, and making suggestions for possible future adaptation.
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Li Z, Ren B, Tan H, Liu S, Wang W, Pang Y, Lin J, Zeng C. Capsule Design for Blue Light Therapy against Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147531. [PMID: 26814481 PMCID: PMC4729685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A photo-medical capsule that emits blue light for Helicobacter pylori treatment was described in this paper. The system consists of modules for pH sensing and measuring, light-emitting diode driver circuit, radio communication and microcontroller, and power management. The system can differentiate locations by monitoring the pH values of the gastrointestinal tract, and turn on and off the blue light according to the preset range of pH values. Our experimental tests show that the capsule can operate in the effective light therapy mode for more than 32 minutes and the wireless communication module can reliably transmit the measured pH value to a receiver located outside the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Li
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Binbin Ren
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Tan
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengrong Liu
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinzhao Lin
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zeng
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
- Department of Physics, the George Washington University, Washington, D. C., United States of America
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Khan T, Shrestha R, Imtiaz MS, Wahid KA. Colour-reproduction algorithm for transmitting variable video frames and its application to capsule endoscopy. Healthc Technol Lett 2015; 2:52-7. [PMID: 26609405 PMCID: PMC4612308 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2014.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Presented is a new power-efficient colour generation algorithm for wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) application. In WCE, transmitting colour image data from the human intestine through radio frequency (RF) consumes a huge amount of power. The conventional way is to transmit all R, G and B components of all frames. Using the proposed dictionary-based colour generation scheme, instead of sending all R, G and B frames, first one colour frame is sent followed by a series of grey-scale frames. At the receiver end, the colour information is extracted from the colour frame and then added to colourise the grey-scale frames. After a certain number of grey-scale frames, another colour frame is sent followed by the same number of grey-scale frames. This process is repeated until the end of the video sequence to maintain the colour similarity. As a result, over 50% of RF transmission power can be saved using the proposed scheme, which will eventually lead to a battery life extension of the capsule by 4-7 h. The reproduced colour images have been evaluated both statistically and subjectively by professional gastroenterologists. The algorithm is finally implemented using a WCE prototype and the performance is validated using an ex-vivo trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Khan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada
| | - Ravi Shrestha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada
| | - Md. Shamin Imtiaz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada
| | - Khan A. Wahid
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada
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