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Wolcott ZC, English SW. Artificial intelligence to enhance prehospital stroke diagnosis and triage: a perspective. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1389056. [PMID: 38756217 PMCID: PMC11096539 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1389056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As health systems organize to deliver the highest quality stroke care to their patients, there is increasing emphasis being placed on prehospital stroke recognition, accurate diagnosis, and efficient triage to improve outcomes after stroke. Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel currently rely heavily on dispatch accuracy, stroke screening tools, bypass protocols and prehospital notification to care for patients with suspected stroke, but novel tools including mobile stroke units and telemedicine-enabled ambulances are already changing the landscape of prehospital stroke care. Herein, the authors provide our perspective on the current state of prehospital stroke diagnosis and triage including several of these emerging trends. Then, we provide commentary to highlight potential artificial intelligence (AI) applications to improve stroke detection, improve accurate and timely dispatch, enhance EMS training and performance, and develop novel stroke diagnostic tools for prehospital use.
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Ikezawa N, Okamoto T, Yoshida Y, Kurihara S, Takahashi N, Nakada TA, Haneishi H. Toward an application of automatic evaluation system for central facial palsy using two simple evaluation indices in emergency medicine. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3429. [PMID: 38341480 PMCID: PMC10858878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A stroke is a medical emergency and thus requires immediate treatment. Paramedics should accurately assess suspected stroke patients and promptly transport them to a hospital with stroke care facilities; however, current assessment procedures rely on subjective visual assessment. We aim to develop an automatic evaluation system for central facial palsy (CFP) that uses RGB cameras installed in an ambulance. This paper presents two evaluation indices, namely the symmetry of mouth movement and the difference in mouth shape, respectively, extracted from video frames. These evaluation indices allow us to quantitatively evaluate the degree of facial palsy. A classification model based on these indices can discriminate patients with CFP. The results of experiments using our dataset show that the values of the two evaluation indices are significantly different between healthy subjects and CFP patients. Furthermore, our classification model achieved an area under the curve of 0.847. This study demonstrates that the proposed automatic evaluation system has great potential for quantitatively assessing CFP patients based on two evaluation indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ikezawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okamoto
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Kurihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Narita Red Cross Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Nakada
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Haneishi
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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ZhuParris A, de Goede AA, Yocarini IE, Kraaij W, Groeneveld GJ, Doll RJ. Machine Learning Techniques for Developing Remotely Monitored Central Nervous System Biomarkers Using Wearable Sensors: A Narrative Literature Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115243. [PMID: 37299969 DOI: 10.3390/s23115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) disorders benefit from ongoing monitoring to assess disease progression and treatment efficacy. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies offer a means for the remote and continuous symptom monitoring of patients. Machine Learning (ML) techniques can process and engineer mHealth data into a precise and multidimensional biomarker of disease activity. OBJECTIVE This narrative literature review aims to provide an overview of the current landscape of biomarker development using mHealth technologies and ML. Additionally, it proposes recommendations to ensure the accuracy, reliability, and interpretability of these biomarkers. METHODS This review extracted relevant publications from databases such as PubMed, IEEE, and CTTI. The ML methods employed across the selected publications were then extracted, aggregated, and reviewed. RESULTS This review synthesized and presented the diverse approaches of 66 publications that address creating mHealth-based biomarkers using ML. The reviewed publications provide a foundation for effective biomarker development and offer recommendations for creating representative, reproducible, and interpretable biomarkers for future clinical trials. CONCLUSION mHealth-based and ML-derived biomarkers have great potential for the remote monitoring of CNS disorders. However, further research and standardization of study designs are needed to advance this field. With continued innovation, mHealth-based biomarkers hold promise for improving the monitoring of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahnjili ZhuParris
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Snellius Gebouw, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annika A de Goede
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E Yocarini
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Snellius Gebouw, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wessel Kraaij
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Snellius Gebouw, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Anna van Buerenplein 1, 2595 DA, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Snellius Gebouw, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Doll
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
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Jalo H, Seth M, Pikkarainen M, Häggström I, Jood K, Bakidou A, Sjöqvist BA, Candefjord S. Early identification and characterisation of stroke to support prehospital decision-making using artificial intelligence: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069660. [PMID: 37217266 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is a time-critical condition and one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. To decrease mortality and improve patient outcome by improving access to optimal treatment, there is an emerging need to improve the accuracy of the methods used to identify and characterise stroke in prehospital settings and emergency departments (EDs). This might be accomplished by developing computerised decision support systems (CDSSs) that are based on artificial intelligence (AI) and potential new data sources such as vital signs, biomarkers and image and video analysis. This scoping review aims to summarise literature on existing methods for early characterisation of stroke by using AI. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The review will be performed with respect to the Arksey and O'Malley's model. Peer-reviewed articles about AI-based CDSSs for the characterisation of stroke or new potential data sources for stroke CDSSs, published between January 1995 and April 2023 and written in English, will be included. Studies reporting methods that depend on mobile CT scanning or with no focus on prehospital or ED care will be excluded. Screening will be done in two steps: title and abstract screening followed by full-text screening. Two reviewers will perform the screening process independently, and a third reviewer will be involved in case of disagreement. Final decision will be made based on majority vote. Results will be reported using a descriptive summary and thematic analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The methodology used in the protocol is based on information publicly available and does not need ethical approval. The results from the review will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The findings will be shared at relevant national and international conferences and meetings in the field of digital health and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoor Jalo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Seth
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Minna Pikkarainen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Häggström
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Jood
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Bakidou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- PreHospen - Centre for Prehospital Research, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Bengt Arne Sjöqvist
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Candefjord
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ten Harkel TC, de Jong G, Marres HAM, Ingels KJAO, Speksnijder CM, Maal TJJ. Automatic grading of patients with a unilateral facial paralysis based on the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System - A deep learning study based on a convolutional neural network. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103810. [PMID: 36871420 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to assess the severity and the progression of a unilateral peripheral facial palsy the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) is a well-established grading system due to its clinical relevance, sensitivity, and robust measuring method. However, training is required in order to achieve a high inter-rater reliability. This study investigated the automated grading of facial palsy patients based on the SFGS using a convolutional neural network. METHODS A total of 116 patients with a unilateral peripheral facial palsy and 9 healthy subjects were recorded performing the Sunnybrook poses. A separate model was trained for each of the 13 elements of the SFGS and then used to calculate the Sunnybrook subscores and composite score. The performance of the automated grading system was compared to three clinicians experienced in the grading of a facial palsy. RESULTS The inter-rater reliability of the convolutional neural network was within the range of human observers, with an average intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.87 for the composite Sunnybrook score, 0.45 for the resting symmetry subscore, 0.89 for the symmetry of voluntary movement subscore, and 0.77 for the synkinesis subscore. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the potential of the automated SFGS to be implemented in a clinical setting. The automated grading system adhered to the original SFGS, which makes the implementation and interpretation of the automated grading more straightforward. The automated system can be implemented in numerous settings such as online consults in an e-Health environment, since the model used 2D images captured from a video recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timen C Ten Harkel
- Radboud University Medical Centre, 3D Lab Radboudumc, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands.
| | - Guido de Jong
- Radboud University Medical Centre, 3D Lab Radboudumc, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Henri A M Marres
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Koen J A O Ingels
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline M Speksnijder
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J J Maal
- Radboud University Medical Centre, 3D Lab Radboudumc, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Ding L, Xu Z, Zha H, Tang X, Li C, Xu S, Yan Z, Jia J. The Feasibility of An Automatical Facial Evaluation System Providing Objective and Reliable Results for Facial Palsy. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2023; 31:1680-1686. [PMID: 37030715 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2023.3244563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Facial palsy would lead to a series of physical and mental problems, as facial function plays an important role in various aspects of daily life. However, the current strategies for evaluating facial function relied heavily on raters and the results varied from the experience of raters. Thus, an objective and accurate facial evaluation system is always claimed. In this study, a customized automatical facial evaluation system (AFES) was proposed, which might have the potential to be employed as an adjunctive and efficient assessing method in clinic. In order to investigate the feasibility of AFES, ninety-two participants with facial palsy were recruited and received scale-based subjective manual evaluation (including mHBGS and mSFGS) and objective automatical evaluation of AFES (including aHBGS, aSFGS and indicators of facial regional features) at enrollment and after two weeks. The correlations between the results of the two methods were analyzed and the participants were stratified according to the severity of facial function for further analyses. Strong positive correlations between manual and automatical HBGS and SFGS were observed and higher correlations were reported in the participants with normal-mild and moderate facial palsy. Significant improvements in clinical scales and indicator of eye synkinesis were found in forty-two participants in two weeks. Furthermore, some of the indicators were correlated with scale scores (I4, I7) and one of them presented a significant change between the baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation (I7). According to the results, AFES could be considered as a viable method to perform objective and reliable evaluation for patients with facial palsy and provide clarified results for prognosis.
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Kim J, Jeong H, Cho J, Pak C, Oh TS, Hong JP, Kwon S, Yoo J. Numerical Approach to Facial Palsy Using a Novel Registration Method with 3D Facial Landmark. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6636. [PMID: 36081094 PMCID: PMC9459972 DOI: 10.3390/s22176636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of facial palsy is essential because neglecting this disorder can lead to serious sequelae and further damage. For an objective evaluation and consistent rehabilitation training program of facial palsy patients, a clinician's evaluation must be simultaneously performed alongside quantitative evaluation. Recent research has evaluated facial palsy using 68 facial landmarks as features. However, facial palsy has numerous features, whereas existing studies use relatively few landmarks; moreover, they do not confirm the degree of improvement in the patient. In addition, as the face of a normal person is not perfectly symmetrical, it must be compared with previous images taken at a different time. Therefore, we introduce three methods to numerically approach measuring the degree of facial palsy after extracting 478 3D facial landmarks from 2D RGB images taken at different times. The proposed numerical approach performs registration to compare the same facial palsy patients at different times. We scale landmarks by performing scale matching before global registration. After scale matching, coarse registration is performed with global registration. Point-to-plane ICP is performed using the transformation matrix obtained from global registration as the initial matrix. After registration, the distance symmetry, angular symmetry, and amount of landmark movement are calculated for the left and right sides of the face. The degree of facial palsy at a certain point in time can be approached numerically and can be compared with the degree of palsy at other times. For the same facial expressions, the degree of facial palsy at different times can be measured through distance and angle symmetry. For different facial expressions, the simultaneous degree of facial palsy in the left and right sides can be compared through the amount of landmark movement. Through experiments, the proposed method was tested using the facial palsy patient database at different times. The experiments involved clinicians and confirmed that using the proposed numerical approach can help assess the progression of facial palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsik Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Hyungwha Jeong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jeongmok Cho
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Changsik Pak
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Tae Suk Oh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Joon Pio Hong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Soonchul Kwon
- Graduate School of Smart Convergence, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Jisang Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
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Knoedler L, Baecher H, Kauke-Navarro M, Prantl L, Machens HG, Scheuermann P, Palm C, Baumann R, Kehrer A, Panayi AC, Knoedler S. Towards a Reliable and Rapid Automated Grading System in Facial Palsy Patients: Facial Palsy Surgery Meets Computer Science. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11174998. [PMID: 36078928 PMCID: PMC9457271 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11174998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Reliable, time- and cost-effective, and clinician-friendly diagnostic tools are cornerstones in facial palsy (FP) patient management. Different automated FP grading systems have been developed but revealed persisting downsides such as insufficient accuracy and cost-intensive hardware. We aimed to overcome these barriers and programmed an automated grading system for FP patients utilizing the House and Brackmann scale (HBS). Methods: Image datasets of 86 patients seen at the Department of Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery at the University Hospital Regensburg, Germany, between June 2017 and May 2021, were used to train the neural network and evaluate its accuracy. Nine facial poses per patient were analyzed by the algorithm. Results: The algorithm showed an accuracy of 100%. Oversampling did not result in altered outcomes, while the direct form displayed superior accuracy levels when compared to the modular classification form (n = 86; 100% vs. 99%). The Early Fusion technique was linked to improved accuracy outcomes in comparison to the Late Fusion and sequential method (n = 86; 100% vs. 96% vs. 97%). Conclusions: Our automated FP grading system combines high-level accuracy with cost- and time-effectiveness. Our algorithm may accelerate the grading process in FP patients and facilitate the FP surgeon’s workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-151-448-249-58
| | - Helena Baecher
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Machens
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Scheuermann
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Palm
- Regensburg Medical Image Computing Lab, Ostbayrische Technische Hochschule Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Baumann
- Regensburg Medical Image Computing Lab, Ostbayrische Technische Hochschule Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kehrer
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adriana C. Panayi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Parra-Dominguez GS, Garcia-Capulin CH, Sanchez-Yanez RE. Automatic Facial Palsy Diagnosis as a Classification Problem Using Regional Information Extracted from a Photograph. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071528. [PMID: 35885434 PMCID: PMC9317944 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The incapability to move the facial muscles is known as facial palsy, and it affects various abilities of the patient, for example, performing facial expressions. Recently, automatic approaches aiming to diagnose facial palsy using images and machine learning algorithms have emerged, focusing on providing an objective evaluation of the paralysis severity. This research proposes an approach to analyze and assess the lesion severity as a classification problem with three levels: healthy, slight, and strong palsy. The method explores the use of regional information, meaning that only certain areas of the face are of interest. Experiments carrying on multi-class classification tasks are performed using four different classifiers to validate a set of proposed hand-crafted features. After a set of experiments using this methodology on available image databases, great results are revealed (up to 95.61% of correct detection of palsy patients and 95.58% of correct assessment of the severity level). This perspective leads us to believe that the analysis of facial paralysis is possible with partial occlusions if face detection is accomplished and facial features are obtained adequately. The results also show that our methodology is suited to operate with other databases while attaining high performance, even though the image conditions are different and the participants do not perform equivalent facial expressions.
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Towards Facial Gesture Recognition in Photographs of Patients with Facial Palsy. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040659. [PMID: 35455835 PMCID: PMC9031481 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans express their emotions verbally and through actions, and hence emotions play a fundamental role in facial expressions and body gestures. Facial expression recognition is a popular topic in security, healthcare, entertainment, advertisement, education, and robotics. Detecting facial expressions via gesture recognition is a complex and challenging problem, especially in persons who suffer face impairments, such as patients with facial paralysis. Facial palsy or paralysis refers to the incapacity to move the facial muscles on one or both sides of the face. This work proposes a methodology based on neural networks and handcrafted features to recognize six gestures in patients with facial palsy. The proposed facial palsy gesture recognition system is designed and evaluated on a publicly available database with good results as a first attempt to perform this task in the medical field. We conclude that, to recognize facial gestures in patients with facial paralysis, the severity of the damage has to be considered because paralyzed organs exhibit different behavior than do healthy ones, and any recognition system must be capable of discerning these behaviors.
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Sajid M, Ali N, Ratyal NI, Dar SH, Zafar B. Facial asymmetry-based feature extraction for different applications: a review complemented by new advances. Artif Intell Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10462-021-10001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Bat-Erdene BO, Saver JL. Automatic Acute Stroke Symptom Detection and Emergency Medical Systems Alerting by Mobile Health Technologies: A Review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105826. [PMID: 33932749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To survey recent advances in acute stroke symptom automatic detection and Emergency Medical Systems (EMS) alerting by mobile health technologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Narrative review RESULTS: Delayed activation of EMS for stroke symptoms by patients and witnesses deprives patients of rapid access to brain-saving therapies and occurs due to public unawareness of stroke features, cognitive and motor deficits produced by the stroke itself, and sleep onset. A promising emerging approach to overcoming the inherent biologic constraints of patient capacity to self-detect and respond to stroke symptoms is continuous monitoring by mobile health technologies with wireless sensors and artificial intelligence recognition systems. This review surveys 11 sensing technologies - accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, pressure sensors, touch screen and keyboard input detectors, artificial vision, and artificial hearing; and 10 consumer device form factors in which they are increasingly implemented: smartphones, smart speakers, smart watches and fitness bands, smart speakers/voice assistants, home health robots, smart clothing, smart beds, closed circuit television, smart rings, and desktop/laptop/tablet computers. CONCLUSIONS The increase in computing power, wearable sensors, and mobile connectivity have ushered in an array of mobile health technologies that can transform stroke detection and EMS activation. By continuously monitoring a diverse range of biometric parameters, commercially available devices provide the technologic capability to detect cardinal language, motor, gait, and sensory signs of stroke onset. Intensified translational research to convert the promise of these technologies to validated, accurate real-world deployments are an important next priority for stroke investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Orgil Bat-Erdene
- Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Sukhbaatar District, Khoroo-1, 42-55, 11000 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Jeffrey L Saver
- Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Sukhbaatar District, Khoroo-1, 42-55, 11000 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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13
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Few-Shot Learning with a Novel Voronoi Tessellation-Based Image Augmentation Method for Facial Palsy Detection. ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10080978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Face palsy has adverse effects on the appearance of a person and has negative social and functional consequences on the patient. Deep learning methods can improve face palsy detection rate, but their efficiency is limited by insufficient data, class imbalance, and high misclassification rate. To alleviate the lack of data and improve the performance of deep learning models for palsy face detection, data augmentation methods can be used. In this paper, we propose a novel Voronoi decomposition-based random region erasing (VDRRE) image augmentation method consisting of partitioning images into randomly defined Voronoi cells as an alternative to rectangular based random erasing method. The proposed method augments the image dataset with new images, which are used to train the deep neural network. We achieved an accuracy of 99.34% using two-shot learning with VDRRE augmentation on palsy faces from Youtube Face Palsy (YFP) dataset, while normal faces are taken from Caltech Face Database. Our model shows an improvement over state-of-the-art methods in the detection of facial palsy from a small dataset of face images.
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14
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Wei W, Ho ESL, McCay KD, Damaševičius R, Maskeliūnas R, Esposito A. Assessing Facial Symmetry and Attractiveness using Augmented Reality. Pattern Anal Appl 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10044-021-00975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFacial symmetry is a key component in quantifying the perception of beauty. In this paper, we propose a set of facial features computed from facial landmarks which can be extracted at a low computational cost. We quantitatively evaluated the proposed features for predicting perceived attractiveness from human portraits on four benchmark datasets (SCUT-FBP, SCUT-FBP5500, FACES and Chicago Face Database). Experimental results showed that the performance of the proposed features is comparable to those extracted from a set with much denser facial landmarks. The computation of facial features was also implemented as an augmented reality (AR) app developed on Android OS. The app overlays four types of measurements and guidelines over a live video stream, while the facial measurements are computed from the tracked facial landmarks at run time. The developed app can be used to assist plastic surgeons in assessing facial symmetry when planning reconstructive facial surgeries.
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Monini S, Ripoli S, Filippi C, Fatuzzo I, Salerno G, Covelli E, Bini F, Marinozzi F, Marchelletta S, Manni G, Barbara M. An objective, markerless videosystem for staging facial palsy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:3541-3550. [PMID: 33721067 PMCID: PMC8328901 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To propose a new objective, video recording method for the classification of unilateral peripheral facial palsy (UPFP) that relies on mathematical algorithms allowing the software to recognize numerical points on the two sides of the face surface that would be indicative of facial nerve impairment without positioning of markers on the face. Methods Patients with UPFP of different House–Brackmann (HB) degrees ranging from II to V were evaluated after video recording during two selected facial movements (forehead frowning and smiling) using a software trained to recognize the face points as numbers. Numerical parameters in millimeters were obtained as indicative values of the shifting of the face points, of the shift differences of the two face sides and the shifting ratio between the healthy (denominator) and the affected side (numerator), i.e., the asymmetry index for the two movements. Results For each HB grade, specific asymmetry index ranges were identified with a positive correlation for shift differences and negative correlation for asymmetry indexes. Conclusions The use of the present objective system enabled the identification of numerical ranges of asymmetry between the healthy and the affected side that were consistent with the outcome from the subjective methods currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monini
- ENT Clinic, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - S Ripoli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Filippi
- ENT Clinic, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - I Fatuzzo
- ENT Clinic, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - G Salerno
- Laboratory Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - E Covelli
- ENT Clinic, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - F Bini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Marinozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Marchelletta
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Manni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Barbara
- ENT Clinic, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
The inability to move the muscles of the face on one or both sides is known as facial paralysis, which may affect the ability of the patient to speak, blink, swallow saliva, eat, or communicate through natural facial expressions. The well-being of the patient could also be negatively affected. Computer-based systems as a means to detect facial paralysis are important in the development of standardized tools for medical assessment, treatment, and monitoring; additionally, they are expected to provide user-friendly tools for patient monitoring at home. In this work, a methodology to detect facial paralysis in a face photograph is proposed. A system consisting of three modules—facial landmark extraction, facial measure computation, and facial paralysis classification—was designed. Our facial measures aim to identify asymmetry levels within the face elements using facial landmarks, and a binary classifier based on a multi-layer perceptron approach provides an output label. The Weka suite was selected to design the classifier and implement the learning algorithm. Tests on publicly available databases reveal outstanding classification results on images, showing that our methodology that was used to design a binary classifier can be expanded to other databases with great results, even if the participants do not execute similar facial expressions.
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Three-dimensional scanners for soft-tissue facial assessment in clinical practice. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021; 74:605-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Guo Z, Li W, Dai J, Xiang J, Dan G. Facial imaging and landmark detection technique for objective assessment of unilateral peripheral facial paralysis. ENTERP INF SYST-UK 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17517575.2021.1872108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhexiao Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiben Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Dai
- Department of stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianghuai Xiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guo Dan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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Zhuang Y, McDonald MM, Aldridge CM, Hassan MA, Uribe O, Arteaga D, Southerland AM, Rohde GK. Video-Based Facial Weakness Analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:2698-2705. [PMID: 33406036 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3049739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Facial weakness is a common sign of neurological diseases such as Bell's palsy and stroke. However, recognizing facial weakness still remains as a challenge, because it requires experience and neurological training. METHODS We propose a framework for facial weakness detection, which models the temporal dynamics of both shape and appearance-based features of each target frame through a bi-directional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM). The system is evaluated on a "in-the-wild"video dataset that is verified by three board-certified neurologists. In addition, three emergency medical services (EMS) personnel and three upper level residents rated the dataset. We compare the evaluation of the proposed algorithm with other comparison methods as well as the human raters. RESULTS Experimental evaluation demonstrates that: (1) the proposed algorithm achieves the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 94.3%, 91.4%, and 95.7%, which outperforms other comparison methods and achieves the equal performance to paramedics; (2) the framework can provide visualizable and interpretable results that increases model transparency and interpretability; (3) a prototype is implemented as a proof-of-concept showcase to show the feasibility of an inexpensive solution for facial weakness detection. CONCLUSION The experiment results suggest that the proposed framework can identify facial weakness effectively. SIGNIFICANCE We provide a proof-of-concept study, showing that such technology could be used by non-neurologists to more readily identify facial weakness in the field, leading to increasing coverage and earlier treatment.
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Automatic Facial Recognition System Assisted-facial Asymmetry Scale Using Facial Landmarks. Otol Neurotol 2020; 41:1140-1148. [PMID: 33169952 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to demonstrate the application of our automated facial recognition system to measure facial nerve function and compare its effectiveness with other conventional systems and provide a preliminary evaluation of deep learning-facial grading systems. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, observational. SETTING Tertiary referral center, hospital. PATIENTS Facial photos taken from 128 patients with facial paralysis and two persons with no history of facial palsy were analyzed. INTERVENTION Diagnostic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Correlation with Sunnybrook (SB) and House-Brackmann (HB) grading scales. RESULTS Our results had good reliability and correlation with other grading systems (r = 0.905 and 0.783 for Sunnybrook and HB grading scales, respectively), while being less time-consuming than Sunnybrook grading scale. CONCLUSIONS Our objective method shows good correlation with both Sunnybrook and HB grading systems. Furthermore, this system could be developed into an application for use with a variety of electronic devices, including smartphones and tablets.
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Liu X, Xia Y, Yu H, Dong J, Jian M, Pham TD. Region Based Parallel Hierarchy Convolutional Neural Network for Automatic Facial Nerve Paralysis Evaluation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:2325-2332. [PMID: 32881689 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3021410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we propose a parallel hierarchy convolutional neural network (PHCNN) combining a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network structure to quantitatively assess the grading of facial nerve paralysis (FNP) by considering the region-based asymmetric facial features and temporal variation of the image sequences. FNP, such as Bell's palsy, is the most common facial symptom of neuromotor dysfunctions. It causes the weakness of facial muscles for the normal emotional expression and movements. The subjective judgement by clinicians completely depends on individual experience, which may not lead to a uniform evaluation. Existing computer-aided methods mainly rely on some complicated imaging equipment, which is complicated and expensive for facial functional rehabilitation. Compared with the subjective judgment and complex imaging processing, the objective and intelligent measurement can potentially avoid this issue. Considering dynamic variation in both global and regional facial areas, the proposed hierarchical network with LSTM structure can effectively improve the diagnostic accuracy and extract paralysis detail from the low-level shape, contour to sematic level features. By segmenting the facial area into two palsy regions, the proposed method can discriminate FNP from normal face accurately and significantly reduce the effect caused by age wrinkles and unrepresentative organs with shape and position variations on feature learning. Experiment on the YouTube Facial Palsy Database and Extended CohnKanade Database shows that the proposed method is superior to the state of the art deep learning methods.
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Lou J, Yu H, Wang FY. A Review on Automated Facial Nerve Function Assessment From Visual Face Capture. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:488-497. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2019.2961244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhuang Y, McDonald M, Uribe O, Yin X, Parikh D, Southerland AM, Rohde GK. Facial Weakness Analysis and Quantification of Static Images. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2020; 24:2260-2267. [PMID: 31944968 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.2964520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Facial weakness is a symptom commonly associated to lack of facial muscle control due to neurological injury. Several diseases are associated with facial weakness such as stroke and Bell's palsy. The use of digital imaging through mobile phones, tablets, personal computers and other devices could provide timely opportunity for detection, which if accurate enough can improve treatment by enabling faster patient triage and recovery progress monitoring. Most of the existing facial weakness detection approaches from static images are based on facial landmarks from which geometric features can be calculated. Landmark-based methods, however, can suffer from inaccuracies in face landmarks localization. In this study, We also experimentally evaluate the performance of several feature extraction methods for measuring facial weakness, including the landmark-based features, as well as intensity-based features on a neurologist-certified dataset that comprises 186 images of normal, 125 images of left facial weakness, and 126 images of right facial weakness. We demonstrate that, for the application of facial weakness detection from single (static) images, approaches that incorporate the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HoG) features tend to be more accurate.
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Mothes O, Modersohn L, Volk GF, Klingner C, Witte OW, Schlattmann P, Denzler J, Guntinas-Lichius O. Automated objective and marker-free facial grading using photographs of patients with facial palsy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:3335-3343. [PMID: 31535292 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An automated, objective, fast and simple classification system for the grading of facial palsy (FP) is lacking. METHODS An observational single center study was performed. 4572 photographs of 233 patients with unilateral peripheral FP were subjectively rated and automatically analyzed applying a machine learning approach including Supervised Descent Method. This allowed an automated grading of all photographs according to House-Brackmann grading scale (HB), Sunnybrook grading system (SB), and Stennert index (SI). RESULTS Median time to first assessment was 6 days after onset. At first examination, the median objective HB, total SB, and total SI were grade 3, 45, and 5, respectively. The best correlation between subjective and objective grading was seen for SB and SI movement score (r = 0.746; r = 0.732, respectively). No agreement was found between subjective and objective HB grading [Test for symmetry 80.61, df = 15, p < 0.001, weighted kappa = - 0.0105; 95% confidence interval (CI) = - 0.0542 to 0.0331; p = 0.6541]. Also no agreement was found between subjective and objective total SI (test for symmetry 166.37, df = 55, p < 0.001) although there was a nonzero weighted kappa = 0.2670; CI 0.2154-0.3186; p < 0.0001). Based on a multinomial logistic regression the probability for higher scores was higher for subjective compared to objective SI (OR 1.608; CI 1.202-2.150; p = 0.0014). The best agreement was seen between subjective and objective SB (ICC = 0.34645). CONCLUSIONS Automated Sunnybrook grading delivered with fair agreement fast and objective global and regional data on facial motor function for use in clinical routine and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Mothes
- Department of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Luise Modersohn
- Department of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Fabian Volk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Klingner
- Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Department of Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences and Data Science, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim Denzler
- Department of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Lee DY, Kim HS, Kim SY, Park KS, Kim YH. Comparison between Subjective Scoring and Computer-Based Asymmetry Assessment in Facial Nerve Palsy. J Audiol Otol 2018; 23:53-58. [PMID: 30518193 PMCID: PMC6348309 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2018.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of a PC-based facial asymmetry assessment program (PC-FAAP) and to compare the results of PC-FAAP with subjective regional scoring by raters in acute unilateral peripheral facial nerve paralysis (FNP). Subjects and. METHODS Participants were divided into 3 groups with 8 participants per group: group I, normal; group II, mild to moderate FNP; and group III, severe FNP. Using the PC-FAAP, the mouth asymmetry ratio (MAR), eyebrow asymmetry ratio (EAR), and complete eye closure asymmetry ratio (CAR) were calculated by comparing the movement of tracking points on both sides. The FNP grading scale (FGS) integrated each score, and the scores were weighted with a ratio of 5:3:2 (MAR:CAR:EAR). Subjective regional scoring was measured on a 0-100 scale score by three otologists. PC-FAAP and subjective scoring were compared in each group regarding the consistency of the results. RESULTS The mean scores of the MAR, EAR, CAR, and FGS of each group were significantly different. PC-FAAP showed significant differences between the three groups in terms of MAR, EAC, CAR, and FGS. PC-FAAP showed more consistent results than subjective assessment (p<0.001). The PC-FAAP was significantly more consistent in group I and group III (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). FGS in group III was the only parameter that showed a more consistent result in PC-FAAP than the subjective scoring (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS An FNP grading system using a PC-based program may provide more consistent results, especially for severe forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doh Young Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kwang Suk Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Automatic Grading of Palsy Using Asymmetrical Facial Features: A Study Complemented by New Solutions. Symmetry (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/sym10070242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Thielker J, Geißler K, Granitzka T, Klingner CM, Volk GF, Guntinas-Lichius O. Acute Management of Bell’s Palsy. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-018-0198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Thevenot J, Lopez MB, Hadid A. A Survey on Computer Vision for Assistive Medical Diagnosis From Faces. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2017; 22:1497-1511. [PMID: 28991753 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2017.2754861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Automatic medical diagnosis is an emerging center of interest in computer vision as it provides unobtrusive objective information on a patient's condition. The face, as a mirror of health status, can reveal symptomatic indications of specific diseases. Thus, the detection of facial abnormalities or atypical features is at upmost importance when it comes to medical diagnostics. This survey aims to give an overview of the recent developments in medical diagnostics from facial images based on computer vision methods. Various approaches have been considered to assess facial symptoms and to eventually provide further help to the practitioners. However, the developed tools are still seldom used in clinical practice, since their reliability is still a concern due to the lack of clinical validation of the methodologies and their inadequate applicability. Nonetheless, efforts are being made to provide robust solutions suitable for healthcare environments, by dealing with practical issues such as real-time assessment or patients positioning. This survey provides an updated collection of the most relevant and innovative solutions in facial images analysis. The findings show that with the help of computer vision methods, over 30 medical conditions can be preliminarily diagnosed from the automatic detection of some of their symptoms. Furthermore, future perspectives, such as the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and collecting publicly available databases, are highlighted.
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