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Fu S, Ling M, Li Z, Pan L. A new method for vital sign detection using FMCW radar based on random body motion cancellation. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2023; 68:617-632. [PMID: 37289651 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2023-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a new method for acquiring human vital signs using a Range-Doppler matrix (RDM) of FMCW radar data and a Gaussian interpolation algorithm (GIA). First, the RDM is derived by applying a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) to the radar data, and the GIA is applied in the Doppler dimension to estimate the target velocity signal. Subsequently, a robust enhanced trend filtering (RETF) algorithm is used to eliminate the large-scale body motion from the vital signs. Finally, the time-varying filter-based empirical mode decomposition (TVF-EMD) algorithm is employed to extract the respiratory and heartbeat intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which are filtered according to their respective spectral power to obtain the respiratory and heartbeat frequencies. The proposed method was evaluated using vital signs data collected from seven volunteers (4 males and 3 females) with Texas Instrument's AWR1642, and the results were compared with data from a reference monitor. The experiments showed that the method had an accuracy of 93 % for respiration and 95 % for heart rate in the presence of random body movements. Unlike traditional radar-based vital signs detection methods, this approach does not rely on range bin selection of the range profile matrix (RPM), thereby avoiding phase wrap problems and producing more accurate results. Currently, research in this field is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fu
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, ShangHai, China
| | - Ming Ling
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, ShangHai, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Shanghai Baolong Automotive Corporation, ShangHai, China
| | - Long Pan
- Shanghai Baolong Automotive Corporation, ShangHai, China
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Islam MA, Volakis JL. Real-Time Detection and 3D Localization of Coronary Atherosclerosis Using a Microwave Imaging Technique: A Simulation Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8822. [PMID: 36433417 PMCID: PMC9696319 DOI: 10.3390/s22228822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining the exact position of accumulated calcium on the inner walls of coronary arteries is critical for successful angioplasty procedures. For the first time to our knowledge, in this work, we present a high accuracy imaging of the inner coronary artery using microwaves for precise calcium identification. Specifically, a cylindrical catheter radiating microwave signals is designed. The catheter has multiple dipole-like antennas placed around it to enable a 360° field-of-view around the catheter. In addition, to resolve image ambiguity, a metallic rod is inserted along the axis of the plastic catheter. The reconstructed images using data obtained from simulations show successful detection and 3D localization of the accumulated calcium on the inner walls of the coronary artery in the presence of blood flow. Considering the space and shape limitations, and the highly lossy biological tissue environment, the presented imaging approach is promising and offers a potential solution for accurate localization of coronary atherosclerosis during angioplasty or other related procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - John L. Volakis
- College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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Chen X, Ni X. Noncontact Sleeping Heartrate Monitoring Method Using Continuous-Wave Doppler Radar Based on the Difference Quadratic Sum Demodulation and Search Algorithm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7646. [PMID: 36236745 PMCID: PMC9572749 DOI: 10.3390/s22197646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-wave doppler radar, which has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, and low power consumption, has attracted extensive attention in the detection of human vital signs. However, while respiration and heartbeat signals are mixed in the echo phase, the amplitude difference between the two signals is so large that it becomes difficult to measure the heartrate (HR) from the interference of respiration stably and accurately. In this paper, the difference quadratic sum demodulation method is proposed. According to the mixed characteristics of respiration and heartbeat after demodulation, the heartbeat features can be extracted with the help of the easy-to-detect breathing signal; combined with the constrained nearest neighbor search algorithm, it can realize sleeping HR monitoring overnight without body movements restraint. Considering the differences in vital-sign characteristics of different individuals and the irregularity of sleep movements, 54 h of sleep data for nine nights were collected from three subjects, and then compared with ECG-based HR reference equipment. After excluding the periods of body turning over, the HR error was within 10% for more than 70% of the time. Experiments confirmed that this method, as a tool for long-term HR monitoring, can play an important role in sleeping monitoring, smart elderly care, and smart homes.
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Ishmael K, Zheng Y, Borić-Lubecke O. Phase Correlation Single Channel Continuous Wave Doppler Radar Recognition of Multiple Sources. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030970. [PMID: 35161717 PMCID: PMC8840519 DOI: 10.3390/s22030970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-wave Doppler radar (CWDR) can be used to remotely detect physiological parameters, such as respiration and heart signals. However, detecting and separating multiple targets remains a challenging task for CWDR. While complex transceiver architectures and advanced signal processing algorithms have been demonstrated as effective for multiple target separations in some scenarios, the separation of equidistant sources within a single antenna beam remains a challenge. This paper presents an alternative phase tuning approach that exploits the diversity among target distances and physiological parameters for multi-target detection. The design utilizes a voltage-controlled analog phase shifter to manipulate the phase correlation of the CWDR and thus create different signal mixtures from the multiple targets, then separates them in the frequency domain by suppressing individual signals sequentially. We implemented the phase correlation system based on a 2.4 GHz single-channel CWDR and evaluated it against multiple mechanical and human targets. The experimental results demonstrated successful separation of nearly equidistant targets within an antenna beam, equivalent to separating physiological signals of two people seated shoulder to shoulder.
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Kramarenko AV, Kramarenko AV, Savenko O. A new radio-frequency acoustic method for remote study of liquids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6696. [PMID: 33758224 PMCID: PMC7988017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a novel study method of conductive liquids has been proposed. It is based on a discovered phenomenon of radiofrequency anisotropy of electrolyte solution, which arises in response to mechanical excitation of the solution. The phenomenon was observed during the development of a radiofrequency polarimetric contactless cardiograph. The electric field vector rotates after its transition through the pericardial region due to the acceleration changes of blood. Numerous in vitro experiments with monochromatic and impulse acoustic waves always induced the polarization rotation of the RF wave passing through an electrolyte solution. The response obtained from the solutions on acoustic excitation of the Heaviside function form demonstrates the effect of a solution “memory”. The dynamics of this process resembles the spin glasses magnetization. We hypothesized that there was a magnetic moment change within the solution, and the possible reason for it is an appearance of electromagnetic impulse caused by the same acoustic excitation. In a further experiment, we really captured a suspected electrical potential. Given that, we can declare at least three new physical effects never observed before for an electrolyte solution. The study method itself may provide broad options for remote measurement of the electrolyte solution parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey V Kramarenko
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Technical University "KhPI", 2 Kyrpychova Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Savenko
- School of Radiophysics, Biomedical Electronics and Computer Systems, Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Sq., Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
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Blood Pressure Estimation Using On-body Continuous Wave Radar and Photoplethysmogram in Various Posture and Exercise Conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16346. [PMID: 31705001 PMCID: PMC6841972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulse arrival time (PAT), pre-ejection period (PEP) and pulse transit time (PTT) are calculated using on-body continuous wave radar (CWR), Photoplethysmogram (PPG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors for wearable continuous systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements. The CWR and PPG sensors are placed on the sternum and left earlobe respectively. This paper presents a signal processing method based on wavelet transform and adaptive filtering to remove noise from CWR signals. Experimental data are collected from 43 subjects in various static postures and 26 subjects doing 6 different exercise tasks. Two mathematical models are used to calculate SBPs from PTTs/PATs. For 38 subjects participating in posture tasks, the best cumulative error percentage (CEP) is 92.28% and for 21 subjects participating in exercise tasks, the best CEP is 82.61%. The results show the proposed method is promising in estimating SBP using PTT. Additionally, removing PEP from PAT leads to improving results by around 9%. The CWR sensors present a low-power, continuous and potentially wearable system with minimal body contact to monitor aortic valve mechanical activities directly. Results of this study, of wearable radar sensors, demonstrate the potential superiority of CWR-based PEP extraction for various medical monitoring applications, including BP measurement.
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Xie R, Du Q, Zou B, Chen Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Liang J, Zheng B, Li S, Zhang W, Wu J, Huo F. Wearable Leather-Based Electronics for Respiration Monitoring. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1427-1431. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Qinjie Du
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Binghua Zou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Weina Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
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