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Oda H, Kihara K, Morimoto Y, Takeuchi S. Cell-Based Biohybrid Sensor Device for Chemical Source Direction Estimation. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2021; 2021:8907148. [PMID: 36285129 PMCID: PMC9494699 DOI: 10.34133/2021/8907148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a method to estimate the direction from which the signal molecule reaches the sensor by using living cells. In this context, biohybrid sensors that utilize a sophisticated sensing system of cells can potentially offer high levels of chemical-detection sensitivity and selectivity. However, biohybrid-sensor-based chemical-source-direction estimation has not received research attention because the cellular response to chemicals has not been examined in the context of directional information. In our approach, we fabricated a device that can limit the interface between the cell-laden hydrogel and the chemical solution of interest to enhance the time difference over which the chemical solution reaches the cells. Chemical detection by cells that express specific receptors is reflected as the fluorescence of the calcium indicator within the cells. Our device has eight chambers that each house 3D cell-laden collagen hydrogels facing circularly outward. The device also works as a cover to prevent chemicals from permeating the hydrogel from above. In our study, by observing the time course of the fluorescence emission of each chamber, we were able to successfully estimate the chemical-source direction within an error range of 7–13°. Our results suggest that a combination of microstructure devices embedded with living cells can be used to exploit cell functionalities to yield chemical-source directional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Oda
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Kihara
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Morimoto
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Takeuchi
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Haslinger MJ, Sivun D, Pöhl H, Munkhbat B, Mühlberger M, Klar TA, Scharber MC, Hrelescu C. Plasmon-Assisted Direction- and Polarization-Sensitive Organic Thin-Film Detector. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091866. [PMID: 32957705 PMCID: PMC7559313 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing Bragg surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on metal nanostructures for the use in optical devices has been intensively investigated in recent years. Here, we demonstrate the integration of nanostructured metal electrodes into an ITO-free thin film bulk heterojunction organic solar cell, by direct fabrication on a nanoimprinted substrate. The nanostructured device shows interesting optical and electrical behavior, depending on angle and polarization of incidence and the side of excitation. Remarkably, for incidence through the top electrode, a dependency on linear polarization and angle of incidence can be observed. We show that these peculiar characteristics can be attributed to the excitation of dispersive and non-dispersive Bragg SPPs on the metal–dielectric interface on the top electrode and compare it with incidence through the bottom electrode. Furthermore, the optical and electrical response can be controlled by the organic photoactive material, the nanostructures, the materials used for the electrodes and the epoxy encapsulation. Our device can be used as a detector, which generates a direct electrical readout and therefore enables the measuring of the angle of incidence of up to 60° or the linear polarization state of light, in a spectral region, which is determined by the active material. Our results could furthermore lead to novel organic Bragg SPP-based sensor for a number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Haslinger
- PROFACTOR GmbH, Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria;
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria; (D.S.); (H.P.); (B.M.); (T.A.K.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-7252-885-422
| | - Dmitry Sivun
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria; (D.S.); (H.P.); (B.M.); (T.A.K.); (C.H.)
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Hannes Pöhl
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria; (D.S.); (H.P.); (B.M.); (T.A.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Battulga Munkhbat
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria; (D.S.); (H.P.); (B.M.); (T.A.K.); (C.H.)
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Mühlberger
- PROFACTOR GmbH, Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria;
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria; (D.S.); (H.P.); (B.M.); (T.A.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Markus C. Scharber
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells/Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Calin Hrelescu
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria; (D.S.); (H.P.); (B.M.); (T.A.K.); (C.H.)
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tang H, Chen CJ, Huang Z, Bright J, Meng G, Liu RS, Wu N. Plasmonic hot electrons for sensing, photodetection, and solar energy applications: A perspective. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:220901. [PMID: 32534522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plasmonic metals, surface plasmon resonance decays and generates hot electrons and hot holes through non-radiative Landau damping. These hot carriers are highly energetic, which can be modulated by the plasmonic material, size, shape, and surrounding dielectric medium. A plasmonic metal nanostructure, which can absorb incident light in an extended spectral range and transfer the absorbed light energy to adjacent molecules or semiconductors, functions as a "plasmonic photosensitizer." This article deals with the generation, emission, transfer, and energetics of plasmonic hot carriers. It also describes the mechanisms of hot electron transfer from the plasmonic metal to the surface adsorbates or to the adjacent semiconductors. In addition, this article highlights the applications of plasmonic hot electrons in photodetectors, photocatalysts, photoelectrochemical cells, photovoltaics, biosensors, and chemical sensors. It discusses the applications and the design principles of plasmonic materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zhulin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Joeseph Bright
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6106, USA
| | - Guowen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Shi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, USA
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Opto-Electronic Refractometric Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonances and the Bolometric Effect. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bolometric effect allows us to electrically monitor spectral characteristics of plasmonic sensors; it provides a lower cost and simpler sample characterization compared with angular and spectral signal retrieval techniques. In our device, a monochromatic light source illuminates a spectrally selective plasmonic nanostructure. This arrangement is formed by a dielectric low-order diffraction grating that combines two materials with a high-contrast in the index of refraction. Light interacts with this structure and reaches a thin metallic layer, that is also exposed to the analyte. The narrow absorption generated by surface plasmon resonances hybridized with low-order grating modes, heats the metal layer where plasmons are excited. The temperature change caused by this absorption modifies the resistance of a metallic layer through the bolometric effect. Therefore, a refractometric change in the analyte varies the electric resistivity under resonant excitation. We monitor the change in resistance by an external electric circuit. This optoelectronic feature must be included in the definition of the sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) parameters. Besides the competitive value of the FOM (around 400 RIU − 1 , where RIU means refractive index unit), the proposed system is fully based on opto-electronic measurements. The device is modeled, simulated and analyzed considering fabrication and experimental constrains. The proposed refractometer behaves linearly within a range centered around the index of refraction of aqueous media, n ≃ 1.33 , and can be applied to the sensing for research in bio-physics, biology, and environmental sciences.
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Saito Y, Yamamoto Y, Kan T, Tsukagoshi T, Noda K, Shimoyama I. Electrical detection SPR sensor with grating coupled backside illumination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:17763-17770. [PMID: 31252731 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.017763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A current detection surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with an Au grating on an n-Si wafer was proposed. SPR excitation light is illuminated from the backside of the device and diffracted by the grating. Since the diffraction provides matching conditions, SPR can be coupled to the Au/analyte interface. Since the coupled SPR excites free electrons on the Au surface, the SPR can be detected as a current signal by a Schottky barrier diode formed on the Au/n-Si interface. The obtained angular current spectrum showed clear agreement with SPR coupling theory, thereby confirming that the sample on the Au surface can be electrically detected using the proposed sensor.
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