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Zhang Y, Ma X, Xu B, Li J, Chen H, Kang J, Zhao C, Jin S. All-solid highly sensitive fiber-tip magnetic field sensor based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer with a breakpoint structure. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2197-2200. [PMID: 38621110 DOI: 10.1364/ol.521138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
An all-solid fiber-tip Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) coated with a nickel film is proposed and experimentally verified for magnetic field sensing with high sensitivity. It is fabricated by splicing a segment of a thin-wall capillary tube to a standard single-mode fiber (SMF), then inserting a tiny segment of fiber with a smaller diameter into the capillary tube, and creating an ultra-narrow air-gap at the SMF end to form an FPI. When the device is exposed to magnetic field, the capillary tube is strained due to the magnetostrictive effect of the nickel film coated on its outer surface. In addition, owing to the unique breakpoint sensitivity-enhancement structure of the air-gap FPI, the elongation of the capillary tube whose length is over 100 times longer than the air-gap width is entirely transferred to the cavity length change of the FPI, and the sensor is extremely sensitive to the magnetic field as proved by our experiments, achieving a high sensitivity of up to 2.236 nm/mT for a linear magnetic field range from 40 to 60 mT, as well as a low-temperature cross-sensitivity of 56 µT/°C. The all-solid stable structure, compact size (total length of ∼3.0 mm), and reflective working mode with high magnetic field sensitivity indicate that this sensor has good application prospects.
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Picelli L, van Veldhoven PJ, Verhagen E, Fiore A. Hybrid electronic-photonic sensors on a fibre tip. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1162-1167. [PMID: 37415039 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Most sensors rely on a change in an electrical parameter to the measurand of interest. Their direct readout via an electrical wire and an electronic circuit is, in principle, technically simple, but it is subject to electromagnetic interference, preventing its application in several industrial environments. Fibre-optic sensors can overcome these limitations because the sensing region and readout region can be spaced apart, sometimes by kilometres. However, fibre-optic sensing typically requires complex interrogation equipment due to the extremely high wavelength accuracy that is required. Here we combine the sensitivity and flexibility of electronic sensors with the advantages of optical readout, by demonstrating a hybrid electronic-photonic sensor integrated on the tip of a fibre. The sensor is based on an electro-optical nanophotonic structure that uses the strong co-localization of static and electromagnetic fields to simultaneously achieve a voltage-to-wavelength transduction and a modulation of reflectance. We demonstrate the possibility of reading the current-voltage characteristics of the electro-optic diode through the fibre and therefore its changes due to the environment. As a proof of concept, we show the application of this method to cryogenic temperature sensing. This approach allows fibre-optic sensing to take advantage of the vast toolbox of electrical sensing modalities for many different measurands.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Picelli
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - P J van Veldhoven
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E Verhagen
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Fiore
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Feng XN, Liu HY, Wei LF. Waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer to enhance the sensitivity of quantum parameter estimation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:17215-17225. [PMID: 37381461 DOI: 10.1364/oe.487793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The waveguide Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) (see, e.g., in Phys. Rev. Lett.113, 243601 (2015)10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.243601 and Nature569, 692 (2019)10.1038/s41586-019-1196-1), instead of the free space's one, have been demonstrated for the sensitive quantum parameter estimations. Here, we propose a waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) to further enhance the sensitivity of the relevant parameter estimations. The configuration is formed by two one-dimensional waveguides coupled sequentially to two atomic mirrors, which are served as the beam splitters of the waveguide photons to control the probabilities of the photons being transferred from one waveguide to another. Due to the quantum interference of the waveguide photons, the acquired phase of the photons when they pass through a phase shifter can be sensitively estimated by measuring either the transmitted or reflected probabilities of the transporting photons. Interestingly, we show that, with the proposed waveguide MZI the sensitivity of the quantum parameter estimation could be further optimized, compared with the waveguide FPI, in the same condition. The feasibility of the proposal, with the current atom-waveguide integrated technique, is also discussed.
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Wei L, Yu Y, Wang D, Yao S, Li N, Weng J, Zhang S, Liang J, Ma H, Yang J, Zhang Z. Research Progress on Magneto-Refractive Magnetic Field Fiber Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3391. [PMID: 37050450 PMCID: PMC10098542 DOI: 10.3390/s23073391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic field is a vital physical quantity in nature that is closely related to human production life. Magnetic field sensors (namely magnetometers) have significant application value in scientific research, engineering applications, industrial productions, and so forth. Accompanied by the continuous development of magnetic materials and fiber-sensing technology, fiber sensors based on the Magneto-Refractive Effect (MRE) not only take advantage in compact structure, superior performance, and strong environmental adaptability but also further meet the requirement of the quasi-distributed/distributed magnetic field sensing; they manifest potential and great application value in space detection, marine environmental monitoring, etc. Consequently, the present and prevalent Magneto-Refractive Magnetic Field Fiber Sensors (MR-MFSs) are briefly summarized by this paper, proceeding from the perspective of physicochemical properties; design methods, basic performance and properties are introduced systematically as well. Furthermore, this paper also summarizes key fabrication techniques and future development trends of MR-MFSs, expecting to provide ideas and technical references for staff engaging in relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Dongying Wang
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Junjie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Shumao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jianqiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Hansi Ma
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junbo Yang
- College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Zhenrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Pendão C, Silva I. Optical Fiber Sensors and Sensing Networks: Overview of the Main Principles and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197554. [PMID: 36236653 PMCID: PMC9570792 DOI: 10.3390/s22197554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber sensors present several advantages in relation to other types of sensors. These advantages are essentially related to the optical fiber properties, i.e., small, lightweight, resistant to high temperatures and pressure, electromagnetically passive, among others. Sensing is achieved by exploring the properties of light to obtain measurements of parameters, such as temperature, strain, or angular velocity. In addition, optical fiber sensors can be used to form an Optical Fiber Sensing Network (OFSN) allowing manufacturers to create versatile monitoring solutions with several applications, e.g., periodic monitoring along extensive distances (kilometers), in extreme or hazardous environments, inside structures and engines, in clothes, and for health monitoring and assistance. Most of the literature available on this subject focuses on a specific field of optical sensing applications and details their principles of operation. This paper presents a more broad overview, providing the reader with a literature review that describes the main principles of optical sensing and highlights the versatility, advantages, and different real-world applications of optical sensing. Moreover, it includes an overview and discussion of a less common architecture, where optical sensing and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are integrated to harness the benefits of both worlds.
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Wang D, Yu Y, Lu Z, Yang J, Yi Z, Bian Q, Zhang J, Qin S, Weng J, Yao S, Lu Y, Hu X, Meng Z. Design of photonic crystal fiber to excite surface plasmon resonance for highly sensitive magnetic field sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29271-29286. [PMID: 36299105 DOI: 10.1364/oe.459088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To improve the sensing performance of optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on magneto-refractive effect, a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber-surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensor based on magneto-refractive effect is proposed and its magnetic field sensing characteristics are investigated. The designed D-shaped PCF has a core-analyte-gold structure. Within the D-shaped PCF, the side polishing surface is coated with the gold film and the special hole is sandwiched between the core and the gold film. To realize the high magnetic field sensitivity for the fiber SPR magnetic field sensor, the special hole is filled with magnetic fluid (MF). In this paper, we analyze the mode transmission characteristics and magnetic field sensing characteristics of this fiber sensor by finite element method. We also obtain a general rule for the optimization of PCF-SPR sensors by analyzing the dispersion curves, the energy of the surface plasmon polariton mode and the core mode on the sensing performance of the designed fiber sensor. The maximum refractive index sensitivity and magnetic field sensitivity of the optimized fiber are 59714.3 nm/RIU and 21750 pm/mT (50-130 Oe), respectively. Compared with optical fiber magnetic field sensors based on magneto-refractive effect reported previously, the magnetic field sensitivity in this paper is nearly two orders of magnitude higher and it can initially achieve nT magnitude magnetic field resolution and testing capability. The proposed fiber sensor has the advantages of simple structure, easy production, high sensitivity, and strong environmental adaptability. It not only improves the sensing performance of optical fiber magnetic field sensors, but also provides an ideal alternative platform for biosensors like microfluidics because of its high refractive index sensitivity and the special structure.
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Zhang Y, Xin J. Survivable Deployments of Optical Sensor Networks against Multiple Failures and Disasters: A Survey. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19214790. [PMID: 31689946 PMCID: PMC6864676 DOI: 10.3390/s19214790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical sensing that integrates communication and sensing functions is playing a more and more important role in both military and civil applications. Incorporating optical sensing and optical communication, optical sensor networks (OSNs) that undertake the task of high-speed and large-capacity applications and sensing data transmissions have become an important communication infrastructure. However, multiple failures and disasters in OSNs can cause serious sensing provisioning problems. To ensure uninterrupted sensing data transmission, survivability has always been an important research emphasis. This paper focuses on the survivable deployment of OSNs against multiple failures and disasters. We first review and evaluate the existing survivability technologies developed for or applied to OSNs, such as fiber bus protection, self-healing architecture, and 1 + 1 protection. We then elaborate on the disaster-resilient survivability requirement of OSNs. Moreover, we propose a new k-node (edge) sensing connectivity concept, which ensures the connectivity between sensing data and users. Based on k-node (edge) sensing connectivity, the disaster-resilient survivability technologies are developed. The key technologies necessary to implement k-node (edge) sensing connectivity are also elaborated. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has developed rapidly. It can be used to improve the survivability of OSNs. This paper details potential development directions of survivability technologies of optical sensing in OSNs employing AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China.
| | - Jingjie Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China.
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