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Almeida A, Bermejo U, Bilbao A, Azkune G, Aguilera U, Emaldi M, Dornaika F, Arganda-Carreras I. A Comparative Analysis of Human Behavior Prediction Approaches in Intelligent Environments. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:701. [PMID: 35161448 PMCID: PMC8838738 DOI: 10.3390/s22030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Behavior modeling has multiple applications in the intelligent environment domain. It has been used in different tasks, such as the stratification of different pathologies, prediction of the user actions and activities, or modeling the energy usage. Specifically, behavior prediction can be used to forecast the future evolution of the users and to identify those behaviors that deviate from the expected conduct. In this paper, we propose the use of embeddings to represent the user actions, and study and compare several behavior prediction approaches. We test multiple model (LSTM, CNNs, GCNs, and transformers) architectures to ascertain the best approach to using embeddings for behavior modeling and also evaluate multiple embedding retrofitting approaches. To do so, we use the Kasteren dataset for intelligent environments, which is one of the most widely used datasets in the areas of activity recognition and behavior modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Almeida
- DeustoTech Institute of Technology, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (U.B.); (A.B.); (U.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Unai Bermejo
- DeustoTech Institute of Technology, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (U.B.); (A.B.); (U.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Aritz Bilbao
- DeustoTech Institute of Technology, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (U.B.); (A.B.); (U.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Gorka Azkune
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 1, 20008 Donostia, Spain; (G.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Unai Aguilera
- DeustoTech Institute of Technology, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (U.B.); (A.B.); (U.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Mikel Emaldi
- DeustoTech Institute of Technology, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (U.B.); (A.B.); (U.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Fadi Dornaika
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 1, 20008 Donostia, Spain; (G.A.); (F.D.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain;
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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