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Baumgartner T, Klatt S, Donath L. Revealing the Mutual Information between Body-Worn Sensors and Metabolic Cost in Running. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1756. [PMID: 36850354 PMCID: PMC9959695 DOI: 10.3390/s23041756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Running power is a popular measure to gauge objective intensity. It has recently been shown, though, that foot-worn sensors alone cannot reflect variations in the exerted energy that stems from changes in the running economy. In order to support long-term improvement in running, these changes need to be taken into account. We propose leveraging the presence of two additional sensors worn by the most ambitious recreational runners for improved measurement: a watch and a heart rate chest strap. Using these accelerometers, which are already present and distributed over the athlete's body, carries more information about metabolic demand than a single foot-worn sensor. In this work, we demonstrate the mutual information between acceleration data and the metabolic demand of running by leveraging the information bottleneck of a constrained convolutional neural network. We perform lab measurements on 29 ambitious recreational runners (age = 28 ± 7 years, weekly running distance = 50 ± 25 km, V˙O2max = 60.3 ± 7.4 mL · min-1·kg-1). We show that information about the metabolic demand of running is contained in kinetic data. Additionally, we prove that the combination of three sensors (foot, torso, and lower arm) carries significantly more information than a single foot-worn sensor. We advocate for the development of running power systems that incorporate the sensors in watches and chest straps to improve the validity of running power and, thereby, long-term training planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Baumgartner
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, Department of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klatt
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, Department of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN20 7SR, UK
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Park YG, Goh TS, Kim DS, Jung SJ, Lee JS. Relationships between Clinical Status and Gait Parameters in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Clin Orthop Surg 2023; 15:249-256. [PMID: 37008970 PMCID: PMC10060776 DOI: 10.4055/cios22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to identify the relationship between gait parameters and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods The study group comprised 134 patients with AS and 124 patients were enrolled as controls. All study participants underwent instrumented gait analysis and completed clinical questionnaires. The kinematic parameters of gait were walking speed, step length, cadence, stance phase, single support, double support, phase coordination index (PCI), and gait asymmetry (GA). For each patient, a visual analog scale (VAS; 0-10) score was used to assess back pain, 36-item short form survey (SF-36) questionnaire was administered to evaluate the HRQOL, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) was calculated. Using kinematic parameters and questionnaires, statistical analyses were done to investigate significant differences between the groups. Relationship of gait kinematic data and questionnaires of clinical outcome was also evaluated. Results Among the 134 patients with AS, 34 were women and 100 were men. In the control group, 26 were women and 98 were men. The patients with AS and control group patients had significant differences in terms of walking speed, step length, single support, PCI, and GA. However, such differences were not observed in cadence, stance phase, and double support (p > 0.05). In correlation analyses, gait kinematic parameters and clinical outcomes were significantly related with each other. In multiple regression analysis performed to identify predictive factors for clinical outcome, walking speed was found to predict VAS, and walking speed and step length were found to predict the BASDAI and SF-36 scores. Conclusions Patients with and without AS had significant differences in the gait parameters. Correlation analysis showed significant correlation between the gait kinematic data and clinical outcomes. In particular, walking speed and step length successfully predicted clinical outcomes in patients with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Geon Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae Sik Goh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong Suk Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Jung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung Sub Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Walha R, Gaudreault N, Dagenais P, Boissy P. Spatiotemporal parameters and gait variability in people with psoriatic arthritis (PsA): a cross-sectional study. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:19. [PMID: 35246222 PMCID: PMC8895502 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot involvement is a major manifestation of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and can lead to severe levels of foot pain and disability and impaired functional mobility and quality of life. Gait spatiotemporal parameters (STPs) and gait variability, used as a clinical index of gait stability, have been associated with several adverse health outcomes, including risk of falling, functional decline, and mortality in a wide range of populations. Previous studies showed some alterations in STPs in people with PsA. However, gait variability and the relationships between STPs, gait variability and self-reported foot pain and disability have never been studied in these populations. Body-worn inertial measurement units (IMUs) are gaining interest in measuring gait parameters in clinical settings. Objectives To assess STPs and gait variability in people with PsA using IMUs, to explore their relationship with self-reported foot pain and function and to investigate the feasibility of using IMUs to discriminate patient groups based on gait speed-critical values. Methods Twenty-one participants with PsA (age: 53.9 ± 8.9 yrs.; median disease duration: 6 yrs) and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy participants (age 54.23 ± 9.3 yrs) were recruited. All the participants performed three 10-m walk test trials at their comfortable speed. STPs and gait variability were recorded and calculated using six body-worn IMUs and Mobility Lab software (APDM®). Foot pain and disability were assessed in participants with PsA using the foot function index (FFI). Results Cadence, gait speed, stride length, and swing phase were significantly lower, while double support was significantly higher, in the PsA group (p < 0.006). Strong correlations between STPs and the FFI total score were demonstrated (|r| > 0.57, p < 0.006). Gait variability was significantly increased in the PsA group, but it was not correlated with foot pain or function (p < 0.006). Using the IMUs, three subgroups of participants with PsA with clinically meaningful differences in self-reported foot pain and disability were discriminated. Conclusion STPs were significantly altered in participants with PsA, which could be associated with self-reported foot pain and disability. Future studies are required to confirm the increased gait variability highlighted in this study and its potential underlying causes. Using IMUs has been useful to objectively assess foot function in people with PsA. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05075343, Retrospectively registered on 29 September 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roua Walha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathaly Gaudreault
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Dagenais
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Boissy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada. .,Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS Estrie CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Natarajan P, Fonseka RD, Kim S, Betteridge C, Maharaj M, Mobbs RJ. Analysing gait patterns in degenerative lumbar spine diseases: a literature review. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2022; 8:139-148. [PMID: 35441102 PMCID: PMC8990405 DOI: 10.21037/jss-21-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To collate the current state of knowledge and explore differences in the spatiotemporal gait patterns of degenerative lumbar spine diseases: lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and low back pain (LBP). BACKGROUND LBP is common presenting complaint with degenerative lumbar spine disease being a common cause. In particular, the gait patterns of LSS, LDH and mechanical-type (facetogenic and discogenic) LBP is not established. METHODS A search of the literature was conducted to determine the changes in spatial and temporal gait metrics involved with each type of degenerative lumbar spine disease. A search of databases including Medline, Embase and PubMed from their date of inception to April 18th, 2021 was performed to screen, review and identify relevant studies for qualitative synthesis. Seventeen relevant studies were identified for inclusion in the present review. Of these, 5 studies investigated gait patterns in LSS, 10 studies investigated LBP and 2 studies investigated LDH. Of these, 4 studies employed wearable accelerometry in LSS (2 studies) and LBP (2 studies). CONCLUSIONS Previous studies suggest degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine have unique patterns of gait deterioration. LSS is characterised by asymmetry and variability. Spatiotemporal gait deterioration in gait velocity, cadence with increased double-support duration and gait variability are distinguishing features in LDH. LBP involves marginal abnormalities in temporal and spatial gait metrics. Previous studies suggest degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine have unique patterns of gait deterioration. Gait asymmetry and variability, may be relevant metrics for distinguishing between the gait profiles of lumbar spine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragadesh Natarajan
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
- Neuro Spine Clinic, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - R. Dineth Fonseka
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
- Neuro Spine Clinic, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Sihyong Kim
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
- Neuro Spine Clinic, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Callum Betteridge
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
- Neuro Spine Clinic, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Monish Maharaj
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
- Neuro Spine Clinic, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Ralph J. Mobbs
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
- Neuro Spine Clinic, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
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Soulard J, Vaillant J, Baillet A, Gaudin P, Vuillerme N. Gait and Axial Spondyloarthritis: Comparative Gait Analysis Study Using Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 9:e27087. [PMID: 34751663 PMCID: PMC8663701 DOI: 10.2196/27087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) can lead to spinal mobility restrictions associated with restricted lower limb ranges of motion, thoracic kyphosis, spinopelvic ankylosis, or decrease in muscle strength. It is well known that these factors can have consequences on spatiotemporal gait parameters during walking. However, no study has assessed spatiotemporal gait parameters in patients with axSpA. Divergent results have been obtained in the studies assessing spatiotemporal gait parameters in ankylosing spondylitis, a subgroup of axSpA, which could be partly explained by self-reported pain intensity scores at time of assessment. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are increasingly popular and may facilitate gait assessment in clinical practice. Objective This study compared spatiotemporal gait parameters assessed with foot-worn IMUs in patients with axSpA and matched healthy individuals without and with pain intensity score as a covariate. Methods A total of 30 patients with axSpA and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls performed a 10-m walk test at comfortable speed. Various spatiotemporal gait parameters were computed from foot-worn inertial sensors including gait speed in ms–1 (mean walking velocity), cadence in steps/minute (number of steps in a minute), stride length in m (distance between 2 consecutive footprints of the same foot on the ground), swing time in percentage (portion of the cycle during which the foot is in the air), stance time in percentage (portion of the cycle during which part of the foot touches the ground), and double support time in percentage (portion of the cycle where both feet touch the ground). Results Age, height, and weight were not significantly different between groups. Self-reported pain intensity was significantly higher in patients with axSpA than healthy controls (P<.001). Independent sample t tests indicated that patients with axSpA presented lower gait speed (P<.001) and cadence (P=.004), shorter stride length (P<.001) and swing time (P<.001), and longer double support time (P<.001) and stance time (P<.001) than healthy controls. When using pain intensity as a covariate, spatiotemporal gait parameters were still significant with patients with axSpA exhibiting lower gait speed (P<.001), shorter stride length (P=.001) and swing time (P<.001), and longer double support time (P<.001) and stance time (P<.001) than matched healthy controls. Interestingly, there were no longer statistically significant between-group differences observed for the cadence (P=.17). Conclusions Gait was significantly altered in patients with axSpA with reduced speed, cadence, stride length, and swing time and increased double support and stance time. Taken together, these changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters could be interpreted as the adoption of a so-called cautious gait pattern in patients with axSpA. Among factors that may influence gait in patients with axSpA, patient self-reported pain intensity could play a role. Finally, IMUs allowed computation of spatiotemporal gait parameters and are usable to assess gait in patients with axSpA in clinical routine. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03761212; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03761212 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1007/s00296-019-04396-4
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Soulard
- University Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, La Tronche, France.,Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Athan Baillet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG UMR5525, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Gaudin
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG UMR5525, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Vuillerme
- University Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, La Tronche, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,LabCom Telecom4Health, Orange Labs & Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Inria, Grenoble INP-UGA, Grenoble, France
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Soulard J, Vaillant J, Baillet A, Gaudin P, Vuillerme N. The effects of a secondary task on gait in axial spondyloarthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19537. [PMID: 34599222 PMCID: PMC8486771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the effects of dual tasking in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases are limited. The aim of this study was to assess dual tasking while walking in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in comparison to healthy controls. Thirty patients with axSpA and thirty healthy controls underwent a 10-m walk test at a self-selected comfortable walking speed in single- and dual-task conditions. Foot-worn inertial sensors were used to compute spatiotemporal gait parameters. Analysis of spatiotemporal gait parameters showed that the secondary manual task negatively affected walking performance in terms of significantly decreased mean speed (p < 0.001), stride length (p < 0.001) and swing time (p = 0.008) and increased double support (p = 0.002) and stance time (p = 0.008). No significant interaction of group and condition was observed. Both groups showed lower gait performance in dual task condition by reducing speed, swing time and stride length, and increasing double support and stance time. Patients with axSpA were not more affected by the dual task than matched healthy controls, suggesting that the secondary manual task did not require greater attention in patients with axSpA. Increasing the complexity of the walking and/or secondary task may increase the sensitivity of the dual-task design to axial spondyloarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Soulard
- University Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France.
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Athan Baillet
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG UMR5525, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Gaudin
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG UMR5525, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Vuillerme
- University Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- LabCom Telecom4Health, Orange Labs & Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Inria, Grenoble INP-UGA, Grenoble, France
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Future Challenges and Critical Approach to Metrology in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091533. [PMID: 34573875 PMCID: PMC8465528 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a rheumatic inflammatory chronic disease that mainly affects the spine, producing inflammation and structural damage at the vertebral level (erosions, syndesmophytes, and bony bridges) [...].
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Limitations of Foot-Worn Sensors for Assessing Running Power. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21154952. [PMID: 34372188 PMCID: PMC8348641 DOI: 10.3390/s21154952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Running power as measured by foot-worn sensors is considered to be associated with the metabolic cost of running. In this study, we show that running economy needs to be taken into account when deriving metabolic cost from accelerometer data. We administered an experiment in which 32 experienced participants (age = 28 ± 7 years, weekly running distance = 51 ± 24 km) ran at a constant speed with modified spatiotemporal gait characteristics (stride length, ground contact time, use of arms). We recorded both their metabolic costs of transportation, as well as running power, as measured by a Stryd sensor. Purposely varying the running style impacts the running economy and leads to significant differences in the metabolic cost of running (p < 0.01). At the same time, the expected rise in running power does not follow this change, and there is a significant difference in the relation between metabolic cost and power (p < 0.001). These results stand in contrast to the previously reported link between metabolic and mechanical running characteristics estimated by foot-worn sensors. This casts doubt on the feasibility of measuring running power in the field, as well as using it as a training signal.
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Scataglini S, Verwulgen S, Roosens E, Haelterman R, Van Tiggelen D. Measuring Spatiotemporal Parameters on Treadmill Walking Using Wearable Inertial System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4441. [PMID: 34209518 PMCID: PMC8271716 DOI: 10.3390/s21134441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to measure and compare spatiotemporal gait parameters in nineteen subjects using a full wearable inertial mocap system Xsens (MVN Awinda, Netherlands) and a photoelectronic system one-meter OptoGaitTM (Microgait, Italy) on a treadmill imposing a walking speed of 5 km/h. A total of eleven steps were considered for each subject constituting a dataset of 209 samples from which spatiotemporal parameters (SPT) were calculated. The step length measurement was determined using two methods. The first one considers the calculation of step length based on the inverted pendulum model, while the second considers an anthropometric approach that correlates the stature with an anthropometric coefficient. Although the absolute agreement and consistency were found for the calculation of the stance phase, cadence and gait cycle, from our study, differences in SPT were found between the two systems. Mean square error (MSE) calculation of their speed (m/s) with respect to the imposed speed on a treadmill reveals a smaller error (MSE = 0.0008) using the OptoGaitTM. Overall, our results indicate that the accurate detection of heel strike and toe-off have an influence on phases and sub-phases for the entire acquisition. Future study in this domain should investigate how to design and integrate better products and algorithms aiming to solve the problematic issues already identified in this study without limiting the user's need and performance in a different environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Scataglini
- Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Rue Bruyn 200, 1120 Bruxelles, Belgium; (E.R.); (D.V.T.)
- Department of Mathematics, Royal Military Academy, Rue Hobbema 8, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium;
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Design Science, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Stijn Verwulgen
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Design Science, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Eddy Roosens
- Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Rue Bruyn 200, 1120 Bruxelles, Belgium; (E.R.); (D.V.T.)
| | - Robby Haelterman
- Department of Mathematics, Royal Military Academy, Rue Hobbema 8, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Damien Van Tiggelen
- Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Rue Bruyn 200, 1120 Bruxelles, Belgium; (E.R.); (D.V.T.)
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