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Walker SN, Lucas K, Dewey MJ, Badylak S, Hussey G, Flax J, McGrath JL. Rapid Assessment of Biomarkers on Single Extracellular Vesicles Using 'Catch and Display' on Ultrathin Nanoporous Silicon Nitride Membranes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.589900. [PMID: 38746341 PMCID: PMC11092443 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.589900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles secreted by all cells that carry bioactive cargo and facilitate intercellular communication with roles in normal physiology and disease pathogenesis. EVs have tremendous diagnostic and therapeutic potential and accordingly, the EV field has grown exponentially in recent years. Bulk assays lack the sensitivity to detect rare EV subsets relevant to disease, and while single EV analysis techniques remedy this, they are undermined by complicated detection schemes often coupled with prohibitive instrumentation. To address these issues, we propose a microfluidic technique for EV characterization called 'catch and display for liquid biopsy (CAD-LB)'. CAD-LB rapidly captures fluorescently labeled EVs in the similarly-sized pores of an ultrathin silicon nitride membrane. Minimally processed sample is introduced via pipette injection into a simple microfluidic device which is directly imaged using fluorescence microscopy for a rapid assessment of EV number and biomarker colocalization. In this work, nanoparticles were first used to define the accuracy and dynamic range for counting and colocalization by CAD-LB. Following this, the same assessments were made for purified EVs and for unpurified EVs in plasma. Biomarker detection was validated using CD9 in which Western blot analysis confirmed that CAD-LB faithfully recapitulated differing expression levels among samples. We further verified that CAD-LB captured the known increase in EV-associated ICAM-1 following the cytokine stimulation of endothelial cells. Finally, to demonstrate CAD-LB's clinical potential, we show that EV biomarkers indicative of immunotherapy responsiveness are successfully detected in the plasma of bladder cancer patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N. Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Kilean Lucas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Marley J. Dewey
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Stephen Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - George Hussey
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Jonathan Flax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
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Mohamed NA, Wang Z, Liu Q, Chen P, Su X. Label-Free Light Scattering Imaging with Purified Brownian Motion Differentiates Small Extracellular Vesicles in Cell Microenvironments. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6321-6328. [PMID: 38595097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are heterogeneous biological nanoparticles (NPs) with wide biomedicine applications. Tracking individual nanoscale sEVs can reveal information that conventional microscopic methods may lack, especially in cellular microenvironments. This usually requires biolabeling to identify single sEVs. Here, we developed a light scattering imaging method based on dark-field technology for label-free nanoparticle diffusion analysis (NDA). Compared with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), our method was shown to determine the diffusion probabilities of a single NP. It was demonstrated that accurate size determination of NPs of 41 and 120 nm in diameter is achieved by purified Brownian motion (pBM), without or within the cell microenvironments. Our pBM method was also shown to obtain a consistent size estimation of the normal and cancerous plasma-derived sEVs without and within cell microenvironments, while cancerous plasma-derived sEVs are statistically smaller than normal ones. Moreover, we showed that the velocity and diffusion coefficient are key parameters for determining the diffusion types of the NPs and sEVs in a cancerous cell microenvironment. Our light scattering-based NDA and pBM methods can be used for size determination of NPs, even in cell microenvironments, and also provide a tool that may be used to analyze sEVs for many biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras Ahmed Mohamed
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xuantao Su
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
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Kashkanova AD, Blessing M, Reischke M, Baur J, Baur AS, Sandoghdar V, Van Deun J. Label-free discrimination of extracellular vesicles from large lipoproteins. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12348. [PMID: 37489102 PMCID: PMC10366660 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly gaining interest as biomarkers and therapeutics. Accurate sizing and quantification of EVs remain problematic, given their nanometre size range and small scattering cross-sections. This is compounded by the fact that common EV isolation methods result in co-isolation of particles with comparable features. Especially in blood plasma, similarly-sized lipoproteins outnumber EVs to a great extent. Recently, interferometric nanoparticle tracking analysis (iNTA) was introduced as a particle analysis method that enables determining the size and refractive index of nanoparticles with high sensitivity and precision. In this work, we apply iNTA to differentiate between EVs and lipoproteins, and compare its performance to conventional nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). We show that iNTA can accurately quantify EVs in artificial EV-lipoprotein mixtures and in plasma-derived EV samples of varying complexity. Conventional NTA could not report on EV numbers, as it was not able to distinguish EVs from lipoproteins. iNTA has the potential to become a new standard for label-free EV characterization in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Kashkanova
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of LightErlangenGermany
- Max‐Planck‐Zentrum für Physik und MedizinErlangenGermany
| | - Martin Blessing
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of LightErlangenGermany
- Max‐Planck‐Zentrum für Physik und MedizinErlangenGermany
- Department of PhysicsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Marie Reischke
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of LightErlangenGermany
| | - Jan‐Ole Baur
- Department of DermatologyUniversitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas S. Baur
- Department of DermatologyUniversitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of LightErlangenGermany
- Max‐Planck‐Zentrum für Physik und MedizinErlangenGermany
- Department of PhysicsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Jan Van Deun
- Department of DermatologyUniversitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
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Sharar N, Wüstefeld K, Talukder RM, Skolnik J, Kaufmann K, Giebel B, Börger V, Nolte F, Watzl C, Weichert F, Hergenröder R, Shpacovitch V. The Employment of the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Microscopy Sensor for the Detection of Individual Extracellular Vesicles and Non-Biological Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040472. [PMID: 37185547 PMCID: PMC10136938 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A wide-field surface plasmon resonance (SPR) microscopy sensor employs the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon to detect individual biological and non-biological nanoparticles. This sensor enables the detection, sizing, and quantification of biological nanoparticles (bioNPs), such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), viruses, and virus-like particles. The selectivity of bioNP detection does not require biological particle labeling, and it is achieved via the functionalization of the gold sensor surface by target-bioNP-specific antibodies. In the current work, we demonstrate the ability of SPR microscopy sensors to detect, simultaneously, silica NPs that differ by four times in size. Employed silica particles are close in their refractive index to bioNPs. The literature reports the ability of SPR microscopy sensors to detect the binding of lymphocytes (around 10 μm objects) to the sensor surface. Taken together, our findings and the results reported in the literature indicate the power of SPR microscopy sensors to detect bioNPs that differ by at least two orders in size. Modifications of the optical sensor scheme, such as mounting a concave lens, help to achieve homogeneous illumination of a gold sensor chip surface. In the current work, we also characterize the improved magnification factor of the modified SPR instrument. We evaluate the effectiveness of the modified and the primary version of the SPR microscopy sensors in detecting EVs isolated via different approaches. In addition, we demonstrate the possibility of employing translation and rotation stepper motors for precise adjustments of the positions of sensor optical elements-prism and objective-in the primary version of the SPR microscopy sensor instrument, and we present an algorithm to establish effective sensor-actuator coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Sharar
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Rahat Morad Talukder
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julija Skolnik
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Kaufmann
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Börger
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Nolte
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Immunology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environmental and Human Factors (IfADo), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Weichert
- Department of Computer Science, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Hergenröder
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Victoria Shpacovitch
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Long-Circulating and Fusogenic Liposomes Loaded with Paclitaxel and Doxorubicin: Effect of Excipient, Freezing, and Freeze-Drying on Quality Attributes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010086. [PMID: 36678715 PMCID: PMC9866235 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes can increase plasma half-life, enhance targeting, and diminish the side-effects of loaded drugs. On the downside, physical and chemical instabilities of dispersions often result in a reduced lifespan, which limits their availability on the market. Solid formulations obtained by freeze-drying can immobilize vesicles and provide extended shelf life. For both processes, the choice of excipients and process parameters are crucial to protect the carrier layers against tension caused by freezing and/or dehydration. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of freezing and drying parameters, besides excipient choice, to obtain solid long-circulating and fusogenic liposomes (LCFL-PTX/DXR) co-encapsulating paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DXR) at a synergistic ratio (1:10). METHODS LCFL-PTX/DXR was evaluated by freeze-drying microscopy (glass transition, Tg'), differential scanning calorimetry (collapse temperature, Tc), freeze-thawing and freeze-drying processes. Freeze-dried samples were evaluated by thermogravimetry (residual moisture) and the resuspended liposomes were characterized in terms of size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), and drug content. Liposomes morphology was evaluated by cryomicroscopy. RESULTS Trehalose protected PTX cargo upon freeze-thawing and more than 80% of the original DXR retention. The formulations with trehalose resulted in a cake with 5-7% of moisture content (200-240 nm); 44-60% of PTX retention, and 25-35% of DXR retention, with the variations caused by cryoprotector concentration and process changes. CONCLUSIONS Trehalose protected liposome integrity, maintaining PTX retention and most of DXR upon freeze-thawing. Freeze-drying reduced the retention of both drugs inside all liposomes, whereas formulation with trehalose presented minor losses. Therefore, this frozen formulation is an alternative product option, with no need for manipulation before use.
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Shajhutdinova Z, Pashirova T, Masson P. Kinetic Processes in Enzymatic Nanoreactors for In Vivo Detoxification. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040784. [PMID: 35453533 PMCID: PMC9025091 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic nanoreactors are enzyme-encapsulated nanobodies that are capable of performing biosynthetic or catabolic reactions. For this paper, we focused on therapeutic enzyme nanoreactors for the neutralization of toxicants, paying special attention to the inactivation of organophosphorus compounds (OP). Therapeutic enzymes that are capable of detoxifying OPs are known as bioscavengers. The encapsulation of injectable bioscavengers by nanoparticles was first used to prevent fast clearance and the immune response to heterologous enzymes. The aim of enzyme nanoreactors is also to provide a high concentration of the reactive enzyme in stable nanocontainers. Under these conditions, the detoxification reaction takes place inside the compartment, where the enzyme concentration is much higher than in the toxicant diffusing across the nanoreactor membrane. Thus, the determination of the concentration of the encapsulated enzyme is an important issue in nanoreactor biotechnology. The implications of second-order reaction conditions, the nanoreactor’s permeability in terms of substrates, and the reaction products and their possible osmotic, viscosity, and crowding effects are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zukhra Shajhutdinova
- Biochemical Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Patrick Masson
- Biochemical Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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Auger C, Brunel A, Darbas T, Akil H, Perraud A, Bégaud G, Bessette B, Christou N, Verdier M. Extracellular Vesicle Measurements with Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis: A Different Appreciation of Up and Down Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042310. [PMID: 35216426 PMCID: PMC8875573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As is the case with most eucaryotic cells, cancer cells are able to secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a communication means towards their environment and surrounding cells. EVs are represented by microvesicles and smaller vesicles called exosomes, which are known for their involvement in cancer aggressiveness. The release of such EVs requires the intervention of trafficking-associated proteins, mostly represented by the RAB-GTPases family. In particular, RAB27A is known for its role in addressing EVs-to-be secreted towards the the plasma membrane. In this study, shRNAs targeting RAB27A were used in colorectal (CRC) and glioblastoma (GB) cell lines in order to alter EVs secretion. To study and monitor EVs secretion in cell lines’ supernatants, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was used through the NanoSight NS300 device. Since it appeared that NanoSight failed to detect the decrease in the EVs secretion, we performed another approach to drop EVs secretion (RAB27A-siRNA, indomethacin, Nexihnib20). Similar results were obtained i.e., no variation in EVs concentration. Conversely, NTA allowed us to monitor EVs up-secretion following rotenone treatment or hypoxia conditions. Therefore, our data seemed to point out the insufficiency of using only this technique for the assessment of EVs secretion decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Auger
- UMR Inserm 1308, CAPTuR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; (C.A.); (A.B.); (T.D.); (A.P.); (G.B.); (B.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Aude Brunel
- UMR Inserm 1308, CAPTuR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; (C.A.); (A.B.); (T.D.); (A.P.); (G.B.); (B.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Tiffany Darbas
- UMR Inserm 1308, CAPTuR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; (C.A.); (A.B.); (T.D.); (A.P.); (G.B.); (B.B.); (N.C.)
- Service d’Oncologie, CHU of Limoges, 2 rue Martin Luther King, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Akil
- UMR CNRS 7276/INSERM U1262, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Martin Luther King, 87025 Limoges, France;
| | - Aurélie Perraud
- UMR Inserm 1308, CAPTuR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; (C.A.); (A.B.); (T.D.); (A.P.); (G.B.); (B.B.); (N.C.)
- Endocrine, General and Digestive Surgery Department, CHU of Limoges, 2 rue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Gaëlle Bégaud
- UMR Inserm 1308, CAPTuR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; (C.A.); (A.B.); (T.D.); (A.P.); (G.B.); (B.B.); (N.C.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Medecine & Pharmacie, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Barbara Bessette
- UMR Inserm 1308, CAPTuR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; (C.A.); (A.B.); (T.D.); (A.P.); (G.B.); (B.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Niki Christou
- UMR Inserm 1308, CAPTuR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; (C.A.); (A.B.); (T.D.); (A.P.); (G.B.); (B.B.); (N.C.)
- Endocrine, General and Digestive Surgery Department, CHU of Limoges, 2 rue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Mireille Verdier
- UMR Inserm 1308, CAPTuR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; (C.A.); (A.B.); (T.D.); (A.P.); (G.B.); (B.B.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence:
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