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Li W, Heras D, Maris A, Melandri S, Lesarri A, Evangelisti L. A Rotational Study of 2-tert-Butylphenol and Its 1 : 1 Argon Complex. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400089. [PMID: 38502679 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The chirped-pulse Fourier Transform microwave spectrum of 2-tert-butylphenol, an industrial intermediate for the production of antioxidants, has been investigated in the 2-8 GHz frequency range. The spectral analysis has allowed obtaining precise structural information on the most stable conformer and its complex with argon. The conformation of the monomer reveals that the hydroxyl group is coplanar with the ring but points in the opposite direction to the tert-butyl group, reducing steric interactions. In the tert-butyl group one methyl group is coplanar and the other two are symmetrically staggered respect to the ring. The complex shows the rare gas sitting above the aromatic ring. Interestingly, neither the monomer nor the complex exhibit large-amplitude hydroxyl torsion motions, previously observed in 2,6-disubstituted phenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or propofol. The experimental results are supported by computational calculations, validating the molecular structure. Additionally, symmetry-adapted perturbation theory has allowed determining the van der Waals intermolecular interaction energy of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Li
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias -, I.U. CINQUIMA, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Domingo Heras
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias -, I.U. CINQUIMA, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Assimo Maris
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sonia Melandri
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Lesarri
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias -, I.U. CINQUIMA, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luca Evangelisti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Li W, Maris A, Melandri S, Lesarri A, Evangelisti L. The Structure of 2,6-Di- tert-butylphenol-Argon by Rotational Spectroscopy. Molecules 2023; 28:8111. [PMID: 38138596 PMCID: PMC10745844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular structure of a van der Waals-bonded complex involving 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and a single argon atom has been determined through rotational spectroscopy. The experimentally derived structural parameters were compared to the outcomes of quantum chemical calculations that can accurately account for dispersive interactions in the cluster. The findings revealed a π-bound configuration for the complex, with the argon atom engaging the aromatic ring. The microwave spectrum reveals both fine and hyperfine tunneling components. The main spectral doubling is evident as two distinct clusters of lines, with an approximate separation of 179 MHz, attributed to the torsional motion associated with the hydroxyl group. Additionally, each component of this doublet further splits into three components, each with separations measuring less than 1 MHz. Investigation into intramolecular dynamics using a one-dimensional flexible model suggests that the main tunneling phenomenon originates from equivalent positions of the hydroxyl group. A double-minimum potential function with a barrier of 1000 (100) cm-1 effectively describes this extensive amplitude motion. However, the three-fold fine structure, potentially linked to internal motions within the tert-butyl group, requires additional scrutiny for a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Li
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias—I.U. CINQUIMA, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Assimo Maris
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Sonia Melandri
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Alberto Lesarri
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias—I.U. CINQUIMA, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Luca Evangelisti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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Ivanova AV, Markina MG. Portable Device for Potentiometric Determination of Antioxidant Capacity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7845. [PMID: 37765901 PMCID: PMC10536404 DOI: 10.3390/s23187845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a prototype of a portable device for the potentiometric determination of antioxidant capacity based on a new measurement principle is proposed. A feature of the approach is the use of an electrochemical microcell with separated spaces and two identical electrodes with immobilized reagents. An antioxidant solution is introduced into one half-cell, and the antioxidants interact with the reagents. The other half-cell contains only reagents. The potential difference between the electrodes is due to the change in the ratio of the oxidized and reduced form of the reagents, which occurs as a result of the reaction with the antioxidants in one of the half-cells and is related to their concentration. The range of linearity of the microcell with immobilized reagents is 40-4000 μM-eq, and the limit of detection is 20 μM-eq. The device was successfully tested in the analysis of standard antioxidant solutions. The recoveries were (92-113)%, and the relative standard deviation did not exceed 15%. A good correlation was found between the data obtained by the approach and the potentiometric method in a macrocell for fruit juice analysis. Pearson's coefficient for the obtained experimental data was 0.9955. The proposed portable device is promising and can be used in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V. Ivanova
- Chemical Technological Institute, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19, Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
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Calabria D, Pace A, Lazzarini E, Trozzi I, Zangheri M, Guardigli M, Pieraccini S, Masiero S, Mirasoli M. Smartphone-Based Chemiluminescence Glucose Biosensor Employing a Peroxidase-Mimicking, Guanosine-Based Self-Assembled Hydrogel. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:650. [PMID: 37367015 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is widely used for hydrogen peroxide detection, mainly exploiting the highly sensitive peroxidase-luminol-H2O2 system. Hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in several physiological and pathological processes and is produced by oxidases, thus providing a straightforward way to quantify these enzymes and their substrates. Recently, biomolecular self-assembled materials obtained by guanosine and its derivatives and displaying peroxidase enzyme-like catalytic activity have received great interest for hydrogen peroxide biosensing. These soft materials are highly biocompatible and can incorporate foreign substances while preserving a benign environment for biosensing events. In this work, a self-assembled guanosine-derived hydrogel containing a chemiluminescent reagent (luminol) and a catalytic cofactor (hemin) was used as a H2O2-responsive material displaying peroxidase-like activity. Once loaded with glucose oxidase, the hydrogel provided increased enzyme stability and catalytic activity even in alkaline and oxidizing conditions. By exploiting 3D printing technology, a smartphone-based portable chemiluminescence biosensor for glucose was developed. The biosensor allowed the accurate measurement of glucose in serum, including both hypo- and hyperglycemic samples, with a limit of detection of 120 µmol L-1. This approach could be applied for other oxidases, thus enabling the development of bioassays to quantify biomarkers of clinical interest at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Trozzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research (CIRI AGRO), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521 Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications and Materials Technology (CIRI MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121 Forlì, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy (CIRI FRAME), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, I-48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Silvia Pieraccini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121 Forlì, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy (CIRI FRAME), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, I-48123 Ravenna, Italy
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Calabria D, Lazzarini E, Pace A, Trozzi I, Zangheri M, Cinti S, Difonzo M, Valenti G, Guardigli M, Paolucci F, Mirasoli M. Smartphone-based 3D-printed electrochemiluminescence enzyme biosensor for reagentless glucose quantification in real matrices. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115146. [PMID: 36821991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printed electrochemical devices are increasingly used in point-of-need and point-of-care testing. They show several advantages such as simple fabrication, low cost, fast response, and excellent selectivity and sensitivity in small sample volumes. However, there are only a few examples of analytical devices combining 3D-printed electrodes with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection, an electrochemical detection principle widely employed in clinical chemistry analysis. Herein, a portable, 3D-printed miniaturized ECL biosensor for glucose detection has been developed, based on the luminol/H2O2 ECL system and employing a two-electrode configuration with carbon black-doped polylactic acid (PLA) electrodes. The ECL emission is obtained by means of a 1.5V AA alkaline battery and detected using a smartphone camera, thus providing easy portability of the analytical platform. The ECL system was successfully applied for sensing H2O2 and, upon coupling the luminol/H2O2 system with the enzyme glucose oxidase, for glucose detection. The incorporation of luminol and glucose oxidase in an agarose hydrogel matrix allowed to produce ECL devices preloaded with the reagents required for the assay, so that the analysis only required sample addition. The ECL biosensor showed an excellent ability to detect glucose up to 5 mmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 60 μmol L-1. The biosensor was also used to analyse real samples (i.e., glucose saline solutions and artificial serum samples) with satisfactory results, thus suggesting its suitability for point-of-care analysis. Coupling with other oxidases could further extend the applicability of this analytical platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121, Forlì, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Trozzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research (CIRI AGRO), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521, Cesena, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications and Materials Technology (CIRI MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli "Federico II", 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marinella Difonzo
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121, Forlì, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy (CIRI FRAME), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, I-48123, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121, Forlì, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy (CIRI FRAME), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, I-48123, Ravenna, Italy.
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Silveri F, Scroccarello A, Della Pelle F, Del Carlo M, Compagnone D. Rapid pretreatment-free evaluation of antioxidant capacity in extra virgin olive oil using a laser-nanodecorated electrochemical lab-on-strip. Food Chem 2023; 420:136112. [PMID: 37059022 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
An electroanalytical lab-on-a-strip device for the direct extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) antioxidant capacity evaluation is proposed. The lab-made device is composed of a CO2 laser nanodecorated sensor combined with a cutter-plotter molded paper-strip designed for EVOOs sampling and extraction. Satisfactory performance towards the most representative o-diphenols of EVOOs i.e., hydroxytyrosol (HY) and oleuropein (OL) were achieved; good sensitivity (LODHY = 2 µM; LODOL = 0.6 µM), extended linear ranges (HY: 10-250 µM; OL: 2.5-50 µM) and outstanding reproducibility (RSD < 5%, n = 3) were obtained in rectified oil. The device was challenged for the extraction-free analysis of 15 different EVOO samples, with satisfactory recoveries (90-94%; RSD < 5%, n = 3) and correlation with classical photometric assays (r ≥ 0.91). The proposed device includes all analysis steps, needs 4 µL of sample, and returns reliable results in 2 min, resulting portable and usable with a smartphone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Silveri
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Scroccarello
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Flavio Della Pelle
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Michele Del Carlo
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Salatiello S, Spinelli M, Cassiano C, Amoresano A, Marini F, Cinti S. Sweat urea bioassay based on degradation of Prussian Blue as the sensing architecture. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1210:339882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A Butyrylcholinesterase Camera Biosensor Tested for Carbofuran and Paraoxon Assay. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:2623155. [PMID: 35432544 PMCID: PMC9010193 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2623155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors containing cholinesterase are analytical devices suitable for the assay of neurotoxic compounds. In the research on biosensors, a new platform has appeared some years ago. It is the digital photography and scoring of coloration (photogrammetry). In this paper, a colorimetric biosensor is constructed using 3D-printed multiwell pads treated with indoxylacetate as a chromogenic substrate and gold nanoparticles with the immobilized enzyme butyrylcholinesterase. A smartphone camera served for photogrammetry. The biosensor was tested for the assay of carbofuran and paraoxon ethyl as two types of covalently binding inhibitors: irreversible and pseudoirreversible. The biosensor exerted good sensitivity to the inhibitors and was able to detect carbofuran with a limit of detection for carbofuran 7.7 nmol/l and 17.6 nmol/l for paraoxon ethyl. A sample sized 25 μl was suitable for the assay lasting approximately 70 minutes. Up to 121 samples can be measured contemporary using one multiwell pad. The received data fully correlated with the standard spectrophotometry. The colorimetric biosensor exerts promising specifications and appears to be competitive to the other analytical procedures working on the principle of cholinesterase inhibition. Low-cost, simple, and portable design represent an advantage of the assay of the biosensor. Despite the overall simplicity, the biosensor can fully replace the standard spectroscopic methods.
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Abstract
Recent advances in 3D printing technologies and materials have enabled rapid development of innovative sensors for applications in different aspects of human life. Various 3D printing technologies have been adopted to fabricate biosensors or some of their components thanks to the advantages of these methodologies over the traditional ones, such as end-user customization and rapid prototyping. In this review, the works published in the last two years on 3D-printed biosensors are considered and grouped on the basis of the 3D printing technologies applied in different fields of application, highlighting the main analytical parameters. In the first part, 3D methods are discussed, after which the principal achievements and promising aspects obtained with the 3D-printed sensors are reported. An overview of the recent developments on this current topic is provided, as established by the considered works in this multidisciplinary field. Finally, future challenges on the improvement and innovation of the 3D printing technologies utilized for biosensors production are discussed.
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Smartphone-Based Chemiluminescent Origami µPAD for the Rapid Assessment of Glucose Blood Levels. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100381. [PMID: 34677337 PMCID: PMC8533763 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper analytical devices (µPADs) represent one of the most appealing trends in the development of simple and inexpensive analytical systems for diagnostic applications at the point of care (POC). Herein, we describe a smartphone-based origami µPAD for the quantitative determination of glucose in blood samples based on the glucose oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of glucose leading to hydrogen peroxide, which is then detected by means of the luminol/hexacyanoferrate(III) chemiluminescent (CL) system. By exploiting the foldable µPAD format, a two-step analytical procedure has been implemented. First, the diluted blood sample was added, and hydrogen peroxide was accumulated, then the biosensor was folded, and a transport buffer was added to bring hydrogen peroxide in contact with CL reagents, thus promoting the CL reaction. To enable POC applicability, the reagents required for the assay were preloaded in the µPAD so that no chemicals handling was required, and a 3D-printed portable device was developed for measuring the CL emission using the smartphone’s CMOS camera. The µPAD was stable for 30-day storage at room temperature and the assay, displaying a limit of detection of 10 µmol L−1, proved able to identify both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic blood samples in less than 20 min.
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