1
|
Behr AC, Fæste CK, Azqueta A, Tavares AM, Spyropoulou A, Solhaug A, Olsen AK, Vettorazzi A, Mertens B, Zegura B, Streel C, Ndiaye D, Spilioti E, Dubreil E, Buratti FM, Crudo F, Eriksen GS, Snapkow I, Teixeira JP, Rasinger JD, Sanders J, Machera K, Ivanova L, Gaté L, Le Hegarat L, Novak M, Smith NM, Tait S, Fraga S, Hager S, Marko D, Braeuning A, Louro H, Silva MJ, Dirven H, Dietrich J. Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health. Arch Toxicol 2025; 99:1791-1841. [PMID: 40137953 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-025-03988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cathrin Behr
- Department Food Safety, BfR German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNAV University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana M Tavares
- INSA National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics and ToxOmics, Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universida de Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, BPI Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Anita Solhaug
- NVI Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNAV University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department for Environmental Chemistry and Health Effects, NILU Climate and Environment Institute, PO Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Birgit Mertens
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bojana Zegura
- NIB National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 121, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Camille Streel
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dieynaba Ndiaye
- INRS Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité Pour La Prévention Des Accidents du Travail Et Des Maladies Professionnelles, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Eliana Spilioti
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, BPI Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Estelle Dubreil
- Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Franca Maria Buratti
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Department Environmental and Health, ISS Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Crudo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, UNIVIE University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Igor Snapkow
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, NIPH Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Department of Environmental Health, INSA National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- IMR Norwegian Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, PO box 1870, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Julie Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, BPI Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Lada Ivanova
- NVI Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Laurent Gaté
- INRS Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité Pour La Prévention Des Accidents du Travail Et Des Maladies Professionnelles, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Matjaz Novak
- NIB National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 121, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicola M Smith
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, NIPH Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sabrina Tait
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Department Environmental and Health, ISS Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Department of Environmental Health, INSA National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sonja Hager
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, UNIVIE University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, UNIVIE University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, BfR German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- INSA National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics and ToxOmics, Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universida de Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Silva
- INSA National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics and ToxOmics, Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universida de Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, NIPH Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica Dietrich
- Department Food Safety, BfR German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lemos GAA, Gerez JR, Costa JB, Venâncio EJ, Souza M, Favaron PO, Greghi JR, Gloria EM, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Verri WA, Bracarense APFRL. Deoxynivalenol induces ovarian damage and uterine changes in prepubertal and adult mice. Toxicon 2024; 251:108123. [PMID: 39419402 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is associated with reproductive toxicity in animals. The frequent contamination of cereal-based foods with DON and the high intake of these by children raises particular concern about the susceptibility of this subpopulation to adverse effects from this mycotoxin. However, age-related differences in the in vivo reproductive toxicity of DON have not been evaluated. Therefore, the effects of DON on serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, histology, and inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the ovaries and uteruses of prepubertal and adult mice were investigated. Twenty female prepubertal Swiss mice (21 days old) and 20 young adult mice (65 days old) were fed a control diet or a diet containing 10 mg of DON/kg of feed for 15 days (prepubertal mice) and 28 days (adult mice). In the ovaries, DON induced an increase in the lesional score in both age groups. Ingestion of DON decreased FSH levels in prepubertal females, whereas an increase was observed in adult mice. In prepubertal mice, a reduction in the number of macrophages and increased levels of TNF-α were observed in the ovaries of the DON group, while in adult animals, an increase in the number of macrophages and higher levels of TNF-α were noted. Exposure to DON led to an increase in type I collagen in the uteruses of adult mice, while in prepubertal mice, a decrease in type III collagen was observed. DON exposure also resulted in a decrease in FRAP levels and an increase in ABTS and lipid peroxidation in the uteruses of prepubertal mice. Taken together, the results indicate that the effects of DON on reproductive organs are age-specific, with toxicity established as early as the prepubertal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A A Lemos
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J R Gerez
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J B Costa
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E J Venâncio
- Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - P O Favaron
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J R Greghi
- Laboratório de Andrologia e Reprodução Animal Assistida (Laraa), Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rod Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, CEP, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - E M Gloria
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Staurengo-Ferrari
- Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - W A Verri
- Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A P F R L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adverse Effects of Fusarium Toxins in Ruminants: A Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increased knowledge of the mechanism of action of Fusarium mycotoxins, the concept that these substances are deleterious only for monogastric species is obsolete. Indeed, most mycotoxins can be converted into less toxic compounds by the rumen microflora from healthy animals. However, mycotoxin absorption and its conversion to more toxic metabolites, as well as their impact on the immune response and subsequently animal welfare, reproductive function, and milk quality during chronic exposure should not be neglected. Among the Fusarium mycotoxins, the most studied are deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins from the B class (FBs). It is remarkable that there is a paucity of in vivo research, with a low number of studies on nutrient digestibility and rumen function. Most of the in vitro studies are related to the reproductive function or are restricted to rumen incubation. When evaluating the production performance, milk yield is used as an evaluated parameter, but its quality for cheese production is often overlooked. In the present review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the adverse effects of these mycotoxins with special attention to dairy cattle.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhuo Y, Yang P, Hua L, Zhu L, Zhu X, Han X, Pang X, Xu S, Jiang X, Lin Y, Che L, Fang Z, Feng B, Wang J, Li J, Wu D, Huang J, Jin C. Effects of Chronic Exposure to Diets Containing Moldy Corn or Moldy Wheat Bran on Growth Performance, Ovarian Follicular Pool, and Oxidative Status of Gilts. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060413. [PMID: 35737074 PMCID: PMC9230446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the effect of replacing normal corn (NC) or normal wheat bran (NW) with moldy corn (MC) or moldy wheat bran (MW) on growth, ovarian follicular reserves, and oxidative status. Methods: Sixty-three Landrace × Yorkshire gilts were assigned to seven diets formulated by using MC to replace 0% (control), 25% (25% MC), 50% (50% MC), 75% (75% MC), and 100% NC (100% MC), MW to replace 100% NW (100% MW), and MC and MW to replace 100% NC and 100% NW (100% MC + MW), from postnatal day 110 to day 19 of the second estrous cycle. Results: Feeding the gilts with MC or MW induced a lower average daily gain at days 29−56 of the experiment. Age at puberty remained unchanged, but MC inclusion resulted in a linear decrease in antral follicles with diameter >3.0 mm, and control gilts had a 12.7 more large antral follicles than gilts in the 100% MC + MW treatment. MC inclusion linearly decreased the numbers of primordial follicles, growing follicles, and corpora lutea, associated with a lower anti-Müllerian hormone level in serum and 17β-estradiol level in follicular fluid. MC inclusion decreased the serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its mRNA levels in the liver, combined with higher malondialdehyde concentration and lower total superoxide dismutase activities in serum and liver. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to MC-containing diets caused the loss of follicles, even if levels of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and aflatoxin B1 were below the levels allowed by China and Europe standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhuo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Pu Yang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Lun Hua
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinfa Han
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Xiaoxue Pang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Jian Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - De Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Jiankui Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
- Guangxi Shangda Technology, Co., Ltd., Guangxi Research Center for Nutrition and Engineering Technology of Breeding Swine, Nanning 530105, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (C.J.)
| | - Chao Jin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (X.P.); (S.X.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (C.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chiminelli I, Spicer LJ, Maylem ERS, Caloni F. Emerging mycotoxins and reproductive effects in animals: A short review. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1901-1909. [PMID: 35229323 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs) and moniliformin (MON) are gaining increasing interest due to their wide presence especially in cereals and grain-based products. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that Fusarium mycotoxins can be implicated in reproductive disorders in animals. Of these mycotoxins BEA may affect reproductive functions, impairing the development of oocytes in pigs and sheep. Studies show dramatic inhibitory effects of BEA and ENNA on bovine granulosa cell steroidogenesis. ENNs also inhibit boar sperm motility and cause detrimental effects on embryos in mice and pigs. Although little data are reported on reproductive effects of MON, in vitro studies show inhibitory effects of MON on Chinese hamster ovary cells. The present review aims to summarize the reproductive toxicological effects of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins BEA, ENNs and MON on embryo development, ovarian function, and testicular function of animals. In vitro and in vivo toxicological data are reported although additional studies are needed for proper risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Chiminelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - F Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|