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Das A, Khambhati DP, Longoria ND, Tabibi A, Davachi SM, Dimas K, Laurencin Y, Carmona L, Avalos PZ, Karimi Abdolmaleki M. Modified Diatomaceous Earth in Heparin Recovery from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa. Molecules 2023; 28:7982. [PMID: 38138471 PMCID: PMC10745834 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that plays a vital role in various physiological processes. The remarkable structural complexity of heparin, consisting of repeating disaccharide units, makes it a crucial molecule for the development of commercial drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in the development of cost-effective adsorbents specifically designed for the adsorption of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa. This advancement has been driven by the need for efficient and scalable methods to extract heparin from natural sources. In this study, we investigated the use of cationic ammonium-functionalized diatomaceous earth, featuring enhanced porosity, larger surface area, and higher thermal stability, to maximize the isolated heparin recovery. Our results showed that the higher cationic density and less bulky quaternary modified diatomaceous earth (QDADE) could adsorb up to 16.3 mg·g-1 (31%) of heparin from the real mucosa samples. Additionally, we explored the conditions of the adsorbent surface for recovery of the heparin molecule and optimized various factors, such as temperature and pH, to optimize the heparin uptake. This is the introductory account of the implementation of modified diatomaceous earth with quaternary amines for heparin capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Devang P. Khambhati
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Niko D. Longoria
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA;
| | - Alireza Tabibi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran;
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Kayli Dimas
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Yulianna Laurencin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Lesly Carmona
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Pablo Zarate Avalos
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (D.P.K.); (S.M.D.); (K.D.); (L.C.); (P.Z.A.)
| | - Mahmood Karimi Abdolmaleki
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA;
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Vona D, Flemma A, Piccapane F, Cotugno P, Cicco SR, Armenise V, Vicente-Garcia C, Giangregorio MM, Procino G, Ragni R. Drug Delivery through Epidermal Tissue Cells by Functionalized Biosilica from Diatom Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:438. [PMID: 37623719 PMCID: PMC10456091 DOI: 10.3390/md21080438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatom microalgae are a natural source of fossil biosilica shells, namely the diatomaceous earth (DE), abundantly available at low cost. High surface area, mesoporosity and biocompatibility, as well as the availability of a variety of approaches for surface chemical modification, make DE highly profitable as a nanostructured material for drug delivery applications. Despite this, the studies reported so far in the literature are generally limited to the development of biohybrid systems for drug delivery by oral or parenteral administration. Here we demonstrate the suitability of diatomaceous earth properly functionalized on the surface with n-octyl chains as an efficient system for local drug delivery to skin tissues. Naproxen was selected as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory model drug for experiments performed both in vitro by immersion of the drug-loaded DE in an artificial sweat solution and, for the first time, by trans-epidermal drug permeation through a 3D-organotypic tissue that better mimics the in vivo permeation mechanism of drugs in human skin tissues. Octyl chains were demonstrated to both favour the DE adhesion onto porcine skin tissues and to control the gradual release and the trans-epidermal permeation of Naproxen within 24 h of the beginning of experiments. The evidence of the viability of human epithelial cells after permeation of the drug released from diatomaceous earth, also confirmed the biocompatibility with human skin of both Naproxen and mesoporous biosilica from diatom microalgae, disclosing promising applications of these drug-delivery systems for therapies of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Vona
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (D.V.); (A.F.); (P.C.); (V.A.); (C.V.-G.)
| | - Annarita Flemma
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (D.V.); (A.F.); (P.C.); (V.A.); (C.V.-G.)
| | - Francesca Piccapane
- Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (D.V.); (A.F.); (P.C.); (V.A.); (C.V.-G.)
| | - Stefania Roberta Cicco
- Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Chemistry Department, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vincenza Armenise
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (D.V.); (A.F.); (P.C.); (V.A.); (C.V.-G.)
| | - Cesar Vicente-Garcia
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (D.V.); (A.F.); (P.C.); (V.A.); (C.V.-G.)
| | - Maria Michela Giangregorio
- Institute of Nanotechnology (Nanotec), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Chemistry Department, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Procino
- Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Roberta Ragni
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy; (D.V.); (A.F.); (P.C.); (V.A.); (C.V.-G.)
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