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Cardoza RE, McCormick SP, Martínez-Reyes N, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Busman M, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Analysis of substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:1-21. [PMID: 38183477 PMCID: PMC10771604 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a structurally diverse family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of multiple fungal genera. All trichothecene analogs share a core 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) structure but differ in presence, absence and types of substituents attached to various positions of EPT. Formation of some of the structural diversity begins early in the biosynthetic pathway such that some producing species have few trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates in common. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play critical roles in formation of trichothecene structural diversity. Within some species, relaxed substrate specificities of P450s allow individual orthologs of the enzymes to modify multiple trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates. It is not clear, however, whether the relaxed specificity extends to biosynthetic intermediates that are not produced by the species in which the orthologs originate. To address this knowledge gap, we used a mutant complementation-heterologous expression analysis to assess whether orthologs of three trichothecene biosynthetic P450s (TRI11, TRI13 and TRI22) from Fusarium sporotrichioides, Trichoderma arundinaceum, and Paramyrothecium roridum can modify trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates that they do not encounter in the organism in which they originated. The results indicate that TRI13 and TRI22 could not modify the intermediates that they do not normally encounter, whereas TRI11 could modify an intermediate that it does not normally encounter. These findings indicate that substrate promiscuity varies among trichothecene biosynthetic P450s. One structural feature that likely impacts the ability of the P450s to use biosynthetic intermediates as substrates is the presence and absence of an oxygen atom attached to carbon atom 3 of EPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | | | - Mark Busman
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain.
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2
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Sevarika M, Beccari G, Tini F, Ederli L, Bellezza I, Covarelli L, Romani R. Effect of the mycotoxins enniatin B and deoxynivalenol on the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae and on the predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2991-2999. [PMID: 38312069 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium species are responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, resulting in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and enniatins (ENNs) are common mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, affecting plant, animal and human health. Although DON's effects have been widely studied, limited research has explored the impact of ENNs on insects. This study examines the influence of DON and enniatin B (ENB), both singularly and in combination, on the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae and one of its predators, the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. RESULTS When exposed to DON (100 mg L-1) or DON + ENB (100 mg L-1), S. avenae exhibited significantly increased mortality compared to the negative control. ENB (100 mg L-1) had no significant effect on aphid mortality. DON-treated aphids showed increasing mortality from 48 to 96 h. A dose-response relationship with DON revealed significant cumulative mortality starting at 25 mg L-1. By contrast, C. carnea larvae exposed to mycotoxins via cuticular application did not show significant differences in mortality when mycotoxins were dissolved in water but exhibited increased mortality with acetone-solubilized DON + ENB (100 mg L-1). Feeding C. carnea with aphids exposed to mycotoxins (indirect exposure) did not impact their survival or predatory activity. Additionally, the impact of mycotoxins on C. carnea was observed only with acetone-solubilized DON + ENB. CONCLUSIONS These findings shed light on the complex interactions involving mycotoxins, aphids and their predators, offering valuable insights for integrated pest management strategies. Further research should explore broader ecological consequences of mycotoxin contamination in agroecosystems. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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3
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Khan R, Anwar F, Ghazali FM. A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28361. [PMID: 38628751 PMCID: PMC11019184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, harmful compounds produced by fungal pathogens, pose a severe threat to food safety and consumer health. Some commonly produced mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin have serious health implications in humans and animals. Mycotoxin contamination is particularly concerning in regions heavily reliant on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts. Preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for a sustainable food supply. Chromatographic methods like thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC/MS), are commonly used to detect mycotoxins; however, there is a need for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are becoming popular analytical tools for rapid detection. Meanwhile, preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for food safety and a sustainable food supply. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been used to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production. However, new strains resistant to conventional methods have led to the exploration of novel strategies like cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology, polyphenols and flavonoids, magnetic materials and nanoparticles, and natural essential oils (NEOs). This paper reviews recent scientific research on mycotoxin toxicity, explores advancements in detecting mycotoxins in various foods, and evaluates the effectiveness of innovative mitigation strategies for controlling and detoxifying mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
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4
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Koizumi Y, Nakajima Y, Tanaka Y, Matsui K, Sakabe M, Maeda K, Sato M, Koshino H, Sato S, Kimura M, Takahashi-Ando N. A Role in 15-Deacetylcalonectrin Acetylation in the Non-Enzymatic Cyclization of an Earlier Bicyclic Intermediate in Fusarium Trichothecene Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4288. [PMID: 38673874 PMCID: PMC11050026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium begins with the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to trichodiene, followed by subsequent oxygenation to isotrichotriol. This initial bicyclic intermediate is further cyclized to isotrichodermol (ITDmol), a tricyclic precursor with a toxic trichothecene skeleton. Although the first cyclization and subsequent oxygenation are catalyzed by enzymes encoded by Tri5 and Tri4, the second cyclization occurs non-enzymatically. Following ITDmol formation, the enzymes encoded by Tri101, Tri11, Tri3, and Tri1 catalyze 3-O-acetylation, 15-hydroxylation, 15-O-acetylation, and A-ring oxygenation, respectively. In this study, we extensively analyzed the metabolites of the corresponding pathway-blocked mutants of Fusarium graminearum. The disruption of these Tri genes, except Tri3, led to the accumulation of tricyclic trichothecenes as the main products: ITDmol due to Tri101 disruption; a mixture of isotrichodermin (ITD), 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT), and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) due to Tri11 disruption; and a mixture of calonectrin and 3-deacetylcalonectrin due to Tri1 disruption. However, the ΔFgtri3 mutant accumulated substantial amounts of bicyclic metabolites, isotrichotriol and trichotriol, in addition to tricyclic 15-deacetylcalonectrin (15-deCAL). The ΔFgtri5ΔFgtri3 double gene disruptant transformed ITD into 7-HIT, 8-HIT, and 15-deCAL. The deletion of FgTri3 and overexpression of Tri6 and Tri10 trichothecene regulatory genes did not result in the accumulation of 15-deCAL in the transgenic strain. Thus, the absence of Tri3p and/or the presence of a small amount of 15-deCAL adversely affected the non-enzymatic second cyclization and C-15 hydroxylation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Koizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kosuke Matsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masato Sakabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Soichi Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
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5
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Garcia MR, Andrade PB, Lefranc F, Gomes NGM. Marine-Derived Leads as Anticancer Candidates by Disrupting Hypoxic Signaling through Hypoxia-Inducible Factors Inhibition. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:143. [PMID: 38667760 PMCID: PMC11051506 DOI: 10.3390/md22040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The inadequate vascularization seen in fast-growing solid tumors gives rise to hypoxic areas, fostering specific changes in gene expression that bolster tumor cell survival and metastasis, ultimately leading to unfavorable clinical prognoses across different cancer types. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) emerge as druggable pivotal players orchestrating tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, thus positioning them as prime targets for cancer treatment. A range of HIF inhibitors, notably natural compounds originating from marine organisms, exhibit encouraging anticancer properties, underscoring their significance as promising therapeutic options. Bioprospection of the marine environment is now a well-settled approach to the discovery and development of anticancer agents that might have their medicinal chemistry developed into clinical candidates. However, despite the massive increase in the number of marine natural products classified as 'anticancer leads,' most of which correspond to general cytotoxic agents, and only a few have been characterized regarding their molecular targets and mechanisms of action. The current review presents a critical analysis of inhibitors of HIF-1 and HIF-2 and hypoxia-selective compounds that have been sourced from marine organisms and that might act as new chemotherapeutic candidates or serve as templates for the development of structurally similar derivatives with improved anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Garcia
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.G.); (P.B.A.)
- 1H-TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B. Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.G.); (P.B.A.)
| | - Florence Lefranc
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Nelson G. M. Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.G.); (P.B.A.)
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6
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Modrzewska M, Popowski D, Błaszczyk L, Stępień Ł, Urbaniak M, Bryła M, Cramer B, Humpf HU, Twarużek M. Antagonistic properties against Fusarium sporotrichioides and glycosylation of HT-2 and T-2 toxins by selected Trichoderma strains. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5865. [PMID: 38467671 PMCID: PMC10928170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the ability of Trichoderma to combat F. sporotrichioides, focusing on their antagonistic properties. Tests showed that Trichoderma effectively inhibited F. sporotrichioides mycelial growth, particularly with T. atroviride strains. In co-cultures on rice grains, Trichoderma almost completely reduced the biosynthesis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins by Fusarium. T-2 toxin-α-glucoside (T-2-3α-G), HT-2 toxin-α-glucoside (HT-2-3α-G), and HT-2 toxin-β-glucoside (HT-2-3β-G) were observed in the common culture medium, while these substances were not present in the control medium. The study also revealed unique metabolites and varying metabolomic profiles in joint cultures of Trichoderma and Fusarium, suggesting complex interactions. This research offers insights into the processes of biocontrol by Trichoderma, highlighting its potential as a sustainable solution for managing cereal plant pathogens and ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Popowski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Błaszczyk
- Plant Microbiomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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7
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Witte T, Hicks C, Hermans A, Shields S, Overy DP. Debunking the Myth of Fusarium poae T-2/HT-2 Toxin Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3949-3957. [PMID: 38375818 PMCID: PMC10905990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium poae is commonly detected in field surveys of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereal crops and can produce a range of trichothecene mycotoxins. Although experimentally validated reports of F. poae strains producing T-2/HT-2 trichothecenes are rare, F. poae is frequently generalized in the literature as a producer of T-2/HT-2 toxins due to a single study from 2004 in which T-2/HT-2 toxins were detected at low levels from six out of forty-nine F. poae strains examined. To validate/substantiate the observations reported from the 2004 study, the producing strains were acquired and phylogenetically confirmed to be correctly assigned as F. poae; however, no evidence of T-2/HT-2 toxin production was observed from axenic cultures. Moreover, no evidence for a TRI16 ortholog, encoding a key acyltransferase shown to be necessary for T-2 toxin production in other Fusarium species, was observed in any of the de novo assembled genomes of the F. poae strains. Our findings corroborate multiple field-based and in vitro studies on FHB-associated Fusarium populations which also do not support the production of T-2/HT-2 toxins with F. poae and therefore conclude that F. poae should not be generalized as a T-2/HT-2 toxin producing species of Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
E. Witte
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Carmen Hicks
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Anne Hermans
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Sam Shields
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - David P. Overy
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
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Svoboda T, Labuda R, Sulyok M, Krska R, Bacher M, Berthiller F, Adam G. Fusarium sporotrichioides Produces Two HT-2-α-Glucosides on Rice. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:99. [PMID: 38393177 PMCID: PMC10893509 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a genus that mostly consists of plant pathogenic fungi which are able to produce a broad range of toxic secondary metabolites. In this study, we focus on a type A trichothecene-producing isolate (15-39) of Fusarium sporotrichioides from Lower Austria. We assessed the secondary metabolite profile and optimized the toxin production conditions on autoclaved rice and found that in addition to large amounts of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, this strain was able to produce HT-2-glucoside. The optimal conditions for the production of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and HT-2-glucoside on autoclaved rice were incubation at 12 °C under constant light for four weeks, darkness at 30 °C for two weeks, and constant light for three weeks at 20 °C, respectively. The HT-2-glucoside was purified, and the structure elucidation by NMR revealed a mixture of two alpha-glucosides, presumably HT-2-3-O-alpha-glucoside and HT-2-4-O-alpha-glucoside. The efforts to separate the two compounds by HPLC were unsuccessful. No hydrolysis was observed with two the alpha-glucosidases or with human salivary amylase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae maltase. We propose that the two HT-2-alpha-glucosides are not formed by a glucosyltransferase as they are in plants, but by a trans-glycosylating alpha-glucosidase expressed by the fungus on the starch-containing rice medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svoboda
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Roman Labuda
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Research Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.); (F.B.)
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
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9
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Ji J, Wang D, Wang Y, Hou J. Relevant mycotoxins in oil crops, vegetable oils, de-oiled cake and meals: Occurrence, control, and recent advances in elimination. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:45-70. [PMID: 38133731 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins in agricultural commodities have always been a concern due to their negative impacts on human and livestock health. Issues associated with quality control, hot and humid climate, improper storage, and inappropriate production can support the development of fungus, causing oil crops to suffer from mycotoxin contamination, which in turn migrates to the resulting oil, de-oiled cake and meals during the oil processing. Related research which supports the development of multi-mycotoxin prevention programs has resulted in satisfactory mitigation effects, mainly in the pre-harvest stage. Nevertheless, preventive actions are unlikely to avoid the occurrence of mycotoxins completely, so removal strategies may still be necessary to protect consumers. Elimination of mycotoxin has been achieved broadly through the physical, biological, or chemical course. In view of the steadily increasing volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins, there is a need for ongoing integrated knowledge systems. This work revisited the knowledge of mycotoxins affecting oilseeds, food oils, cake, and meals, focusing more on their varieties, toxicity, and preventive strategies, including the methods adopted in the decontamination, which supplement the available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
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10
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Shrestha A, Limay-Rios V, Brettingham DJL, Raizada MN. Maize pollen carry bacteria that suppress a fungal pathogen that enters through the male gamete fertilization route. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1286199. [PMID: 38269134 PMCID: PMC10806238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1286199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In flowering plants, after being released from pollen grains, the male gametes use the style channel to migrate towards the ovary where they fertilize awaiting eggs. Environmental pathogens exploit the style passage, resulting in diseased progeny seed. The belief is that pollen also transmits pathogens into the style. By contrast, we hypothesized that pollen carries beneficial microbes that suppress environmental pathogens on the style passage. No prior studies have reported pollen-associated bacterial functions in any plant species. Here, bacteria were cultured from maize (corn) pollen encompassing wild ancestors and farmer-selected landraces from across the Americas, grown in a common field in Canada for one season. In total, 298 bacterial isolates were cultured, spanning 45 genera, 103 species, and 88 OTUs, dominated by Pantoea, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, and Microbacterium. Full-length 16S DNA-based taxonomic profiling showed that 78% of bacterial taxa from the major wild ancestor of maize (Parviglumis teosinte) were present in at least one cultivated landrace. The species names of the bacterial isolates were used to search the pathogen literature systematically; this preliminary evidence predicted that the vast majority of the pollen-associated bacteria analyzed are not maize pathogens. The pollen-associated bacteria were tested in vitro against a style-invading Fusarium pathogen shown to cause Gibberella ear rot (GER): 14 isolates inhibited this pathogen. Genome mining showed that all the anti-Fusarium bacterial species encode phzF, associated with biosynthesis of the natural fungicide, phenazine. To mimic the male gamete migration route, three pollen-associated bacterial strains were sprayed onto styles (silks), followed by Fusarium inoculation; these bacteria reduced GER symptoms and mycotoxin accumulation in progeny seed. Confocal microscopy was used to search for direct evidence that pollen-associated bacteria can defend living silks against Fusarium graminearum (Fg); bacterial strain AS541 (Kluyvera intermedia), isolated from pollen of ancestral Parviglumis, was observed to colonize the susceptible style/silk entry points of Fg (silk epidermis, trichomes, wounds). Furthermore, on style/silk tissue, AS541 colonized/aggregated on Fg hyphae, and was associated with Fg hyphal breaks. These results suggest that pollen has the potential to carry bacteria that can defend the style/silk passage against an environmental pathogen - a novel observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Shrestha
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Victor Limay-Rios
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | | | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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11
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Krishnan SV, Nampoothiri KM, Suresh A, Linh NT, Balakumaran PA, Pócsi I, Pusztahelyi T. Fusarium biocontrol: antagonism and mycotoxin elimination by lactic acid bacteria. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1260166. [PMID: 38235432 PMCID: PMC10791833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species are secondary metabolites with low molecular weight formed by filamentous fungi generally resistant to different environmental factors and, therefore, undergo slow degradation. Contamination by Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals and millets is the foremost quality challenge the food and feed industry faces across the globe. Several types of chemical preservatives are employed in the mitigation process of these mycotoxins, and they help in long-term storage; however, chemical preservatives can be used only to some extent, so the complete elimination of toxins from foods is still a herculean task. The growing demand for green-labeled food drives to evade the use of chemicals in the production processes is getting much demand. Thus, the biocontrol of food toxins is important in the developing food sector. Fusarium mycotoxins are world-spread contaminants naturally occurring in commodities, food, and feed. The major mycotoxins Fusarium species produce are deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T2/HT2 toxins. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), generally regarded as safe (GRAS), is a well-explored bacterial community in food preparations and preservation for ages. Recent research suggests that LAB are the best choice for extenuating Fusarium mycotoxins. Apart from Fusarium mycotoxins, this review focuses on the latest studies on the mechanisms of how LAB effectively detoxify and remove these mycotoxins through their various bioactive molecules and background information of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Vipin Krishnan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - K. Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Anandhu Suresh
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Nguyen Thuy Linh
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - P. A. Balakumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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12
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Shrestha A, Limay-Rios V, Brettingham DJL, Raizada MN. Bacteria existing in pre-pollinated styles (silks) can defend the exposed male gamete fertilization channel of maize against an environmental Fusarium pathogen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1292109. [PMID: 38111882 PMCID: PMC10726056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1292109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, fertilization requires exposing maternal style channels to the external environment to capture pollen and transmit its resident sperm nuclei to eggs. This results in progeny seed. However, environmental fungal pathogens invade developing seeds through the style. We hypothesized that prior to environmental exposure, style tissue already possesses bacteria that can protect styles and seed from such pathogens. We further hypothesized that farmers have been inadvertently selecting immature styles over many generations to have such bacteria. We tested these hypotheses in maize, a wind-pollinated crop, which has unusually long styles (silks) that are invaded by the economically-important fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Fg). Here, unpollinated silk-associated bacteria were cultured from a wild teosinte ancestor of maize and diverse maize landraces selected by indigenous farmers across the Americas, grown in a common Canadian field for one season. The bacteria were taxonomically classified using 16S rRNA sequencing. In total, 201 bacteria were cultured, spanning 29 genera, 63 species, and 62 unique OTUs, dominated by Pseudomonas, Pantoea and Microbacterium. These bacteria were tested for their ability to suppress Fg in vitro which identified 10 strains belonging to 6 species: Rouxiella badensis, Pantoea ananatis, Pantoea dispersa, Pseudomonas koreensis, Rahnella aquatilis, and Ewingella americana. Two anti-Fg strains were sprayed onto silks before/after Fg inoculation, resulting in ≤90% reductions in disease (Gibberella ear rot) and 70-100% reductions in associated mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and zearalenone) in progeny seeds. These strains also protected progeny seeds post-harvest. Confocal fluorescent imaging showed that one silk bacterium (Rouxiella AS112) colonized susceptible entry points of Fg on living silks including stigmatic trichomes, wounds, and epidermal surfaces where they formed thick biofilms. Post-infection, AS112 was associated with masses of dead Fg hyphae. These results suggest that the maize style (silk) is endowed with potent bacteria from the mother plant to protect itself and progeny from Fusarium. The evidence suggests this trait may have been selected by specific indigenous peoples, though this interpretation requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Shrestha
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Victor Limay-Rios
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | | | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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13
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez A, Plasencia J, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Ruíz-May E, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Virulence factors of the genus Fusarium with targets in plants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127506. [PMID: 37783182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. comprise various species of filamentous fungi that cause severe diseases in plant crops of both agricultural and forestry interest. These plant pathogens produce a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Genetic functional analyses of some of these compounds have shown their role as virulence factors (VF). However, their mode of action and contributions to the infection process for many of these molecules are still unknown. This review aims to analyze the state of the art in Fusarium VF, emphasizing their biological targets on the plant hosts. It also addresses the current experimental approaches to improve our understanding of their role in virulence and suggests relevant research questions that remain to be answered with a greater focus on species of agroeconomic importance. In this review, a total of 37 confirmed VF are described, including 22 proteinaceous and 15 non-proteinaceous molecules, mainly from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum and, to a lesser extent, in Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan L Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - José A Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Investigador por México - CONAHCyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
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14
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Sun Y, Tang H, Du S, Chen Y, Ou Z, Zhang M, Chen Z, Tang Z, Zhang D, Chen T, Xu Y, Li J, Norback D, Hashim JH, Hashim Z, Shao J, Fu X, Zhao Z. Indoor metabolites and chemicals outperform microbiome in classifying childhood asthma and allergic rhinitis. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2023; 2:208-218. [PMID: 38435359 PMCID: PMC10902507 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Indoor microorganisms impact asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), but the associated microbial taxa often vary extensively due to climate and geographical variations. To provide more consistent environmental assessments, new perspectives on microbial exposure for asthma and AR are needed. Home dust from 97 cases (32 asthma alone, 37 AR alone, 28 comorbidity) and 52 age- and gender-matched controls in Shanghai, China, were analyzed using high-throughput shotgun metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Homes of healthy children were enriched with environmental microbes, including Paracoccus, Pseudomonas, and Psychrobacter, and metabolites like keto acids, indoles, pyridines, and flavonoids (astragalin, hesperidin) (False Discovery Rate < 0.05). A neural network co-occurrence probability analysis revealed that environmental microorganisms were involved in producing these keto acids, indoles, and pyridines. Conversely, homes of diseased children were enriched with mycotoxins and synthetic chemicals, including herbicides, insecticides, and food/cosmetic additives. Using a random forest model, characteristic metabolites and microorganisms in Shanghai homes were used to classify high and low prevalence of asthma/AR in an independent dataset in Malaysian schools (N = 1290). Indoor metabolites achieved an average accuracy of 74.9% and 77.1% in differentiating schools with high and low prevalence of asthma and AR, respectively, whereas indoor microorganisms only achieved 51.0% and 59.5%, respectively. These results suggest that indoor metabolites and chemicals rather than indoor microbiome are potentially superior environmental indicators for childhood asthma and AR. This study extends the traditional risk assessment focusing on allergens or air pollutants in childhood asthma and AR, thereby revealing potential novel intervention strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuang Du
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zheyuan Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuoru Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dongjun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Norback
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751, Sweden
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Shah Alam 40000, Malaysia
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Typhoon Institute/CMA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200030, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- WMO/IGAC MAP-AQ Asian Office Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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15
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Bethke G, Huang Y, Hensel G, Heinen S, Liu C, Wyant SR, Li X, Quin MB, McCormick S, Morrell PL, Dong Y, Kumlehn J, Salvi S, Berthiller F, Muehlbauer GJ. UDP-glucosyltransferase HvUGT13248 confers type II resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2691-2710. [PMID: 37610244 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of barley (Hordeum vulgare) causes yield losses and accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol [DON]) in grains. Glucosylation of DON to the nontoxic DON-3-O-glucoside (D3G) is catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs), such as barley UGT13248. We explored the natural diversity of UGT13248 in 496 barley accessions and showed that all carried potential functional alleles of UGT13248, as no genotypes showed strongly increased seedling sensitivity to DON. From a TILLING population, we identified 2 mutant alleles (T368I and H369Y) that, based on protein modeling, likely affect the UDP-glucose binding of UGT13248. In DON feeding experiments, DON-to-D3G conversion was strongly reduced in spikes of these mutants compared to controls, and plants overexpressing UGT13248 showed increased resistance to DON and increased DON-to-D3G conversion. Moreover, field-grown plants carrying the T368I or H369Y mutations inoculated with Fusarium graminearum showed increased FHB disease severity and reduced D3G production. Barley is generally considered to have type II resistance that limits the spread of F. graminearum from the infected spikelet to adjacent spikelets. Point inoculation experiments with F. graminearum showed increased infection spread in T368I and H369Y across the spike compared to wild type, while overexpression plants showed decreased spread of FHB symptoms. Confocal microscopy revealed that F. graminearum spread to distant rachis nodes in T368I and H369Y mutants but was arrested at the rachis node of the inoculated spikelet in wild-type plants. Taken together, our data reveal that UGT13248 confers type II resistance to FHB in barley via conjugation of DON to D3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerit Bethke
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Shane Heinen
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chaochih Liu
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Skylar R Wyant
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maureen B Quin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Susan McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research, USDA-ARS NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Peter L Morrell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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16
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Del Palacio A, Corallo B, Simoens M, Cea J, de Aurrecoechea I, Martinez I, Sanchez A, Stewart S, Pan D. Major Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with freshly harvested maize grain in Uruguay. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:379-391. [PMID: 37442904 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium species are common fungal pathogens of maize. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides, among others, can cause maize ear rot, and they are also mycotoxin producers. The aims of this work were to determine the frequency and diversity of Fusarium species in Uruguayan maize kernels, evaluate the toxigenic potential of the isolates, determine toxin contamination levels on freshly harvested grain, and assess the sensitivity of main Fusarium species against fungicides. Fusarium verticillioides was the most frequent species isolated, followed by Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto. Of F. verticillioides isolates studied for fumonisin production, 72% produced fumonisin B1 and 32% fumonisin B2. Considering in vitro toxin production by F. graminearum sensu stricto isolates, deoxynivalenol was the main toxin produced, followed by zearalenone and nivalenol. Fumonisins were the most frequently found toxins on freshly harvested maize samples (98% in 2018 and 86% in 2019), and also, fumonisin B1 was the toxin with highest concentration in both years studied (4860 µg/kg in 2018 and 1453 µg/kg in 2019). Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were also found as contaminants. Metconazole and epoxiconazole were the most effective fungicides tested on F. verticillioides isolates. Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto isolates also were more sensitive to metconazole compared to other fungicides; nevertheless, epoxiconazole was less efficient in controlling this species. This is the first study that reports Fusarium species and mycotoxin contamination levels associated with maize grain in Uruguay. Its detection is the main step to develop management strategies in order to minimize fungal infection in maize crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Palacio
- Laboratorio de Micología, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, UdelaR, 565, 11200, Montevideo, Julio Herreray Reissig , Uruguay
| | - B Corallo
- Laboratorio de Micología, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, UdelaR, 565, 11200, Montevideo, Julio Herreray Reissig , Uruguay
| | - M Simoens
- Departamento de Análisis de Productos Agropecuarios, Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jacqueline Cea
- Departamento de Análisis de Productos Agropecuarios, Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - I de Aurrecoechea
- Departamento de Granos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Dirección General de Servicios Agrícolas, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - I Martinez
- Fundación del Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Sanchez
- Fundación del Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - S Stewart
- Programa Cultivos de Secano, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - D Pan
- Laboratorio de Micología, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, UdelaR, 565, 11200, Montevideo, Julio Herreray Reissig , Uruguay.
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17
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Mayer BP, Dreyer ML, Prieto Conaway MC, Valdez CA, Corzett T, Leif R, Williams AM. Toward Machine Learning-Driven Mass Spectrometric Identification of Trichothecenes in the Absence of Standard Reference Materials. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13064-13072. [PMID: 37607517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
While a significant body of work exists on the detection of commonly known trichothecene toxins, biological, environmental, and other transformational processes can generate many under-characterized and unknown modified trichothecenes. Lacking both analytical reference standards and associated mass spectral databases, identification of these modified compounds reflects both a challenge and a critical gap from forensic and public health perspectives. We report here the application of machine learning (ML) techniques toward identification of discriminative fragment ions from mass spectrometric data that can be exploited to detect evidence of type A and B trichothecenes. The goal of this work is to establish a new method for the identification of unknown, though structurally similar trichothecenes, by leveraging objective ML techniques. Discriminative fragments derived from a series of gradient-boosted machine learners are then used to develop ML-driven precursor ion scan (PIS) methods on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QQQ) for screening of "unknown unknown" trichothecenes. Specifically, we apply the PIS method to a laboratory-synthesized trichothecene, a first step in demonstrating the power of alternative, machine learning-driven mass spectrometric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Mayer
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mark L Dreyer
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Maria C Prieto Conaway
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Carlos A Valdez
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Todd Corzett
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Roald Leif
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Audrey M Williams
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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18
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Opuni KF, Kretchy JP, Agyabeng K, Boadu JA, Adanu T, Ankamah S, Appiah A, Amoah GB, Baidoo M, Kretchy IA. Contamination of herbal medicinal products in low-and-middle-income countries: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19370. [PMID: 37674839 PMCID: PMC10477504 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) has grown significantly across low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). Consequently, the safety of these products due to contamination is a significant public health concern. This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence, types, and levels of contaminants in HMPs from LMICs. A search was performed in seven online databases, i.e., Africa journal online (AJOL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Health Inter-Network Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), World Health Organization Global Index Medicus (WHO GIM), Scopus, and PubMed using appropriate search queries and reported as per the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. Ninety-one peer-reviewed articles published from 1982 to 2021 from 28 different countries across four continents were included in the study. Although metals, microbial, mycotoxins, pesticides, and residual solvents were the reported contaminants in the 91 articles, metals (56.0%, 51/91), microbial (27.5%, 25/91), and mycotoxins (18.7%, 17/91) were the most predominant. About 16.4% (1236/7518) of the samples had their contaminant levels above the regulatory limits. Samples tested for microbial contaminants had the highest proportion (46.4%, 482/1039) of contaminants exceeding the regulatory limit, followed by mycotoxins (25.8%, 109/423) and metals (14.3%, 591/4128). The proportion of samples that had their average non-essential metal contaminant levels above the regulatory limit was (57.6%, 377/655), 18.3% (88/480), 10.7% (24/225), and 11.3% (29/257) for Pb, Cd, Hg, and As, respectively. The commonest bacteria species found were Escherichia coli (52.3%, 10/19) and Salmonella species (42.1%, 8/19). This review reported that almost 90% of Candida albicans and more than 80% of moulds exceeded the required regulatory limits. HMP consumption poses profound health implications to consumers and patients. Therefore, designing and/or implementing policies that effectively regulate HMPs to minimize the health hazards related to their consumption while improving the quality of life of persons living in LMICs are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena F.M. Opuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - James-Paul Kretchy
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, P. O. Box 2305, Miotso, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kofi Agyabeng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A. Boadu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theodosia Adanu
- Balme Library, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG24, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Ankamah
- Balme Library, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG24, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alexander Appiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Geralda B. Amoah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mariam Baidoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene A. Kretchy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Lee WY, Park HJ. T-2 mycotoxin Induces male germ cell apoptosis by ROS-mediated JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115323. [PMID: 37541021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
T-2 mycotoxin, a type A trichothecene toxin that, specifically, causes male and female reproductive toxicity. We evaluated T-2 toxin toxicity in testes from neonatal testes after in vitro tissue cultured. Additionally, current study focuses on the molecular mechanism of toxicity and germ cell damage in GC-1 spermatogonial cells. Mouse testicular fragments were subjected to T-2 toxin (0-20 nM) during days 5 of in vitro culture. Testicular germ cell number were reduced and downregulated the expression of corresponding markers depending on the exposure concentration of T-2 toxin; however, Sertoli cell markers and steroidogenic enzyme expression increased when treated with 20 nM T-2 toxin. The cell viability decreased, apoptosis increased, and pro-apoptotic protein expression increased in 5-20 nM T-2 toxin-exposed spermatogonia. Moreover, T-2 toxin generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating that activation of p38 MAPK signaling triggered by ROS is involved in the apoptotic molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, c-Jun, JNK/SAPK, p38, and p53, and the subsequent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. The upregulation of genes related to apoptosis and MAPK/JNK signaling was consistently observed in cells exposed to T-2 toxin. These results indicate that T-2 toxin triggers apoptotic cell death in germ cells through the triggering of ROS-mediated JNK/p38-MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Lee
- Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonbuk 54874, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, South Korea.
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20
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Corallo AB, del Palacio A, Oliver M, Tiscornia S, Simoens M, Cea J, de Aurrecoechea I, Martínez I, Sanchez A, Stewart S, Pan D. Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Associated with Sorghum Grains in Uruguay. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:484. [PMID: 37624241 PMCID: PMC10467058 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain mold and stalk rot are among the fungal diseases that cause significant losses in sorghum worldwide and are caused by different Fusarium spp. The presence of Fusarium species in sorghum grains causes yield losses and mycotoxin contamination, which represents a risk to consumers. In this study, Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) had a high incidence, followed by Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex. Within FFSC, F. proliferatum, F. andiyazi, F. fujikuroi, F. thapsinum, F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans were identified, and this was the first report of F. fujikuroi in sorghum. The most frequent toxins found in sorghum samples were deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). The presence of fumonisins and nivalenol (NIV) was detected at low levels. This study adds new knowledge about the occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in sorghum grains. Furthermore, this is the first report in Uruguay on fungicide sensitivity for Fusarium isolates from sorghum, which constitutes an important starting point for defining management practices to minimize fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Corallo
- Sección Micología, Facultad de CienciasFacultad de Ingeniería, UdelaR, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay; (A.B.C.); (A.d.P.); (M.O.); (S.T.)
| | - Agustina del Palacio
- Sección Micología, Facultad de CienciasFacultad de Ingeniería, UdelaR, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay; (A.B.C.); (A.d.P.); (M.O.); (S.T.)
| | - María Oliver
- Sección Micología, Facultad de CienciasFacultad de Ingeniería, UdelaR, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay; (A.B.C.); (A.d.P.); (M.O.); (S.T.)
| | - Susana Tiscornia
- Sección Micología, Facultad de CienciasFacultad de Ingeniería, UdelaR, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay; (A.B.C.); (A.d.P.); (M.O.); (S.T.)
| | - Macarena Simoens
- Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Departamento de Análisis de Productos Agropecuarios, Avenida Italia 6201, Montevideo 11500, Uruguay; (M.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Jaqueline Cea
- Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Departamento de Análisis de Productos Agropecuarios, Avenida Italia 6201, Montevideo 11500, Uruguay; (M.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Inés de Aurrecoechea
- Departamento de Granos, Dirección General de Servicios Agrícolas, Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca, Avenida Millán 4703, Montevideo 12900, Uruguay;
| | - Inés Martínez
- Latitud, Fundación del Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Avenida Italia 6201, Montevideo 11500, Uruguay; (I.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Latitud, Fundación del Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Avenida Italia 6201, Montevideo 11500, Uruguay; (I.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Silvina Stewart
- Programa Cultivos de Secano, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay;
| | - Dinorah Pan
- Sección Micología, Facultad de CienciasFacultad de Ingeniería, UdelaR, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay; (A.B.C.); (A.d.P.); (M.O.); (S.T.)
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21
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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22
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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23
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Macri AM, Nagy AL, Daina S, Toma D, Pop ID, Nadăș GC, Cătoi AF. Occurrence of Types A and B Trichothecenes in Cereal Products Sold in Romanian Markets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:466. [PMID: 37505735 PMCID: PMC10467109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the frequent occurrences of mycotoxins in cereals, this study assessed the presence of trichothecenes in 121 samples from Romanian markets. These samples were divided into five groups based on product type: (1) bread and bakery products containing white flour, (2) half-brown bread with whole wheat flour, (3) brown bread containing rye flour, (4) pasta, and (5) raw wheat. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to detect 13 different mycotoxins, which included the Type A compounds HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin, as well as the Type B compounds deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. Results indicated trichothecene contamination in 90.08% of our samples, with deoxynivalenol predominating by at least 78% in each examined group. Co-occurrence of three or four trichothecenes were found in 23.85% of our samples. Our study underscores the necessity of consistent monitoring of staple foods to prevent the intake of harmful trichothecenes by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Maximilian Macri
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorana Daina
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Toma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Delia Pop
- Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - George Cosmin Nadăș
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Florinela Cătoi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Wang J, Zhang M, Yang J, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhao Z. Type A Trichothecene Metabolic Profile Differentiation, Mechanisms, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Evolution in Fusarium Species-A Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:446. [PMID: 37505715 PMCID: PMC10467051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are the most common Fusarium toxins detected in grains and related products. Type A trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety due to their high toxicity. Recently, two different trichothecene genotypes within Fusarium species were reported. The available information showed that Tri1 and Tri16 genes are the key determinants of the trichothecene profiles of T-2 and DAS genotypes. In this review, polymorphisms in the Tri1 and Tri16 genes in the two genotypes were investigated. Meanwhile, the functions of genes involved in DAS and NEO biosynthesis are discussed. The possible biosynthetic pathways of DAS and NEO are proposed in this review, which will facilitate the understanding of the synthesis process of trichothecenes in Fusarium strains and may also inspire researchers to design and conduct further research. Together, the review provides insight into trichothecene profile differentiation and Tri gene evolutionary processes responsible for the structural diversification of trichothecene produced by Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Kosicki R, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023:e0016323. [PMID: 37338364 PMCID: PMC10370337 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00163-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from water-damaged buildings or improperly stored feed. The secondary metabolites formed by this mold have been associated with health problems in humans and animals. Several authors have studied the influence of environmental conditions on the production of mycotoxins, but these studies focused on undefined or complex substrates, such as building materials and media that impeded investigations of the influence of specific nutrients. In this study, a chemically defined cultivation medium was used to investigate the impact of several nitrogen and carbon sources on growth of S. chartarum and its production of macrocyclic trichothecenes (MTs) and stachybotrylactam (STLAC). Increasing concentrations of sodium nitrate were found to positively affect mycelial growth, the level of sporulation, and MT production, while ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride had an inhibitory effect. Potato starch was the superior and most reliable carbon source tested. Additionally, we observed that the level of sporulation was correlated with the production of MTs but not with that of STLAC. In this study, we provide a chemically well-defined cultivation medium suitable for standardized in vitro testing of the capacity of S. chartarum isolates to produce macrocyclic trichothecenes. IMPORTANCE Macrocyclic trichothecenes (MTs) are highly toxic secondary metabolites that are produced by certain Stachybotrys chartarum strains, which consequently pose a risk for animals and humans. To identify hazardous, toxin-producing strains by analytical means, it is important to grow them under conditions that support MT production. Nutrients determine growth and development and thus the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Complex rich media are commonly used for diagnostics, but batch differences of supplements pose a risk for inconsistent data. We have established a chemically defined medium for S. chartarum and used it to analyze the impact of nitrogen and carbon sources. A key finding is that nitrate stimulates MT production, whereas ammonium suppresses it. Defining nutrients that support MT production will enable a more reliable identification of hazardous S. chartarum isolates. The new medium will also be instrumental in analyzing the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms that control mycotoxin production in S. chartarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Tribelhorn
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Reinhard K Straubinger
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Ebel
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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26
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Corbu VM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Dumbravă AȘ, Vrâncianu CO, Șesan TE. Current Insights in Fungal Importance-A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1384. [PMID: 37374886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. Recently, they have gained significant recognition for protecting the environment, agriculture, and several industrial applications. The current article intends to review the beneficial roles of fungi used for a vast range of applications, such as the production of several enzymes and pigments, applications regarding food and pharmaceutical industries, the environment, and research domains, as well as the negative impacts of fungi (secondary metabolites production, etiological agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans, as well as deteriogenic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrâncianu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Eugenia Șesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, 61 Bd. Mărăşti, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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27
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Chen X, Gao Z, Long T, Xie J, Li X, Huang Z. Development of two immunochromatographic test strips based on signal amplification and selenium nanoparticles for the rapid detection of T-2 mycotoxin. Food Chem 2023; 424:136419. [PMID: 37244190 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Conventional immunochromatographic test strips (ICSs) based on gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probes offer limited sensitivity. Here, AuNPs were separately labeled with monoclonal or secondary antibodies (MAb or SAb). In addition, spherical, homogeneously dispersed, and stable selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were also synthesized. By optimizing the preparation parameters, two ICSs based on the dual AuNP signal amplification (Duo-ICS) or SeNPs (Se-ICS) were developed for the rapid detection of T-2 mycotoxin. The detection sensitivities of the Duo-ICS and Se-ICS assays for T-2 were 1 ng/mL and 0.25 ng/mL, respectively, which were 3-fold and 15-fold more sensitive, respectively, than a conventional ICS. Furthermore, the ICSs were applied in the detection of T-2 in cereals, which requires higher sensitivity. Our findings indicate that both ICS systems can be used for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of T-2 toxin in cereals and potentially other sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Tingting Long
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiujiang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, No.17 Yongwai Main Street, Nanjing West Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Jiang T, Qi X, Lin R, Jiang J, Wen J, Deng Y. T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) exert distinct effects on stress granule formation depending on altered activity of SIRT1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115028. [PMID: 37216862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), as the most concerned members of trichothecenes, induce cellular stress responses and various toxic effects. Stress granules (SGs) are rapidly formed in response to stress and play an important role in the cellular stress response. However, it is not known whether T-2 toxin and DON induce SG formation. In this study, we found that T-2 toxin induces SG formation, while DON surprisingly suppresses SG formation. Meanwhile, we discovered that SIRT1 co-localized with SGs and regulated SG formation by controlling the acetylation level of the SG nucleator G3BP1. Upon T-2 toxin, the acetylation level of G3BP1 increased, but the opposite change was observed upon DON. Importantly, T-2 toxin and DON affect the activity of SIRT1 via changing NAD+ level in a different manner, though the mechanism remains to be clarified. These findings suggest that the distinct effects of T-2 toxin and DON on SG formation are caused by changes in the activity of SIRT1. Furthermore, we found that SGs increase the cell toxicity of T-2 toxin and DON. In conclusion, our results reveal the molecular regulation mechanism of TRIs on SG formation and provide novel insights into the toxicological mechanisms of TRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xueying Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ruqin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
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Song P, Dong W. Identification and Characterization of an Antifungal Gene Mt1 from Bacillus subtilis by Affecting Amino Acid Metabolism in Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108857. [PMID: 37240206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease that causes significant economic losses worldwide. Fusarium graminearum is a crucial pathogen that requires close attention when controlling wheat diseases. Here, we aimed to identify genes and proteins that could confer resistance to F. graminearum. By extensively screening recombinants, we identified an antifungal gene, Mt1 (240 bp), from Bacillus subtilis 330-2. We recombinantly expressed Mt1 in F. graminearum and observed a substantial reduction in the production of aerial mycelium, mycelial growth rate, biomass, and pathogenicity. However, recombinant mycelium and spore morphology remained unchanged. Transcriptome analysis of the recombinants revealed significant down-regulation of genes related to amino acid metabolism and degradation pathways. This finding indicated that Mt1 inhibited amino acid metabolism, leading to limited mycelial growth and, thus, reduced pathogenicity. Based on the results of recombinant phenotypes and transcriptome analysis, we hypothesize that the effect of Mt1 on F. graminearum could be related to the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), the most affected metabolic pathway with significant down-regulation of several genes. Our findings provide new insights into antifungal gene research and offer promising targets for developing novel strategies to control Fusarium head blight in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Song
- Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Banfalvi G. Apoptotic Janus-faced mycotoxins against thoracal and breast metastases. Apoptosis 2023; 28:754-768. [PMID: 37055605 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal organs (liver, kidney, spleen) are frequent targets of cancer cell invasion but their primary tumours are less known for their metastatic potential to other organs e.g. to the breast. Despite the known connection of the pathogenesis from breast cancer to liver metastasis, the study of the spread in the opposite direction has been neglected. The notion that breast cancer could be a metastasis besides being a primary tumour is based on rodents' tumour models upon implantation of tumour cells under the capsule of the kidney or under the Glisson's capsule of the liver of rats and mice. Tumour cells develop into a primary tumour at the site of subcutaneous implantation. The metastatic process starts with peripheral disruptions of blood vessels near the surface of primary tumours. Tumour cells released into the abdomen cross the apertures of the diaphragm, enter the thoracal lymph nodes and accumulate in parathymic lymph nodes. Abdominal colloidal carbon particles injected into the abdomen faithfully mimicked the migration of tumour cells and deposited in parathymic lymph nodes (PTNs). An explanation is provided why the connection between abdominal tumours and mammary tumours escaped attention, notably, parathymic lymph nodes in humans were referred to as internal mammary or parasternal lymph nodes. The apoptotic effect of Janus-faced cytotoxins is suggested to provide a new approach against the spread of abdominal primary tumours, and metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Banfalvi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology and Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, Life Sciences Building 1.102, Debrecen, 4010, Hungary.
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Valenti I, Tini F, Sevarika M, Agazzi A, Beccari G, Bellezza I, Ederli L, Grottelli S, Pasquali M, Romani R, Saracchi M, Covarelli L. Impact of Enniatin and Deoxynivalenol Co-Occurrence on Plant, Microbial, Insect, Animal and Human Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:271. [PMID: 37104209 PMCID: PMC10144843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins commonly contaminate agricultural products resulting in a serious threat to both animal and human health. The co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in the same cereal field is very common, so the risks as well as the functional and ecological effects of mycotoxins cannot always be predicted by focusing only on the effect of the single contaminants. Enniatins (ENNs) are among the most frequently detected emerging mycotoxins, while deoxynivalenol (DON) is probably the most common contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the simultaneous exposure to these mycotoxins, with emphasis on the combined effects in multiple organisms. Our literature analysis shows that just a few studies on ENN-DON toxicity are available, suggesting the complexity of mycotoxin interactions, which include synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. Both ENNs and DON modulate drug efflux transporters, therefore this specific ability deserves to be explored to better understand their complex biological role. Additionally, future studies should investigate the interaction mechanisms of mycotoxin co-occurrence on different model organisms, using concentrations closer to real exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Marco Saracchi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
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Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat: Biology, Modern Detection and Diagnosis and Integrated Disease Management. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030192. [PMID: 36977083 PMCID: PMC10053988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat for wheat production worldwide. Most reviews focus on Fusarium graminearum as a main causal agent of FHB. However, different Fusarium species are involved in this disease complex. These species differ in their geographic adaptation and mycotoxin profile. The incidence of FHB epidemics is highly correlated with weather conditions, especially rainy days with warm temperatures at anthesis and an abundance of primary inoculum. Yield losses due to the disease can reach up to 80% of the crop. This review summarizes the Fusarium species involved in the FHB disease complex with the corresponding mycotoxin profiles, disease cycle, diagnostic methods, the history of FHB epidemics, and the management strategy of the disease. In addition, it discusses the role of remote sensing technology in the integrated management of the disease. This technology can accelerate the phenotyping process in the breeding programs aiming at FHB-resistant varieties. Moreover, it can support the decision-making strategies to apply fungicides via monitoring and early detection of the diseases under field conditions. It can also be used for selective harvest to avoid mycotoxin-contaminated plots in the field.
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Feizollahi E, Basu U, Fredua-Agyeman R, Jeganathan B, Tonoyan L, Strelkov SE, Vasanthan T, Siraki AG, Roopesh MS. Effect of Plasma-Activated Water Bubbles on Fusarium graminearum, Deoxynivalenol, and Germination of Naturally Infected Barley during Steeping. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020124. [PMID: 36828438 PMCID: PMC9967671 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of barley by deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, causes considerable financial loss to the grain and malting industries. In this study, two atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) reactors were used to produce plasma-activated water (PAW) bubbles. The potential of PAW bubbles for the steeping of naturally infected barley (NIB) during the malting process was investigated. The PAW bubbles produced by treating water for 30 min using a bubble spark discharge (BSD) at low temperature resulted in the greatest concentration of oxygen-nitrogen reactive species (RONS). This treatment resulted in 57.3% DON degradation compared with 36.9% in the control sample; however, the same treatment reduced germination significantly (p < 0.05). Direct BSD ACP treatment for 20 min at low temperature and indirect treatment for 30 min increased the percentage of germinated rootlets of the seedlings compared with the control. Considering both the DON reduction and germination improvement of barley seeds, continuous jet ACP treatment for 30 min performed better than the other treatments used in this study. At higher temperature of PAW bubbles, the concentration of RONS was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced. Based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis and fungal culture tests, the PAW bubble treatment did not significantly reduce infection of NIB. Nonetheless, this study provides useful information for the malting industry for PAW treatment optimization and its use in barley steeping for DON reduction and germination improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Feizollahi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Urmila Basu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Brasathe Jeganathan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Lusine Tonoyan
- Applied Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Thava Vasanthan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Arno G. Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - M. S. Roopesh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Gavrilova OP, Gagkaeva TY, Orina AS, Gogina NN. Diversity of Fusarium Species and Their Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops from the Asian Territory of Russia. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 508:9-19. [PMID: 37186044 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Up-to-date information on the occurrence of Fusarium fungi and their mycotoxins in the grain of wheat, barley and oats grown in the Urals and West Siberia in 2018‒2019 is presented. Mycological analysis of grain revealed at least 16 species of Fusarium fungi. The F. sporotrichioides, F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. anguioides were predominant, and the proportions of these species among all Fusarium fungi found in the grain were 31, 20, 19, and 13%, respectively. Fusarium graminearum and its mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) are often occurred in grain mycobiota of cereal crops on the territory of both the Urals and West Siberia. New records of fungal species that are rare in the Asian territory of Russia were detected: F. langsethiae and F. sibiricum, which are mainly producers of type A trichothecene mycotoxins, were found in the Kurgan and Kemerovo regions, respectively. In addition, F. globosum that is able to produce fumonisins was detected in Altai Krai and Omsk region. The diversity of Fusarium species was higher in wheat and barley grain samples than in oats. The HPLC-MS/MS method was used to analyse the content of 19 mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. The highest diversity of mycotoxins was found in wheat grain (maximum 12), compared with oats (9) and barley (8). The T-2 and HT-2 toxins, DON, nivalenol, moniliformin (MON) and beauvericin (BEA) occurred more often in the grain samples, compared with other mycotoxins, but their amounts varied significantly, depending on the weather conditions in sampling year and the plant species. The average content of DON (maximum amount was 375 µg/kg) in wheat grain was 5 times higher than its average content in barley grain, and this mycotoxin was not detected in oat grain. The contamination with T-2 and HT-toxins (maximum amounts were 2652 μg/kg and 481 μg/kg, respectively), as well as with BEA (maximum amount was 49 μg/kg) was typical for barley and oat grain samples. The content of MON (maximum amount was 50 μg/kg) in the grain of three different small grain cereals was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Gavrilova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - T Yu Gagkaeva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A S Orina
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N N Gogina
- All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute, Sergiev Posad, Moscow oblast, Russia
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Iwase CHT, Piacentini KC, Silva NCC, Rebellato AP, Rocha LO. Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Brazilian barley destined for brewing. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:86-92. [PMID: 36625024 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2151046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Barley is an important cereal worldwide. However, fungal contamination during pre and postharvest is a recurrent problem for barley production, causing a direct impact on the quality of the grains and their by-products due to spoilage and mycotoxin accumulation. The Fusarium graminearum species complex is the main contaminant during preharvest and some species can produce deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, important mycotoxins that represent a risk to human and animal health. This study evaluated the fungal diversity and the levels of DON and ZEN in barley grains produced in Brazil. The results showed high frequency (60%) of Fusariumcontamination in barley grains. Additionally, mycotoxin levels ranged from 46 to 2074 µg/kg for DON and from 74 to 556 µg/kg for ZEN. Co-occurrence of DON and ZEN was observed in 40% of the samples and 30% of barley samples had DON and ZEN levels higher than the maximum levels established by Brazilian and European legislations. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio H T Iwase
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karim C Piacentini
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália C C Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Rebellato
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Liliana O Rocha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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36
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Buchanan R, Serajazari M, Geddes-McAlister J. Proteomic Profiling of Host Response in the Cereal Crop Triticum aestivum to the Mycotoxin, 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol, Produced by the Fungal Pathogen, Fusarium graminearum. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2659:161-169. [PMID: 37249892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3159-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a destructive mycotoxin produced by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum in the devastating cereal disease Fusarium head blight (FHB). Host resistance to FHB has been identified within some of these crops (e.g., wheat, barley, corn); however, identification of how the host reduces the production of, and tolerates, DON to lessen the effects of the disease still requires further discovery. The field of quantitative proteomics is an effective tool for measuring and quantifying host defense responses to external factors, including the presence of pathogens and toxins. Success within this area of research has increased through recent technological developments (e.g., instrument sensitivity) and the accessibility of data analysis programs. One advancement we leverage is the ability to label peptides with isobaric mass tags to allow for sample multiplexing, reducing mass spectrometer run times, and providing accurate quantification. In this protocol, we exemplify this methodology to identify protein-level responses to DON within both FHB-resistant and FHB-susceptible Triticum aestivum cultivars using tandem mass tags for quantitative labeling combined with liquid-chromatography-MS/MS (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Furthermore, this protocol can be extrapolated for the identification of host responses under various conditions, including infection and environmental fluctuations, to elucidate changes in proteomic profiling in diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid Buchanan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Navale VD, Sawant AM, Vamkudoth KR. Genetic diversity of toxigenic Fusarium verticillioides associated with maize grains, India. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20220073. [PMID: 37036389 PMCID: PMC10084715 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, prevalence, genetic diversity, and mycotoxin producing potential of Fusarium species associated with maize grain samples were studied from different geographical regions of India. The highest prevalence of Fusarium verticillioides was recorded as 88.52%, followed by F. coffeatum, F. foetens, and F. euwallaceae, 6.55%, 3.27%, and 1.63%, respectively. We isolated 54 strains of F. verticillioides, and their genetic diversity was studied by inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). The ISSR fingerprints (AG) 8C and (AG) 8G showed 252 and 368 microsatellite sites in the genome of F. verticillioides and resulted in 99-100% repeatability and reproducibility. The Simpson (SID) and Shannon (H) indices (0.78 and 2.36) suggest that F. verticillioides strains exhibit moderate to high diversity. Molecular detection of fumonisin B1 (FB1) biosynthetic genes (FUM1 and FUM13) involved in FB1 production in F. verticillioides was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, 91% of the strains were positive for FB1 production, which was affirmed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). In-vitro appurtenance of F. verticillioides spores exhibited a high to moderate effect on the growth and development of the maize. The current finding demonstrated that most F. verticillioides strains showed a wide range of genetic diversity with varied toxigenic and pathogenic potentials. In conclusion, for the first time, F. coffeatum, F. foetens, and F. euwallaceae species were reported from maize grain samples in India. They were positive for FB1 and negatively affecting grain quality, which is a major concern in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwambar D Navale
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Biochemical Sciences Division, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amol M Sawant
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Biochemical Sciences Division, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Biochemical Sciences Division, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Xiao Z, Zhao Q, Li W, Gao L, Liu G. Strain improvement of Trichoderma harzianum for enhanced biocontrol capacity: Strategies and prospects. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146210. [PMID: 37125207 PMCID: PMC10134904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the control of plant diseases, biocontrol has the advantages of being efficient and safe for human health and the environment. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum and its closely related species can inhibit the growth of many phytopathogenic fungi, and have been developed as commercial biocontrol agents for decades. In this review, we summarize studies on T. harzianum species complex from the perspective of strain improvement. To elevate the biocontrol ability, the production of extracellular proteins and compounds with antimicrobial or plant immunity-eliciting activities need to be enhanced. In addition, resistance to various environmental stressors should be strengthened. Engineering the gene regulatory system has the potential to modulate a variety of biological processes related to biocontrol. With the rapidly developing technologies for fungal genetic engineering, T. harzianum strains with increased biocontrol activities are expected to be constructed to promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Tobacco Group Beijing Cigarette Factory Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Liwei Gao,
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Liu,
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Zhang L, Zhou X, Li P, Wang Y, Hu Q, Shang Y, Chen Y, Zhu X, Feng H, Zhang C. Transcriptome Profile of Fusarium graminearum Treated by Putrescine. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010060. [PMID: 36675881 PMCID: PMC9865016 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, barley, and corn. Deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by F. graminearum, is the most prevalent toxin associated with FHB. The wheat defense compound putrescine can promote DON production during F. graminearum infection. However, the underlying mechanisms of putrescine-induced DON synthesis are not well-studied. To investigate the effect of putrescine on the global transcriptional regulation of F. graminearum, we treated F. graminearum with putrescine and performed RNA deep sequencing. We found that putrescine can largely affect the transcriptome of F. graminearum. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that having a large amount of DEGs was associated with ribosome biogenesis, carboxylic acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and amino acid metabolism pathways. Co-expression analysis showed that 327 genes had similar expression patterns to FgTRI genes and were assigned to the same module. In addition, three transcription factor genes were identified as hub genes in this module, indicating that they may play important roles in DON synthesis. These results provide important clues for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of putrescine-induced DON synthesis and will facilitate the study of the pathogenic mechanisms of FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xishi Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Pengfeng Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- College of Data Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qianyong Hu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yuping Shang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yunshen Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiying Zhu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cuijun Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (C.Z.)
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40
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Electrochemistry Applied to Mycotoxin Determination in Food and Beverages. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Aflatoxins in Feed: Types, Metabolism, Health Consequences in Swine and Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120853. [PMID: 36548750 PMCID: PMC9783261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding farm animals with aflatoxin-contaminated feed can cause various severe toxic effects, leading to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and increased mortality, weight loss, poor performance and reduced reproductive capability. Following ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs, aflatoxins are metabolized and biotransformed differently in animals. Swine metabolism is not effective in detoxifying and excreting aflatoxins, meaning the risk of aflatoxicosis is increased. Thus, it is of great importance to elucidate the metabolism and all metabolic pathways associated with this mycotoxin. The damage induced by AFB1 in cells and tissues consists of inhibition of cell proliferation, carcinogenicity, immunosuppression, mutagenicity, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, leading to pathological lesions in the liver, spleen, lymph node, kidney, uterus, heart, and lungs of swine. At present, it is a challenging task and of serious concern to completely remove aflatoxins and their metabolites from feedstuff; thus, the aim of this study was a literature review on the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on swine metabolism, as well as alternatives that contribute to the detoxification or amelioration of aflatoxin-induced effects in farm animal feed.
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Rodríguez-González Á, Carro-Huerga G, Guerra M, Mayo-Prieto S, Porteous-Álvarez AJ, Lorenzana A, Campelo MP, Fernández-Marcos A, Casquero PA, Gutiérrez S. Spores of Trichoderma Strains over P. vulgaris Beans: Direct Effect on Insect Attacks and Indirect Effect on Agronomic Parameters. INSECTS 2022; 13:1086. [PMID: 36554996 PMCID: PMC9785720 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acanthoscelides obtectus is an insect pest that attacks wild and cultivated common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Four Trichoderma strains, the T. arundinaceum IBT 40837 wild-type strain (=Ta37), a producer of trichothecene harzianum A (HA), two transformants of T. arundinaceum strain, Ta37-17.139 (=Δtri17) and Ta37-23.74 (=Δtri23), and the T. brevicompactum IBT 40841 wild-type strain (=Tb41), which produces the trichothecene trichodermin, were assessed to establish their direct effect on insect attacks and their indirect effect on the plants grown from the beans treated with those fungal strains and exposed to insect attacks. Treatments of bean seeds with different Trichoderma strains led to different survival rates in the insects, and the Tb41 strain caused the lowest survival rate of all. An 86.10% of the insect cadavers (in contact with Δtri23) showed growth of this strain. This was the treatment that attracted the greatest number of insects. The daily emergence was reduced in beans treated with the Ta37, Tb41, and Δtri17 strains. The undamaged beans treated with Ta37 and Δtri23 showed a high capacity of germination (80.00% and 75.00%, respectively), whereas the Δtri17 and Tb41 treatments increased the capacity of germination in the damaged beans (66.67%). The undamaged beans treated with Δtri23 had the greatest dry weights for the aerial part (4.22 g) and root system in the plants (0.62 g). More studies on the mechanisms of insect control, plant growth promotion, and trichodermol and trichodermin production by Δtri23 and Tb41, respectively, should be explored in order to commercialize these fungal species on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Marcos Guerra
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Sara Mayo-Prieto
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alejandra Juana Porteous-Álvarez
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alicia Lorenzana
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - María Piedad Campelo
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alexia Fernández-Marcos
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Casquero
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
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Li B, Duan J, Ren J, Francis F, Li G. Isolation and Characterization of Two New Deoxynivalenol-Degrading Strains, Bacillus sp. HN117 and Bacillus sp. N22. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110781. [PMID: 36356030 PMCID: PMC9693629 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Fusarium species, is one of the most common trichothecenes detected in cereals pre- and post-harvest, which poses a great threat to the health of livestock and human beings due to its strong toxicity. In this study, we isolated and characterized two DON-degrading bacterial strains, Bacillus sp. HN117 and Bacillus sp. N22. Both strains could degrade DON efficiently in a wide range of temperatures (from 25 °C to 42 °C) and concentrations (from 10 mg/L to 500 mg/L). After optimization of the degradation conditions, 29.0% DON was eliminated by HN117 in 72 h when it was incubated with 1000 mg/L DON; meanwhile, the DON degradation rate of N22 was boosted notably from 7.41% to 21.21% within 120 h at 500 mg/L DON. Degradation products analysis indicated HN117 was able to transform DON into a new isomer M-DOM, the possible structure of which was deduced based on LC-MS and NMR analysis, and N22 could convert DON into potential low-toxic derivatives norDON E and 9-hydroxymethyl DON lactone. These two strains have the potential to be developed as new biodegrading agents to control DON contamination in food and feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests—Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jiaqi Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests—Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests—Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (G.L.)
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests—Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (G.L.)
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Recent advances on formation, transformation, occurrence, and analytical strategy of modified mycotoxins in cereals and their products. Food Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Ben Hassouna K, Ben Salah-Abbès J, Chaieb K, Abbès S. Mycotoxins occurrence in milk and cereals in North African countries - a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:619-635. [PMID: 36723615 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2157703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
North African countries; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia suffer from mycotoxin contamination. Various studies have indicated the presence of mycotoxins in raw milk and cereals (i.e. wheat, barley, maize and cereal-based products). Aflatoxins (AFs), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), Ochratoxin A (OTA), Fumonisin (FB1) and Zearalenone (ZEN)-mycotoxin are the most detected due to climatic change in the region. In this review, we will present the kind of foods and feeds cereals and milk based products contaminated and the level of their contaminated mycotoxin. On the other hand, researchers try to find biologic methods to remove/mitigate mycotoxins in food and feed using bio-products. But the research works concerning legislations and mycotoxin risk assessment still rare. Therefore, it appears necessary to make review on the current status of mycotoxins in North African countries in order to explore data related to contamination of basic food in this region and to highlight the problem to the policy-makers to establish a serious legislation on this matter. On the other hand, to give more information to the worldwide readers about the impact of climate change on the food and feed pollution on mycotoxins in the Mediterranean Sea region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Ben Hassouna
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,High Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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Gil-Serna J, Patiño B, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Vázquez C, Medina Á. Searching for the Fusarium spp. Which Are Responsible for Trichothecene Contamination in Oats Using Metataxonomy to Compare the Distribution of Toxigenic Species in Fields from Spain and the UK. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090592. [PMID: 36136530 PMCID: PMC9506359 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of oats with Fusarium toxins poses a high risk for food safety. Among them, trichothecenes are the most frequently reported in European oats, especially in northern countries. The environmental conditions related to the climate change scenario might favour a distribution shift in Fusarium species and the presence of these toxins in Southern European countries. In this paper, we present an ambitious work to determine the species responsible for trichothecene contamination in Spanish oats and to compare the results in the United Kingdom (UK) using a metataxonomic approach applied to both oat grains and soil samples collected from both countries. Regarding T-2 and HT-2 toxin producers, F. langsethiae was detected in 38% and 25% of the oat samples from the UK and Spain, respectively, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of this fungus in oats from Spain. The relevant type B trichothecene producer, F. poae, was the most frequently detected Fusarium species in oats from both origins. Other important trichothecene producers, such as the Fusarium tricinctum species complex or Fusarium cerealis, were also frequently detected in oat fields. Many Fusarium toxins, including T-2 and HT-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol, or nivalenol, were detected in oat samples. The results obtained in this work revealed a clear change in the distribution of trichothecene producers and the necessity to establish the potential of these species to colonize oats and their ability to produce mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandey S, Paul V, Saurabh V, Pandey AK, Selvakumar R, Barua S, Kapri M, Kumar M, Kaur C, Tripathi AD, Gamlath S, Kamle M, Varzakas T, Agriopoulou S. Nivalenol Mycotoxin Concerns in Foods: An Overview on Occurrence, Impact on Human and Animal Health and Its Detection and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080527. [PMID: 36006189 PMCID: PMC9413460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that infect a wide range of foods worldwide. Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene produced by numerous Fusarium species, has the ability to infect a variety of foods both in the field and during post-harvest handling and management. NIV is frequently found in cereal and cereal-based goods, and its strong cytotoxicity poses major concerns for both human and animal health. To address these issues, this review briefly overviews the sources, occurrence, chemistry and biosynthesis of NIV. Additionally, a brief overview of several sophisticated detection and management techniques is included, along with the implications of processing and environmental factors on the formation of NIV. This review’s main goal is to offer trustworthy and current information on NIV as a mycotoxin concern in foods, with potential mitigation measures to assure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Surabhi Pandey
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (V.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- Food Science and Technology, MMICT & BM(HM) Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Mandira Kapri
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology (CRDT), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (V.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (S.A.)
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Zhang J, Zhu W, Goodwin PH, Lin Q, Xia M, Xu W, Sun R, Liang J, Wu C, Li H, Wang Q, Yang L. Response of Fusarium pseudograminearum to Biocontrol Agent Bacillus velezensis YB-185 by Phenotypic and Transcriptome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080763. [PMID: 35893131 PMCID: PMC9331925 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biological control agents (BCAs) is a promising alternative control measure for Fusarium crown rot (FCR) of wheat caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum. A bacterial strain, YB-185, was isolated from the soil of wheat plants with FCR and identified as Bacillus velezensis. YB-185 exhibited strong inhibition of F. pseudograminearum mycelial growth and conidial germination in culture. Seed treatment with YB-185 in greenhouse and field resulted in reductions in disease by 66.1% and 57.6%, respectively, along with increased grain yield. Microscopy of infected root tissues confirmed that YB-185 reduced root invasion by F. pseudograminearum. RNA-seq of F. pseudograminearum during co-cultivation with B. velezensis YB-185 revealed 5086 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to the control. Down-regulated DEGs included genes for glucan synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, mechanosensitive ion channels, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin, and plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes, whereas up-regulated DEGs included genes for chitin synthesis, ergosterol synthesis, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and ABC transporters. In addition, fungal cell apoptosis increased significantly, as indicated by TUNEL staining, and the scavenging rate of 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS·+) in the fungus significantly decreased. Thus, F. pseudograminearum may be trying to maintain normal cell functions by increasing cell wall and membrane synthesis, antioxidant and anti-stress responses, detoxification of bacterial antimicrobial compounds, and transportation of damaging compounds from its cells. However, cell death and free radical accumulation still occurred, indicating that the responses were insufficient to prevent cell damage. Bacillus velezensis YB-185 is a promising BCA against FCR that acts by directly damaging F. pseudograminearum, thus reducing its ability to colonize roots and produce symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Wenqian Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Paul H. Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Qitong Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Mingcong Xia
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Wen Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Runhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Juan Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-371-6585-2150
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Mohammed A, Bekeko Z, Yusufe M, Sulyok M, Krska R. Fungal Species and Multi-Mycotoxin Associated with Post-Harvest Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Grain in Eastern Ethiopia. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070473. [PMID: 35878211 PMCID: PMC9315719 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorghum is the main staple food crop in developing countries, including Ethiopia. However, sorghum grain quantity and quality are affected by contaminating fungi both under field and post-harvest stage. The aim of the current study was to assessed fungal species and multi-mycotoxins associated with sorghum grain in post-harvest samples collected from eastern Ethiopia. Fungal genera of Aspergillus, Alternaria, Bipolaris, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, and Rhizoctonia were recovered in the infected grain. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) was used for quantification of multiple mycotoxins/fungal metabolites. Overall, 94 metabolites were detected and grouped into eight categories. All metabolites were detected either in one or more samples. Among major mycotoxins and derivatives, deoxynivalenol (137 μg/kg), zearalenone (121 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (115 μg/kg), and fumonisin B1 (112 μg/kg) were detected with maximum concentrations, while aflatoxin B1 had relatively lower concentrations (23.6 μg/kg). Different emerging mycotoxins were also detected, with tenuazonic acid (1515 μg/kg) occurring at the maximum concentration among Alternaria metabolites. Fusaric acid (2786 μg/kg) from Fusarium metabolites and kojic acid (4584 μg/kg) were detected with the maximum concentration among Fusarium and Aspergillus metabolites, respectively. Unspecific metabolites were recognized with neoechinulin A (1996 μg/kg) at the maximum concentration, followed by cyclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (574 μg/kg) and cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val) (410 μg/kg). Moreover, metabolites form other fungal genera and bacterial metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Apparently, the study revealed that sorghum grains collected across those districts were significantly contaminated with co-occurrences of several mycotoxins. Farmers should be the main target groups to be trained on the improved management of sorghum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Mohammed
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +251-953953442
| | - Zelalem Bekeko
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia;
| | - Mawardi Yusufe
- Institute of Technology, Food Sciences and Post-harvest Technology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia;
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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Nicaise V, Chereau S, Pinson-Gadais L, Verdal-Bonnin MN, Ducos C, Jimenez M, Coriou C, Bussière S, Robert T, Nguyen C, Richard-Forget F, Cornu JY. Interaction between the Accumulation of Cadmium and Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin Produced by Fusarium graminearum in Durum Wheat Grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8085-8096. [PMID: 35730681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat is one of the cereal crops that accumulates the highest concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin in its grains, thereby affecting the safety of products made of durum wheat grains (pasta and semolina). This study investigates in planta the interaction between Cd and Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of DON accumulation in grains. A pot experiment was designed to characterize the response of durum wheat to F. graminearum infection at three levels of Cd exposure: 0.1, 2, and 10 mg Cd kg-1 soil, which showed that the accumulation of Cd and DON resulted from interacting processes. On the one hand, plant exposure to Cd reduced the concentration of DON in grains. The mitigating effect of Cd on DON accumulation was attributed to the restricted growth of F. graminearum, which could result from enhanced plant resistance to the fungal pathogen induced by Cd exposure. On the other hand, F. graminearum infection of durum wheat increased the Cd concentration in the grains. The promoting effect of Fusarium infection on Cd accumulation was attributed to decoupling of the allocation of Cd and photoassimilates to the grains and to the reduced strength of the grain sink for photoassimilates caused by the fungus. Provided that this result is confirmed in field conditions, it suggests that in Cd-contaminated soils, particular attention should be paid to agronomic practices that affect Fusarium head blight disease to avoid further increase in the risk of exceeding the regulatory limit set by the European Union for Cd in durum wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Nicaise
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave-d'Ornon F-33882, France
- INRAE, MycSA, Villenave-d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Mélanie Jimenez
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave-d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Cécile Coriou
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave-d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Sylvie Bussière
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave-d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Thierry Robert
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave-d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Christophe Nguyen
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave-d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | | | - Jean-Yves Cornu
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave-d'Ornon F-33882, France
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