Advanced Virgo: Status of the Detector, Latest Results and Future Prospects

First Results of the Laser-Interferometric Detector for Axions (LIDA)

We present the operating principle and the first observing run of a novel kind of direct detector for axions and axionlike particles in the galactic halo. Sensitive to the polarisation rotation of linearly polarised laser light induced by an axion field, our experiment is the first detector of its kind collecting scientific data. We discuss our peak sensitivity of 1.51×10^{-10}  GeV^{-1} (95% confidence level) to the axion-photon coupling strength in the axion mass range of 1.97-2.01 neV which is, for instance, motivated by supersymmetric grand-unified theories. We also report on effects that arise in our high-finesse in-vacuum cavity at an unprecedented optical continuous-wave intensity of 4.7  MW/cm^{2}. Our detector already belongs to the most sensitive direct searches within its measurement band, and our results pave the way towards surpassing the current sensitivity limits even of astrophysical observations in the mass range from 10^{-8} down to 10^{-16}  eV via quantum-enhanced laser interferometry, especially with the potential of scaling our detector up to kilometer length.

A High-Finesse Suspended Interferometric Sensor for Macroscopic Quantum Mechanics with Femtometre Sensitivity

We present an interferometric sensor for investigating macroscopic quantum mechanics on a table-top scale. The sensor consists of a pair of suspended optical cavities with finesse over 350,000 comprising 10 g fused silica mirrors. The interferometer is suspended by a four-stage, light, in-vacuum suspension with three common stages, which allows for us to suppress common-mode motion at low frequency. The seismic noise is further suppressed by an active isolation scheme, which reduces the input motion to the suspension point by up to an order of magnitude starting from 0.7 Hz. In the current room-temperature operation, we achieve a peak sensitivity of 0.5 fm/Hz in the acoustic frequency band, limited by a combination of readout noise and suspension thermal noise. Additional improvements of the readout electronics and suspension parameters will enable us to reach the quantum radiation pressure noise. Such a sensor can eventually be utilized for demonstrating macroscopic entanglement and for testing semi-classical and quantum gravity models.

A long-duration gamma-ray burst with a peculiar origin

It is generally believed that long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with massive star core collapse¹, whereas short-duration GRBs are associated with mergers of compact star binaries². However, growing observations^3-6 have suggested that oddball GRBs do exist, and several criteria (prompt emission properties, supernova/kilonova associations and host galaxy properties) rather than burst duration only are needed to classify GRBs physically⁷. A previously reported long-duration burst, GRB 060614 (ref. ³), could be viewed as a short GRB with extended emission if it were observed at a larger distance⁸ and was associated with a kilonova-like feature⁹. As a result, it belongs to the type I (compact star merger) GRB category and is probably of binary neutron star (NS) merger origin. Here we report a peculiar long-duration burst, GRB 211211A, whose prompt emission properties in many aspects differ from all known type I GRBs, yet its multiband observations suggest a non-massive-star origin. In particular, substantial excess emission in both optical and near-infrared wavelengths has been discovered (see also ref. ¹⁰), which resembles kilonova emission, as observed in some type I GRBs. These observations point towards a new progenitor type of GRBs. A scenario invoking a white dwarf (WD)-NS merger with a post-merger magnetar engine provides a self-consistent interpretation for all the observations, including prompt gamma rays, early X-ray afterglow, as well as the engine-fed^11,12 kilonova emission.

A Predefined-Time Control for the Laser Acquisition in Space Gravitational Wave Detection Mission

The establishment of a laser link between satellites, i.e., the acquisition phase, is a key technology for space-based gravitational detection missions, and it becomes extremely complicated when the long distance between satellites, the inherent limits of the sensor accuracy, the narrow laser beam divergence and the complex space environment are considered. In this paper, we investigate the laser acquisition problem of a new type of satellite equipped with two two-degree-of-freedom telescopes. A predefined-time controller law for the acquisition phase is proposed. Finally, a numerical simulation was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The results showed that the new strategy has a higher efficiency and the control performance can meet the requirements of the gravitational detection mission.

Meta-Heuristics Optimization of Mirrors for Gravitational Wave Detectors: Cryogenic Case

In this paper, we explore the behavior of several optimization methods for reducing coating Brownian noise in the mirrors of gravitational wave detectors. We will refer to cryogenic operating temperatures, where the low refractive index material has mechanical losses higher than those of the high refractive index material. This situation is the exact opposite of that which occurs at room temperature, which is already widely known. The optimal design of the dielectric mirror (without a priori assumptions on thicknesses) can be obtained through the combined multi-objective optimization of transmittance and thermal noise. In the following, we apply several multi-objective meta-heuristics to compute the Pareto front related to the optimization problem of dielectric mirror thicknesses made of two materials (binary coatings). This approach gives us more certainty about the structure of the final result. We find strong evidence that all meta-heuristics converge to the same solution. The final result can be interpreted with simple physical considerations, providing useful rules to simplify the thicknesses of the optimization algorithm.

10 dB Quantum-Enhanced Michelson Interferometer with Balanced Homodyne Detection

Future generations of gravitational-wave detectors (GWD) are targeting an effective quantum noise reduction of 10 dB via the application of squeezed states of light. In the last joint observation run O3, the advanced large-scale GWDs LIGO and Virgo already used the squeezing technology, albeit with a moderate efficiency. Here, we report on the first successful 10 dB sensitivity enhancement of a shot-noise limited tabletop Michelson interferometer via squeezed light in the fundamental Gaussian laser mode, where we also implement the balanced homodyne detection scheme that is planned for the third GWD generation. In addition, we achieved a similarly strong quantum noise reduction when the interferometer was operated in higher-order Hermite-Gaussian modes, which are discussed for the GWD thermal noise mitigation. Our results are an important step toward the targeted quantum noise level in future GWDs and, moreover, represent significant progress in the application of nonclassical states in higher-order modes for interferometry, increased spatial resolution, and multichannel sensing.

Status and Perspectives of Continuous Gravitational Wave Searches

The birth of gravitational wave astronomy was triggered by the first detection of a signal produced by the merger of two compact objects (also known as a compact binary coalescence event). The following detections made by the Earth-based network of advanced interferometers had a significant impact in many fields of science: astrophysics, cosmology, nuclear physics and fundamental physics. However, compact binary coalescence signals are not the only type of gravitational waves potentially detectable by LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA. An interesting family of still undetected signals, and the ones that are considered in this review, are the so-called continuous waves, paradigmatically exemplified by the gravitational radiation emitted by galactic, fast-spinning isolated neutron stars with a certain degree of asymmetry in their mass distribution. In this work, I will review the status and the latest results from the analyses of advanced detector data.

Italian Research Facilities for Fundamental Physics

This Special Issue of Universe addresses the international community working at the Italian Research Facilities for Fundamental Physics, Italian labs and facilities playing a pivotal role in the core fields of this journal, such as gravitational waves, dark matter and rare event searches, neutrino astronomy, and underground physics [...]