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Fernandes PO, Chagas MA, Rocha WR, Moraes AH. Non-structural protein 5 (NS5) as a target for antiviral development against established and emergent flaviviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:30-39. [PMID: 34340199 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are among the most critical pathogens in tropical regions and cause a growing number of severe diseases in developing countries. The development of antiviral therapeutics is crucial for managing flavivirus outbreaks. Among the ten proteins encoded in the flavivirus RNA, non-structural protein 5, NS5, is a promising drug target. NS5 plays a fundamental role in flavivirus replication, viral RNA methylation, RNA polymerization, and host immune system evasion. Most of the NS5 inhibitor candidates target NS5 active sites. However, the similarity of NS5 activity sites with human enzymes can cause side effects. Identifying new allosteric sites in NS5 can contribute enormously to antiviral development. The NS5 structural characterization enabled exploring new regions, such as the residues involved in MTase-RdRp interaction, NS5 oligomerization, and NS5 interaction with other viral and host-cell proteins. Targeting NS5 critical interactions might lead to new compounds and overcomes the toxicity of current NS5-inhibitor candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe O Fernandes
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Chagas
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Willian R Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adolfo H Moraes
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Lin X, Liang C, Zou L, Yin Y, Wang J, Chen D, Lan W. Advance of structural modification of nucleosides scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113233. [PMID: 33550179 PMCID: PMC7995807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With Remdesivir being approved by FDA as a drug for the treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), nucleoside drugs have once again received widespread attention in the medical community. Herein, we summarized modification of traditional nucleoside framework (sugar + base), traizole nucleosides, nucleoside analogues assembled by other drugs, macromolecule-modified nucleosides, and their bioactivity rules. 2′-“Ara”-substituted by –F or –CN group, and 3′-“ara” substituted by acetylenyl group can greatly influence their anti-tumor activities. Dideoxy dehydrogenation of 2′,3′-sites can enhance antiviral efficiencies. Acyclic nucleosides and L-type nucleosides mainly represented antiviral capabilities. 5-F Substituted uracil analogues exihibit anti-tumor effects, and the substrates substituted by –I, –CF3, bromovinyl group usually show antiviral activities. The sugar coupled with 1-N of triazolid usually displays anti-tumor efficiencies, while the sugar coupled with 2-N of triazolid mainly represents antiviral activities. The nucleoside analogues assembled by cholesterol, polyethylene glycol, fatty acid and phospholipid would improve their bioavailabilities and bioactivities, or reduce their toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | | | - Lianjia Zou
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Yanchun Yin
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Weisen Lan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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3
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Dentmon ZW, Kaiser TM, Liotta DC. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of a Series of 2'- C-Methyl-4'-thionucleoside Monophosphate Prodrugs. Molecules 2020; 25:E5165. [PMID: 33171951 PMCID: PMC7664256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a validated target for nucleoside antiviral drug therapy. We endeavored to synthesize and test a series of 4'-thionucleosides with a monophosphate prodrug moiety for their antiviral activity against HCV and other related viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Nucleoside analogs were prepared via the stereoselective Vorbrüggen glycosylation of various nucleobases with per-acetylated 2-C-methyl-4-thio-d-ribose built in a 10-step synthetic sequence from the corresponding ribonolactone. Conjugation of the thionucleoside to a ProTide phosphoramidate allowed for evaluation of the prodrugs in the cellular HCV replicon assay with anti-HCV activities ranging from single-digit micromolar (μM) to >200 μM. The diminished anti-HCV potency of our best compound compared to its 4'-oxo congener is the subject of ongoing research in our lab and is proposed to stem from changes in sugar geometry imparted by the larger sulfur atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery W. Dentmon
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | | | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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Matos de Souza MR, Cunha MS, Okon A, Monteiro FLL, Campanati L, Wagner CR, da Costa LJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of the Anti-Zika Virus Activity of ProTides of 2'-C-β-Methylguanosine. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1650-1658. [PMID: 32525653 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ProTide approach has emerged as a powerful tool to improve the intracellular delivery of nucleotide analogs with antiviral and anticancer activity. Here, we characterized the anti-ZIKV (ZIKV, Zika virus) activity of two ProTides of 2'-C-β-methylguanosine. ProTide UMN-1001 is a 2'-C-β-methylguanosine tryptamine phosphoramidate monoester, and ProTide UMN-1002 is a 2-(methylthio)-ethyl-2'-C-β-methylguanosine tryptamine phosphoramidate diester. UMN-1002 undergoes stepwise intracellular activation to the corresponding nucleotide monophosphate followed by P-N bond cleavage by intracellular histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (Hint1). UMN-1001 is activated by Hint1 but is less cell-permeable than UMN-1002. UMN-1001 and UMN-1002 were found to be more potent than 2'-C-β-methylguanosine against ZIKV in human-derived microvascular endothelial and neuroblastoma cells and in reducing ZIKV RNA replication. Studies with a newborn mouse model of ZIKV infection demonstrated that, while treatment with 2'-C-β-methylguanosine and UMN-1001 was lethal, treatment with UMN-1002 was nontoxic and significantly reduced ZIKV infection. Our data suggests that anchimeric activated ProTides of 2'-C-β-methyl nucleosides should be further investigated for their potential as anti-ZIKV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aniekan Okon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Del Sarto JL, Rocha RDPF, Bassit L, Olmo IG, Valiate B, Queiroz-Junior CM, Pedrosa CDSG, Ribeiro FM, Guimarães MZ, Rehen S, Amblard F, Zhou L, Cox BD, Gavegnano C, Costa VV, Schinazi RF, Teixeira MM. 7-Deaza-7-fluoro-2'-C-methyladenosine inhibits Zika virus infection and viral-induced neuroinflammation. Antiviral Res 2020; 180:104855. [PMID: 32574688 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained a lot of attention in the past few years due to its rapid spread worldwide and its close association to severe neurological outcomes, such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-ZIKV activity of 7-deaza-7-fluoro-2'-C-methyl-adenosine (DFMA) was evaluated. In vitro, using primary mouse neuronal cells and human neural stem cells infected by ZIKV, treatment with DFMA resulted in impaired viral replication and protection against virus-induced cell death. In vivo, when administrated prior to infection, DFMA prevented lethality and markedly reduced viral loads and neuroinflammation, including microgliosis and overall brain damage. Additionally, as an early therapeutic treatment, DFMA increased survival rates in mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the nucleoside analog DFMA inhibits ZIKV infection and viral-induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo without apparent untoward effects, suggesting it may be useful in individuals infected with ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lemos Del Sarto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rebeca de Paiva Froes Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Isabella Guimarães Olmo
- Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Valiate
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Cardiac Biology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola Mara Ribeiro
- Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marilia Zaluar Guimarães
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bryan D Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Research Group in Arboviral Diseases. Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, And(2)Research Center for Drug Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Antiviral Agents: Discovery to Resistance. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040406. [PMID: 32272550 PMCID: PMC7232148 DOI: 10.3390/v12040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Bernatchez JA, Tran LT, Li J, Luan Y, Siqueira-Neto JL, Li R. Drugs for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection. J Med Chem 2019; 63:470-489. [PMID: 31549836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus is an emerging flavivirus that causes the neurodevelopmental congenital Zika syndrome and that has been linked to the neuroinflammatory Guillain-Barré syndrome. The absence of a vaccine or a clinically approved drug to treat the disease combined with the likelihood that another outbreak will occur in the future defines an unmet medical need. Several promising drug candidate molecules have been reported via repurposing studies, high-throughput compound library screening, and de novo design in the short span of a few years. Intense research activity in this area has occurred in response to the World Health Organization declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on February 1, 2016. In this Perspective, the authors review the emergence of Zika virus, the biology of its replication, targets for therapeutic intervention, target product profile, and current drug development initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lana T Tran
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | | | - Yepeng Luan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , Shandong , China
| | | | - Rongshi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , Shandong , China.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, and Center for Staphylococcal Research , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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Therapeutic Advances Against ZIKV: A Quick Response, a Long Way to Go. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030127. [PMID: 31480297 PMCID: PMC6789873 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that spread throughout the American continent in 2015 causing considerable worldwide social and health alarm due to its association with ocular lesions and microcephaly in newborns, and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cases in adults. Nowadays, no licensed vaccines or antivirals are available against ZIKV, and thus, in this very short time, the scientific community has conducted enormous efforts to develop vaccines and antivirals. So that, different platforms (purified inactivated and live attenuated viruses, DNA and RNA nucleic acid based candidates, virus-like particles, subunit elements, and recombinant viruses) have been evaluated as vaccine candidates. Overall, these vaccines have shown the induction of vigorous humoral and cellular responses, the decrease of viremia and viral RNA levels in natural target organs, the prevention of vertical and sexual transmission, as well as that of ZIKV-associated malformations, and the protection of experimental animal models. Some of these vaccine candidates have already been assayed in clinical trials. Likewise, the search for antivirals have also been the focus of recent investigations, with dozens of compounds tested in cell culture and a few in animal models. Both direct acting antivirals (DAAs), directed to viral structural proteins and enzymes, and host acting antivirals (HAAs), directed to cellular factors affecting all steps of the viral life cycle (binding, entry, fusion, transcription, translation, replication, maturation, and egress), have been evaluated. It is expected that this huge collaborative effort will produce affordable and effective therapeutic and prophylactic tools to combat ZIKV and other related still unknown or nowadays neglected flaviviruses. Here, a comprehensive overview of the advances made in the development of therapeutic measures against ZIKV and the questions that still have to be faced are summarized.
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