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Purbayu MA, Shavalier MA, Faisal M, Loch TP. Experimental Evidence of Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease Virus (Salmoid Herpesvirus-3, Alloherpesviridae) Transmission via Contaminated Fomites and Subsequent Prevention Using a Disinfectant. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060724. [PMID: 34207532 PMCID: PMC8227329 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus (EEDV) has caused considerable mortality in hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Great Lakes Basin, and yet the routes of transmission and efficacious means of prevention remain poorly understood. To determine whether EEDV can be transmitted via contaminated fomites and clarify whether such transmission could be prevented via fomite disinfection, juvenile lake trout (n = 20 per treatment) were handled in nets previously soaked in an EEDV suspension (7.29 × 104–2.25 × 105 virus copies/mL of water) that were further immersed in either 1% Virkon® Aquatic (“disinfected” treatment, in triplicate) or in sample diluent (“EEDV-contaminated” treatment). Negative control nets were soaked in sterile sample diluent only. Characteristic gross signs of EED developed in the “EEDV-contaminated” treatment group, which was followed by 80% mortality, whereas no gross signs of disease and 0–5% mortality occurred in the negative control and “disinfected” treatment groups, respectively. EEDV was detected via qPCR in 90% of the “EEDV-contaminated” treatment fish, however, it was not detected in any fish within the negative control or “disinfected” treatment groups. Study findings not only demonstrate that EEDV can be readily transmitted via contaminated fomites, but importantly suggest that Virkon® Aquatic is an efficacious option for preventing EEDV contagion via the disinfection of hatchery tools, thereby highlighting a promising tool for improving lake trout hatchery biosecurity and minimizing EEDV-linked losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad A. Purbayu
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.A.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Megan A. Shavalier
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.A.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.A.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence:
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Agnew MV, Friedman CS, Langdon C, Divilov K, Schoolfield B, Morga B, Degremont L, Dhar AK, Kirkland P, Dumbauld B, Burge CA. Differential Mortality and High Viral Load in Naive Pacific Oyster Families Exposed to OsHV-1 Suggests Tolerance Rather than Resistance to Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1057. [PMID: 33348814 PMCID: PMC7766980 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, are one of the most productive aquaculture species in the world. However, they are threatened by the spread of Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and its microvariants (collectively "µvars"), which cause mass mortalities in all life stages of Pacific oysters globally. Breeding programs have been successful in reducing mortality due to OsHV-1 variants following viral outbreaks; however, an OsHV-1-resistant oyster line does not yet exist in the United States (US), and it is unknown how OsHV-1 µvars will affect US oyster populations compared to the current variant, which is similar to the OsHV-1 reference, found in Tomales Bay, CA. The goals of this study were to investigate the resistance of C. gigas juveniles produced by the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) to three variants of OsHV-1: a California reference OsHV-1, an Australian µvar, and a French µvar. This is the first study to directly compare OsHV-1 µvars to a non-µvar. The survival probability of oysters exposed to the French (FRA) or Australian (AUS) µvar was significantly lower (43% and 71%, respectively) than to the reference variant and controls (96%). No oyster family demonstrated resistance to all three OsHV-1 variants, and many surviving oysters contained high copy numbers of viral DNA (mean ~3.53 × 108). These results indicate that the introduction of OsHV-1 µvars could have substantial effects on US Pacific oyster aquaculture if truly resistant lines are not achieved, and highlight the need to consider resistance to infection in addition to survival as traits in breeding programs to reduce the risk of the spread of OsHV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Agnew
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Carolyn S. Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Christopher Langdon
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Blaine Schoolfield
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M, LGPMM, 17390 La Tremblade, France; (B.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Lionel Degremont
- Ifremer, SG2M, LGPMM, 17390 La Tremblade, France; (B.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Arun K. Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Peter Kirkland
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia;
| | - Brett Dumbauld
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, USDA-ARS, Newport, OR 97365, USA;
| | - Colleen A. Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
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