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Demirden SF, Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Animal Cell Lines as Expression Platforms in Viral Vaccine Production: A Post Covid-19 Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16904-16926. [PMID: 38645343 PMCID: PMC11025085 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are considered the most effective tools for preventing diseases. In this sense, with the Covid-19 pandemic, the effects of which continue all over the world, humanity has once again remembered the importance of the vaccine. Also, with the various epidemic outbreaks that occurred previously, the development processes of effective vaccines against these viral pathogens have accelerated. By these efforts, many different new vaccine platforms have been approved for commercial use and have been introduced to the commercial landscape. In addition, innovations have been made in the production processes carried out with conventionally produced vaccine types to create a rapid response to prevent potential epidemics or pandemics. In this situation, various cell lines are being positioned at the center of the production processes of these new generation viral vaccines as expression platforms. Therefore, since the main goal is to produce a fast, safe, and effective vaccine to prevent the disease, in addition to existing expression systems, different cell lines that have not been used in vaccine production until now have been included in commercial production for the first time. In this review, first current viral vaccine types in clinical use today are described. Then, the reason for using cell lines, which are the expression platforms used in the production of these viral vaccines, and the general production processes of cell culture-based viral vaccines are mentioned. Also, selection parameters for animal cell lines as expression platforms in vaccine production are explained by considering bioprocess efficiency and current regulations. Finally, all different cell lines used in cell culture-based viral vaccine production and their properties are summarized, with an emphasis on the current and future status of cell cultures in industrial viral vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suphi S. Oncel
- Ege University, Bioengineering Department, Izmir, 35100, Turkiye
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2
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Lee GS, Purdy MA, Choi Y. Cell Culture Systems for Studying Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Virus Infections. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1527. [PMID: 37511902 PMCID: PMC10381383 DOI: 10.3390/life13071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections cause liver disease, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV infection remains a major global health problem. In 2019, 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B and about 5% of them were co-infected with HDV. In vitro cell culture systems are instrumental in the development of therapeutic targets. Cell culture systems contribute to identifying molecular mechanisms for HBV and HDV propagation, finding drug targets for antiviral therapies, and testing antiviral agents. Current HBV therapeutics, such as nucleoside analogs, effectively suppress viral replication but are not curative. Additionally, no effective treatment for HDV infection is currently available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop therapies to treat both viral infections. A robust in vitro cell culture system supporting HBV and HDV infections (HBV/HDV) is a critical prerequisite to studying HBV/HDV pathogenesis, the complete life cycle of HBV/HDV infections, and consequently identifying new therapeutics. However, the lack of an efficient cell culture system hampers the development of novel antiviral strategies for HBV/HDV infections. In vitro cell culture models have evolved with significant improvements over several decades. Recently, the development of the HepG2-NTCP sec+ cell line, expressing the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide receptor (NTCP) and self-assembling co-cultured primary human hepatocytes (SACC-PHHs) has opened new perspectives for a better understanding of HBV and HDV lifecycles and the development of specific antiviral drug targets against HBV/HDV infections. We address various cell culture systems along with different cell lines and how these cell culture systems can be used to provide better tools for HBV and HDV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sanghee Lee
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Michael A Purdy
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Youkyung Choi
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Relevance of HBx for Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054964. [PMID: 36902395 PMCID: PMC10003785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) counts as a major global health problem, as it presents a significant causative factor for liver-related morbidity and mortality. The development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) as a characteristic of a persistent, chronic infection could be caused, among others, by the pleiotropic function of the viral regulatory protein HBx. The latter is known to modulate an onset of cellular and viral signaling processes with emerging influence in liver pathogenesis. However, the flexible and multifunctional nature of HBx impedes the fundamental understanding of related mechanisms and the development of associated diseases, and has even led to partial controversial results in the past. Based on the cellular distribution of HBx-nuclear-, cytoplasmic- or mitochondria-associated-this review encompasses the current knowledge and previous investigations of HBx in context of cellular signaling pathways and HBV-associated pathogenesis. In addition, particular focus is set on the clinical relevance and potential novel therapeutic applications in the context of HBx.
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Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Lee JJ, Li M, Tanaka Y, Eoh H, Higuchi Y, Saito T. Long-term cell fate and functional maintenance of human hepatocyte through stepwise culture configuration. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22750. [PMID: 36607308 PMCID: PMC9830592 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201292rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatocyte culture system represents by far the most physiologically relevant model for our understanding of liver biology and diseases; however, its versatility has been limited due to the rapid and progressive loss of genuine characteristics, indicating the inadequacy of in vitro milieu for fate maintenance. This study, therefore, is designed to define environmental requirements necessary to sustain the homeostasis of terminally differentiated hepatocytes. Our study reveals that the supplementation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is indispensable in mitigating fate deterioration and promoting adaptation to the in vitro environment, resulting in the restoration of tight cell-cell contact, cellular architecture, and polarity. The morphological recovery was overall accompanied by the restoration of hepatocyte marker gene expression, highlighting the interdependence between the cellular architecture and the maintenance of cell fate. However, beyond the recovery phase culture, DMSO supplementation is deemed detrimental due to the potent inhibitory effect on a multitude of hepatocyte functionalities while its withdrawal results in the loss of cell fate. In search of DMSO substitute, our screening of organic substances led to the identification of dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2), which supports the long-term maintenance of proper morphology, marker gene expression, and hepatocytic functions. Moreover, hepatocytes maintained DMSO2 exhibited clinically relevant toxicity in response to prolonged exposure to xenobiotics as well as alcohol. These observations suggest that the stepwise culture configuration consisting of the consecutive supplementation of DMSO and DMSO2 confers the microenvironment essential for the fate and functional maintenance of terminally differentiated human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sugahara
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jae Jin Lee
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- University of Southern California, Norris Medical Library, Bioinformatics Service Program, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yusuke Higuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Corresponding author: Takeshi Saito, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Pathology, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 801A, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9141, Phone: +1-323-442-2260, Fax:+1-323-442-5425,
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Zahoor MA, Kuipery A, Mosa AI, Gehring AJ, Feld JJ. HepG2-NTCP Subclones Exhibiting High Susceptibility to Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081800. [PMID: 36016422 PMCID: PMC9412438 DOI: 10.3390/v14081800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
HepG2 cells reconstituted with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) entry receptor sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) are widely used as a convenient in vitro cell culture infection model for HBV replication studies. As such, it is pertinent that HBV infectivity is maintained at steady-state levels for an accurate interpretation of in vitro data. However, variations in the HBV infection efficiency due to imbalanced NTCP expression levels in the HepG2 cell line may affect experimental results. In this study, we performed single cell-cloning of HepG2-NTCP-A3 parental cells via limiting dilution and obtained multiple subclones with increased permissiveness to HBV. Specifically, one subclone (HepG2-NTCP-A3/C2) yielded more than four-fold higher HBV infection compared to the HepG2-NTCP-A3 parental clone. In addition, though HBV infectivity was universally reduced in the absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG), subclone C2 maintained relatively greater permissiveness under PEG-free conditions, suggesting the functional heterogeneity within parental HepG2-NTCP-A3 may be exploitable in developing a PEG-free HBV infection model. The increased viral production correlated with increased intracellular viral antigen expression as evidenced through HBcAg immunofluorescence staining. Further, these subclones were found to express different levels of NTCP, albeit with no remarkable morphology or cell growth differences. In conclusion, we isolated the subclones of HepG2-NTCP-A3 which support efficient HBV production and thus provide an improved in vitro HBV infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adrian Kuipery
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alexander I. Mosa
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jordan J. Feld
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Entry Inhibitors of Hepatitis B and D Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:199-205. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Le C, Liu Y, López-Orozco J, Joyce MA, Le XC, Tyrrell DL. CRISPR Technique Incorporated with Single-Cell RNA Sequencing for Studying Hepatitis B Infection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10756-10761. [PMID: 34328316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides rich transcriptomic information for studying molecular events and cell heterogeneity at the single-cell level. However, it is challenging to obtain sequence information from rare or low-abundance genes in the presence of other highly abundant genes. We report here a CRISPR-Cas9 technique for the depletion of high-abundance transcripts, resulting in preferential enrichment of rare transcripts. We demonstrate an application of this CRISPR-mediated enrichment technique to scRNA-seq of liver cells infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Direct sequencing without the CRISPR-mediated enrichment detected HBV RNA in only 0.6% of the cells. The CRISPR-mediated depletion of the three most abundant transcripts resulted in selective enrichment of the HBV transcript and successful sequencing of HBV RNA in more than 74% of the cells. The improvement enabled a study of HBV infection and interferon treatment of a liver cell model. Gene clusters between the control and HBV-infected Huh7.5-NTCP cells were similar, suggesting that HBV infection did not significantly alter gene expression of the host cells. The treatment with interferon alpha dramatically changed the gene expression of Huh7.5-NTCP cells. These results from the single cell RNA-seq analysis of 7370 cells are consistent with those of bulk experiments, suggesting that HBV is a "stealth virus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Le
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 6010 Katz Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Yanming Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Joaquín López-Orozco
- High Content Analysis Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Michael A Joyce
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 6010 Katz Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 6010 Katz Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
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Molecular regulation of the hepatic bile acid uptake transporter and HBV entry receptor NTCP. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158960. [PMID: 33932583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transporters expressed by hepatocytes and enterocytes play a critical role in maintaining the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), exclusively expressed at the basolateral side of hepatocytes, mediates the uptake of conjugated bile acids. In conditions where bile flow is impaired (cholestasis), pharmacological inhibition of NTCP-mediated bile acid influx is suggested to reduce hepatocellular damage due to bile acid overload. Furthermore, NTCP has been shown to play an important role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) infection by functioning as receptor for viral entry into hepatocytes. This review provides a summary of current molecular insight into the regulation of NTCP expression at the plasma membrane, hepatic bile acid transport, and NTCP-mediated viral infection.
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