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Ahmed W, Liu Y, Smith W, Ingall W, Belby M, Bivins A, Bertsch P, Williams DT, Richards K, Simpson S. Leveraging wastewater surveillance to detect viral diseases in livestock settings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172593. [PMID: 38642765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance has evolved into a powerful tool for monitoring public health-relevant analytes. Recent applications in tracking severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection highlight its potential. Beyond humans, it can be extended to livestock settings where there is increasing demand for livestock products, posing risks of disease emergence. Wastewater surveillance may offer non-invasive, cost-effective means to detect potential outbreaks among animals. This approach aligns with the "One Health" paradigm, emphasizing the interconnectedness of animal, human, and ecosystem health. By monitoring viruses in livestock wastewater, early detection, prevention, and control strategies can be employed, safeguarding both animal and human health, economic stability, and international trade. This integrated "One Health" approach enhances collaboration and a comprehensive understanding of disease dynamics, supporting proactive measures in the Anthropocene era where animal and human diseases are on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Yawen Liu
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wendy Smith
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wayne Ingall
- Wide Bay Public Health Unit, 14 Branyan Street, Bundaberg, West Qld 4670, Australia
| | - Michael Belby
- Wide Bay Public Health Unit, 14 Branyan Street, Bundaberg, West Qld 4670, Australia
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Paul Bertsch
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Kirsty Richards
- SunPork Group, 1/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia
| | - Stuart Simpson
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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Moore KT, Mangan MJ, Linnegar B, Athni TS, McCallum HI, Trewin BJ, Skinner E. Australian vertebrate hosts of Japanese encephalitis virus; a review of the evidence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590833. [PMID: 38712158 PMCID: PMC11071400 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) transmission in temperate Australia has underscored a critical need to characterise transmission pathways and identify probable hosts of infection within the country. This systematic review consolidates existing research on the vertebrate hosts of JEV that are known to exist in Australia. Specifically, we aim to identify probable species for JEV transmission, their potential role as either a spillover or maintenance host and identify critical knowledge gaps. Data were extracted from studies involving experimental infection, seroprevalence, and virus isolation and were available for 22 vertebrate species known to reside in Australia. A host competence score was calculated to assess the potential for a given species to infect JEV vectors and to quantity their possible role in JEV transmission. Based on the host competence score and ecology of each species, we find ardeid birds, feral pigs, and flying foxes have potential as maintenance hosts for JEV in the Australian context. We also note that brushtail possums and domestic pigs have potential as spillover hosts under certain outbreak conditions. However, evidence to confirm these roles in localized transmission or outbreaks is sparse, emphasizing the need for further targeted research. This review provides a foundation for future investigations into JEV transmission in Australia, advocating for enhanced surveillance and standardized research methodologies to better understand and mitigate the virus's impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Moore
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Madelyn J. Mangan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Belinda Linnegar
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Tejas S. Athni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Eloise Skinner
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Chen M, Kang L, Zhang T, Zheng J, Chen D, Shao D, Li Z, Li B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Feng X, Ma Z, Liu K. Circular RNA network plays a potential antiviral role in the early stage of JEV infection in mouse brain. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1165378. [PMID: 38249464 PMCID: PMC10797004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is one of the most important insect-borne infectious disease with public health concern. The virus can break the blood-brain barrier and cause death or long-term sequela in infected humans or animals. Viral encephalitis is an important clinical feature of JEV infection. In recent studies, CircRNAs and related ceRNAs data illustrated the regulative role in many aspects of biological process and disease duration. It is believed that CircRNA regulates JEV infection in a ceRNA-dependent mechanism. In this study, brain tissues of experimental mice were sequenced and analysised. 61 differentially expressed circRNAs, 172 differentially expressed miRNAs and 706 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified by RNA-Sequencing and statistical analysis. CX3CR1 was determined as a key host factor impact JEV infection by microRNA interference measurement. CX3CR1 interaction network indicated circStrbp/miR709/CX3CR1 as a functional regulation axis. Further sequencing in BV2 cell shown CX3CR1 is a special target of miR-709 only during JEV infection. In summary, our study presented a new ceRNA pathway that impact JEV infection in vivo and in vitro, which could be a therapeutic target to fight against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
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4
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Wahaab A, Zhang Y, Rasgon JL, Kang L, Hameed M, Li C, Anwar MN, Zhang Y, Shoaib A, Liu K, Lee B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Ma Z. NS2B-D55E and NS2B-E65D Variations are Responsible for Differences in NS2B-NS3 Protease Activities Between Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype I and III in Fluorogenic Peptide Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.08.570834. [PMID: 38105993 PMCID: PMC10723430 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.08.570834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) NS2B-NS3 is a protein complex composed of NS3 proteases and a NS2B cofactor. The N-terminal protease domain (180 residues) of NS3 (NS3(pro)) interacts directly with a central 40-amino acid hydrophilic domain of NS2B (NS2B(H)) to form an active serine protease. In this study, the recombinant NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) proteases were prepared in E. coli and used to compare the enzymatic activity between genotype I (GI) and III (GIII) NS2B-NS3 proteases. The GI NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) was able to cleave the sites at internal C, NS2A/NS2B, NS2B/NS3 and NS3/NS4A junctions that were identical to the sites proteolytically processed by GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro). Analysis of the enzymatic activity of recombinant NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) proteases using a model of fluorogenic peptide substrate revealed that the proteolytical processing activity of GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) was significantly higher than that of GI NS2B(H)-NS3(pro). There were eight amino acid variations between GI and GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro), which may be responsible for the difference in enzymatic activities between GI and GIII proteases. Therefore, recombinant mutants were generated by exchanging NS2B(H) and NS3(pro) domains between GI and GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) and subjected to protease activity analysis. Substitution of NS2B(H) significantly altered the protease activities, as compared to the parental NS2B(H)-NS3(pro), suggesting that NS2B(H) played an essential role in regulation of NS3(pro) protease activity. To further identify the amino acids responsible for the difference in protease activities, multiple substitution mutants including the individual and combined mutations at the variant residue 55 and 65 of NS2B(H) were generated and subjected to protease activity analysis. Replacement of NS2B-55 and NS2B-65 of GI to GIII significantly increased the enzymatic activity of GI NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) protease, whereas mutation of NS2B-55 and NS2B-65 of GIII to GI remarkably reduced the enzymatic activity of GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) protease. Overall, these data demonstrated that NS2B-55 and NS2B-65 variations in hydrophilic domain of NS2B co-contributed to the difference in NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) protease activities between GI and GIII. These observations gain an insight into the role of NS2B in regulation of NS3 protease activities, which is useful for understanding the replication of JEV GI and GIII viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lei Kang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Chenxi Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Anam Shoaib
- School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Beibei Lee
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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Xia Q, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ma X, Xiao C, Zhang J, Li Z, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. Shift in dominant genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus and its impact on current vaccination strategies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1302101. [PMID: 38045034 PMCID: PMC10690641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1302101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic ailment from the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV belongs to the flavivirus genus and is categorized into a solitary serotype consisting of five genetically diverse genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). The JEV genotype III (GIII) was the prevailing strain responsible for multiple outbreaks in countries endemic to JEV until 1990. In recent years, significant improvements have occurred in the epidemiology of JE, encompassing the geographical expansion of the epidemic zone and the displacement of prevailing genotypes. The dominant genotype of the JEV has undergone a progressive shift from GIII to GI due to variations in its adaptability within avian populations. From 2021 to 2022, Australia encountered an epidemic of viral encephalitis resulting from infection with the GIV JEV pathogen. The current human viral encephalitis caused by GIV JEV is the initial outbreak since its initial discovery in Indonesia during the late 1970s. Furthermore, following a time frame of 50 years, the detection and isolation of GV JEV have been reported in Culex mosquitoes across China and South Korea. Evidence suggests that the prevalence of GIV and GV JEV epidemic regions may be on the rise, posing a significant threat to public safety and the sustainable growth of animal husbandry. The global approach to preventing and managing JE predominantly revolves around utilizing the GIII strain vaccine for vaccination purposes. Nevertheless, research has demonstrated that the antibodies generated by the GIII strain vaccine exhibit limited capacity to neutralize the GI and GV strains. Consequently, these antibodies cannot protect against JEV challenge caused by animal GI and GV strains. The limited cross-protective and neutralizing effects observed between various genotypes may be attributed to the low homology of the E protein with other genotypes. In addition, due to the GIV JEV outbreak in Australia, further experiments are needed to evaluate the protective efficiency of the current GIII based JE vaccine against GIV JEV. The alteration of the prevailing genotype of JEV and the subsequent enlargement of the geographical extent of the epidemic have presented novel obstacles in JE prevention and control. This paper examines the emerging features of the JE epidemic in recent years and the associated problems concerning prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lujia Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Wang R, Xie Z. The responsibility of thwarting and managing Japanese encephalitis cannot be understated-Outbreaks or resurgences may manifest, catching us off guard. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011698. [PMID: 37917595 PMCID: PMC10621813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Olson MF, Brooks C, Kakazu A, Promma P, Sornjai W, Smith DR, Davis TJ. Mosquito surveillance on U.S military installations as part of a Japanese encephalitis virus detection program: 2016 to 2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011422. [PMID: 37856569 PMCID: PMC10617694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) continues to circulate throughout Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific where approximately 3 billion people in 24 countries are at risk of infection. Surveillance targeting the mosquito vectors of JEV was conducted at four military installations on Okinawa, Japan, between 2016 and 2021. Out of a total of 10,426 mosquitoes from 20 different species, zero were positive for JEV. The most abundant mosquito species collected were Aedes albopictus (36.4%) followed by Culex sitiens (24.3%) and Armigeres subalbatus (19%). Statistically significant differences in mosquito species populations according to location were observed. Changes in land use over time appear to be correlated with the species and number of mosquitoes trapped in each location. JEV appears to be absent from mosquito populations on Okinawa, but further research on domestic pigs and ardeid birds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Olson
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Caroline Brooks
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Akira Kakazu
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Ploenphit Promma
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wannapa Sornjai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duncan R. Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Timothy J. Davis
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
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Liu Q, Deng W, Guo X, Li K. High-throughput sequencing-based Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus and its effect on micro ribonucleic acid. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106267. [PMID: 37482114 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
it was to explore the mechanism of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) under high-throughput sequencing. 20 experimental mice, with good growth status and no disease infection, were selected. The cells used in the experiment included mouse microglial cell line (BV2), mouse neuroblastoma cell line (NA), and mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEnd.3). JEV titration was performed with JEV-infected cells, ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the cells was extracted, and finally the miRNA high-throughput sequencing data was analyzed. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the 28S and 18S electrophoresis bands were bright. Among the miRNAs detected in mouse brain tissues, 2986 were down-regulated and 1251 were up-regulated. Among miRNAs detected in NA cells, 4238 the decreasing expression and 2356 were expressed increasingly. In reducing miRNA expression, 1 multiplicity of infection (MOI) of P3 strain infection was more significant than 0.1 MOI. 10 miRNAs with significantly decreasing expression were miR-466d-3p, miR-381-3p, miR-540-3p, miR-466a-3p, miR-467a-3p, miR-574-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-467a-5p, miR-674-5p, and miR-376b-3p. These were all obviously down-regulated in JEV-infected BV2, NA, and bEnd.3 neurons. High-throughput sequencing of JEV-infected mouse brain tissues and mouse neuronal cells found that JEV infection led to down-regulation of overall miRNA expression in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Department of Neurology 2, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weisheng Deng
- Department of Neurology 2, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, 514031, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, 505041, Guangdong Province, China.
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Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Matsumura R, Watanabe M, Higa Y, Sawabe K, Isawa H. Blood meal source identification and RNA virome determination in Japanese encephalitis virus vectors collected in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, show distinct avian/mammalian host preference. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:620-628. [PMID: 37027507 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In Asia, Culex mosquitoes are of particular interest because of their role in maintaining endemic mosquito-borne viral diseases, including the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Nonetheless, host-feeding preferences, along with naturally infecting RNA viruses in certain Culex species, remain understudied. In this study, selected blood-fed mosquitoes were processed for avian and mammalian blood meal source identification. Concurrently, cell culture propagation and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches were used to determine the RNA virome of Culex mosquitoes collected in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. The identification of blood meal sources from wild-caught Culex spp. revealed that Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901, has a robust preference toward wild boar (62%, 26/42), followed by heron (21%, 9/42). The other two species, Culex (Oculeomyia) bitaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901, and Culex (Culex) orientalis Edwards, 1921, showed a distinct preference for avian species, including migratory birds. From the HTS results, 34 virus sequences were detected, four of which were newly identified virus sequences of unclassified Aspiviridae, Qinviridae, Iflaviridae, and Picornaviridae. The absence of observable cytopathic effects in mammalian cells and phylogenetic analysis suggested that all identified virus sequences were insect-specific. Further investigations involving other mosquito populations collected in different areas are warranted to explore previously unknown vertebrate hosts that may be linked to JEV dispersal in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsumura
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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10
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Qin L, Fan W, Zheng F, Chen H, Qian P, Li X. Swine IFI6 confers antiviral effects against Japanese encephalitis virus in vitro and in vivo. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37097881 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine are considered to be an important intermediate host in the cycle of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Most existing antiviral studies of JEV mainly focus on the host factor of the dead-end hosts. However, little research has addressed this in swine. Here, we found that swine interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (sIFI6) possessed antiviral activity against JEV. In vitro studies showed that overexpression of sIFI6 inhibited the infection of JEV, while sIFI6 knockdown enhanced the infection of JEV in PK-15 cells. In addition, we also found that the structural integrity of sIFI6 was required by anti-JEV activity and that sIFI6 interacted with JEV nonstructural protein 4A (NS4A), an integral membrane protein with a pivotal function in replication complex during JEV replication. The interaction domain was mapped to the fourth transmembrane domain (TMD), also known as the 2K peptide of NS4A. The antiviral activity of sIFI6 was regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related protein, Bip. In vivo studies revealed that sIFI6 alleviated symptoms of JEV infection in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the antiviral spectrum of sIFI6 showed that sIFI6 specifically inhibited JEV infection. In conclusion, this study identified sIFI6 as a host factor against JEV infection for the first time. Our findings provide a potential drug target against JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxing Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wenchun Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Feiteng Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
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11
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Impact of temperature on infection with Japanese encephalitis virus of three potential urban vectors in Taiwan; Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Acta Trop 2023; 237:106726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Contrasting the Practices of Virus Isolation and Characterization between the Early Period in History and Modern Times: The Case of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122640. [PMID: 36560644 PMCID: PMC9781737 DOI: 10.3390/v14122640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a serious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. With its recent spread beyond the traditional territory of endemicity in Asia, the magnitude of global threat has increased sharply. While much of the current research are largely focused on changing epidemiology, molecular genetics of virus, and vaccination, little attention has been paid to the early history of virus isolation and phenotypic characterization of this virus. In this review, using this piece of history as an example, I review the transition of the concept and practice of virus isolation and characterization from the early period of history to modern times. The spectacular development of molecular techniques in modern times has brought many changes in practices as well as enormous amount of new knowledge. However, many aspects of virus characterization, in particular, transmission mechanism and host relationship, remain unsolved. As molecular techniques are not perfect in all respects, beneficial accommodation of molecular and biologic data is critically important in many branches of research. Accordingly, I emphasize exercising caution in applying only these modern techniques, point out unrecognized communication problems, and stress that JE research history is a rich source of interesting works still valuable even today and waiting to be discovered.
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Paulraj PS, Rajamannar V, Renu G, Kumar A. Changing Paradigm in the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in India. J Vector Borne Dis 2022; 59:312-319. [PMID: 36751762 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.345180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a very serious public health problem in India and the conducive environment permit its emergence in non-endemic areas in the country. There are constant changes taking place in the pattern of current agricultural practices and vector breeding habitats which had far-reaching consequences on the epidemiology of JE and the severity of epidemic outbreaks today. Due to the continuous ecological changes taking place, vectors changed in their breeding dynamics, feeding, and resting behavior and started invading previously non-endemic areas. JE has recently spread to new territories due to land-use changes, including forest fragmentation and concentrated livestock production. Changes in the livestock population decreased the cattle pig ratio which enhanced the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. This review brings forth the present widespread changes encountered that grossly impact the risk of infection in many places for the emergence of Japanese encephalitis and to address the implications for its control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Govindarajan Renu
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
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14
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Shi T, Meng L, Li D, Jin N, Zhao X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zheng H, Zhao X, Li J, Shen X, Ren X. Effect of different vaccine strategies for the control of Japanese encephalitis in mainland China from 1961 to 2020: A quantitative analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:6243-6254. [PMID: 36137902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to quantify the impact of each vaccine strategy (including the P3-inactivated vaccine strategy [1968-1987], the SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated vaccine strategy [1988-2007], and the Expanded Program on Immunization [EPI, 2008-2020]) on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in regions with different economic development levels. METHODS The JE incidence in mainland China from 1961 to 2020 was summarized by year, then modeled and analyzed using an interrupted time series analysis. RESULTS After the P3-inactivated vaccine was used, the JE incidence in Eastern China, Central China, Western China and Northeast China in 1968 decreased by 39.80 % (IRR = 0.602, P < 0.001), 7.80 % (IRR = 0.922, P < 0.001), 10.80 % (IRR = 0.892, P < 0.001) and 31.90 % (IRR = 0.681, P < 0.001); the slope/trend of the JE incidence from 1968 to 1987 decreased by 30.80 % (IRR = 0.692, P < 0.001), 29.30 % (IRR = 0.707, P < 0.001), 33.00 % (IRR = 0.670, P < 0.001) and 41.20 % (IRR = 0.588, P < 0.001). After the SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated vaccine was used, the JE incidence in Eastern China and Northeast China in 1988 decreased by 2.60 % (IRR = 0.974, P = 0.009) and 14.70 % (IRR = 0.853, P < 0.001); the slope/trend of the JE incidence in Eastern China and Central China from 1988 to 2007 decreased by 4.60 % (IRR = 0.954, P < 0.001) and 4.70 % (IRR = 0.953, P < 0.001). After the EPI was implemented, the JE incidence in Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2008 decreased by 10.50 % (IRR = 0.895, P = 0.013), 18.00 % (IRR = 0.820, P < 0.001) and 24.20 % (IRR = 0.758, P < 0.001), the slope/trend of the JE incidence in Eastern China from 2008 to 2020 decreased by 17.80 % (IRR = 0.822, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Each vaccine strategy has different effects on the JE incidence in regions with different economic development. Additionally, some economically underdeveloped regions have gradually become the main areas of the JE outbreak. Therefore, mainland China should provide economic assistance to areas with low economic development and improve JE vaccination plans in the future to control the epidemic of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshan Shi
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Donghua Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Na Jin
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hongmiao Zheng
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Juansheng Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiping Shen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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15
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Hernández-Triana LM, Folly AJ, Sewgobind S, Lean FZX, Ackroyd S, Nuñez A, Delacour S, Drago A, Visentin P, Mansfield KL, Johnson N. Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus to Japanese encephalitis virus. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:210. [PMID: 35710580 PMCID: PMC9204976 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the principal cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis in human populations within Asia. If introduced into new geographic areas, it could have further implications for public and animal health. However, potential mosquito vectors for virus transmission have not been fully investigated. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has emerged in Europe and is now expanding its geographical range into more northerly latitudes. Culex quinquefasciatus, although absent from Europe, has been detected in Turkey, a country with territory in Europe, and could act as a vector for JEV in other regions. To assess the risk of these invasive species acting as vectors for JEV and therefore potentially contributing to its geographical expansion, we have investigated the vector competence of Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. METHODS Two colonised lines of Ae. albopictus (Italy and Spain) and a line of Cx. quinquefasciatus (Tanzania) were compared for susceptibility to infection by oral feeding with JEV strain SA-14, genotype III at 106 PFU/ml and maintained at 25 °C. Specimens were processed at 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi). Rates of infection, dissemination and transmission were assessed through detection of viral RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in mosquito body, legs and saliva, respectively, at each time point. Where possible, infection and dissemination were confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of the JEV envelope protein. RESULTS Aedes albopictus from Italy showed no susceptibility to infection with JEV strain SA-14. Conversely, Ae. albopictus colonised in Spain was susceptible and 100% of infected mosquitoes that were subjected to saliva screening expressed viral RNA at 14 dpi. Culex quinquefasciatus was highly susceptible to infection as early as 7 dpi and 50% of infected mosquitoes that were subjected to saliva screening expressed viral RNA at 14 dpi. Infection and dissemination were confirmed in Cx. quinquefasciatus by IHC detection of JEV envelope protein in both the mid-gut and salivary glands. CONCLUSIONS Aedes albopictus from two different locations in Europe range from being susceptible to JEV and capable of transmission through to being resistant. Culex quinquefasciatus also appears highly susceptible; therefore, both species could potentially act as vectors for JEV and facilitate the emergence of JEV into new regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arran J Folly
- Vector Borne Diseases, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Sanam Sewgobind
- Vector Borne Diseases, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Stuart Ackroyd
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Sarah Delacour
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Drago
- Entostudio SrL, Viale del Lavoro 66, Ponte San Nicolò, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Karen L Mansfield
- Vector Borne Diseases, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Vector Borne Diseases, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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Putra IGAA, Adi AAAM, Astawa INM, Kardena IM, Wandia IN, Soma IG, Brotcorne F, Fuentes A. First survey on seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1341-1346. [PMID: 35765485 PMCID: PMC9210850 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1341-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic infectious inflammatory brain disease caused by the JE virus (JEV). Considerable research into the seroprevalence of JE in domestic animals has been conducted, but there have been no reports of its occurrence in wild animals, including long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of JEV infection and its determinants in long-tailed macaques in Bali and the prevalence of mosquito vectors. Materials and Methods: Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from a population of M. fascicularis (92 heads) inhabiting a small forest with irrigated rice field nearby (wetland area) in Ubud, Gianyar, and from two populations in dryland areas with no wet rice field (Uluwatu, Badung, and Nusa Penida, Bali Province, Indonesia). The collected sera were tested for antibodies against JEV using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (qualitative monkey JE Immunoglobulin G antibody kit). The seropositivity of the antibodies was then compared based on different variables, namely, habitat type, age, and sex. Results: The seroprevalence of the JEV antibodies in all the samples tested was found to be 41.3%. The seropositivity of the monkey serum samples collected from the wetland area was 46.4%, which was higher than the seropositivity of the sera samples collected from the dried field areas (1.25%). Monkey sera collected from the wetland areas were 6.1 times (odds ratio [OR]: 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-51.5, p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive compared to the monkey sera collected from the dried field areas. Meanwhile, female monkeys were 1.79 times (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.76-4.21; p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive to JEV than males. Similarly, juvenile monkeys were 2.38 times (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 0.98-5.79); p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive against the JEV than adult monkeys. However, none of these differences achieved statistical significance. Regarding the JEV mosquito vector collection, more Culex mosquitoes were found in the samples from the wetland areas than from the dried field areas. Conclusion: The study confirms the existence of JEV infection in long-tailed macaques in Bali. There were patterned seropositivity differences based on habitat, age, and sex of the monkeys, but these were not significant. The possibility of monkeys as a JEV reservoir and the presence of the mosquitoes as the JEV vector are suggested but require more study to confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gusti Agung Arta Putra
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia; Primate Research Center, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Anak Agung Ayu Mirah Adi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus Sudirman, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus Sudirman, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Made Kardena
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus Sudirman, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah Wandia
- Primate Research Center, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Soma
- Primate Research Center, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Fany Brotcorne
- Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Agustin Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, 123 Aaron Burr Hall, Princeton NJ 08544, United States
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17
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Zhu W, Yang J, Lu S, Huang Y, Jin D, Pu J, Liu L, Li Z, Shi M, Xu J. Novel pegiviruses infecting wild birds and rodents. Virol Sin 2022; 37:208-214. [PMID: 35234631 PMCID: PMC9170927 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pegivirus (family Flaviviridae) is a genus of small enveloped RNA viruses that mainly causes blood infections in various mammals including human. Herein, we carried out an extensive survey of pegiviruses from a wide range of wild animals mainly sampled in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Three novel pegiviruses, namely Passer montanus pegivirus, Leucosticte brandti pegivirus and Montifringilla taczanowskii pegivirus, were identified from different wild birds, and one new rodent pegivirus, namely Phaiomys leucurus pegivirus, was identified from Blyth's vole. Interestingly, the pegiviruses of non-mammalian origin discovered in this study substantially broaden the host range of Pegivirus to avian species. Co-evolutionary analysis showed virus-host co-divergence over long evolutionary timescales, and indicated that pegiviruses largely followed a virus-host co-divergence relationship. Overall, this work extends the biodiversity of the Pegivirus genus to those infecting wild birds and hence revises the host range and evolutionary history of genus Pegivirus. Novel pegiviruses were identified from wild-life animals in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The three divergent species of bird pegiviruses substantially broaden the host range of Pegivirus. A long-term evolutionary relationship was established between pegiviruses and their vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ji Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mang Shi
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510006, China.
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China; Research Institute of Public Heath, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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18
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Wahaab A, Mustafa BE, Hameed M, Stevenson NJ, Anwar MN, Liu K, Wei J, Qiu Y, Ma Z. Potential Role of Flavivirus NS2B-NS3 Proteases in Viral Pathogenesis and Anti-flavivirus Drug Discovery Employing Animal Cells and Models: A Review. Viruses 2021; 14:44. [PMID: 35062249 PMCID: PMC8781031 DOI: 10.3390/v14010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are known to cause a variety of diseases in humans in different parts of the world. There are very limited numbers of antivirals to combat flavivirus infection, and therefore new drug targets must be explored. The flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases are responsible for the cleavage of the flavivirus polyprotein, which is necessary for productive viral infection and for causing clinical infections; therefore, they are a promising drug target for devising novel drugs against different flaviviruses. This review highlights the structural details of the NS2B-NS3 proteases of different flaviviruses, and also describes potential antiviral drugs that can interfere with the viral protease activity, as determined by various studies. Moreover, optimized in vitro reaction conditions for studying the NS2B-NS3 proteases of different flaviviruses may vary and have been incorporated in this review. The increasing availability of the in silico and crystallographic/structural details of flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases in free and drug-bound states can pave the path for the development of promising antiflavivirus drugs to be used in clinics. However, there is a paucity of information available on using animal cells and models for studying flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases, as well as on the testing of the antiviral drug efficacy against NS2B-NS3 proteases. Therefore, on the basis of recent studies, an effort has also been made to propose potential cellular and animal models for the study of flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases for the purposes of exploring flavivirus pathogenesis and for testing the efficacy of possible drugs targets, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Bahar E Mustafa
- Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 36050, Pakistan;
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, Fralin Life Sciences Building, 360 W Campus Blacksburg, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Adliya 15503, Bahrain;
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
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Blahove MR, Carter JR. Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102099. [PMID: 34696529 PMCID: PMC8541186 DOI: 10.3390/v13102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial number of humans are at risk for infection by vector-borne flaviviruses, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses also infect wildlife at a considerable rate, persistently cycling between ticks/mosquitoes and small mammals and reptiles and non-human primates and humans. Substantially increasing evidence of viral persistence in wildlife continues to be reported. In addition to in humans, viral persistence has been shown to establish in mammalian, reptile, arachnid, and mosquito systems, as well as insect cell lines. Although a considerable amount of research has centered on the potential roles of defective virus particles, autophagy and/or apoptosis-induced evasion of the immune response, and the precise mechanism of these features in flavivirus persistence have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present findings that aid in understanding how vector-borne flavivirus persistence is established in wildlife. Research studies to be discussed include determining the critical roles universal flavivirus non-structural proteins played in flaviviral persistence, the advancement of animal models of viral persistence, and studying host factors that allow vector-borne flavivirus replication without destructive effects on infected cells. These findings underscore the viral–host relationships in wildlife animals and could be used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the establishment of viral persistence in these animals.
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Tajima S, Taniguchi S, Nakayama E, Maeki T, Inagaki T, Saijo M, Lim CK. Immunogenicity and Protective Ability of Genotype I-Based Recombinant Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) with Attenuation Mutations in E Protein against Genotype V JEV. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101077. [PMID: 34696184 PMCID: PMC8538582 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype V (GV) Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has emerged in Korea and China since 2009. Recent findings suggest that current Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines may reduce the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies against GV JEV compared to other genotypes. This study sought to produce a novel live attenuated JE vaccine with a high efficacy against GV JEV. Genotype I (GI)-GV intertypic recombinant strain rJEV-EXZ0934-M41 (EXZ0934), in which the E region of the GI Mie/41/2002 strain was replaced with that of GV strain XZ0934, was introduced with the same 10 attenuation substitutions in the E region found in the live attenuated JE vaccine strain SA 14-14-2 to produce a novel mutant virus rJEV-EXZ/SA14142m-M41 (EXZ/SA14142m). In addition, another mutant rJEV-EM41/SA14142m-M41 (EM41/SA14142m), which has the same substitutions in the Mie/41/2002, was also produced. The neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence of the two mutant viruses were significantly reduced in mice. The mutant viruses induced neutralizing antibodies against GV JEV in mice. The growth of EXZ/SA14142m was lower than that of EM41/SA14142m. In mouse challenge tests, a single inoculation with a high dose of the mutants blocked lethal GV JEV infections; however, the protective efficacy of EXZ/SA14142m was weaker than that of EM41/SA14142m in low-dose inoculations. The lower protection potency of EXZ/SA14142m may be ascribed to the reduced growth ability caused by the attenuation mutations.
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