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Zhong L, Carvalho LA, Gao S, Whyte SK, Purcell SL, Fast MD, Cai W. Transcriptome analysis revealed immune responses in the kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) co-infected with sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and infectious salmon anemia virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109210. [PMID: 37951318 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAv) are two of the most important pathogens in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming and typically cause substantial economic losses to the industry. However, the immune interactions between hosts and these pathogens are still unclear, especially in the scenario of co-infection. In this study, we artificially infected Atlantic salmon with sea lice and ISAv, and investigated the gene expression patterns of Atlantic salmon head kidneys in response to both lice only and co-infection with lice and ISAv by transcriptomic analysis. The challenge experiment indicated that co-infection resulted in a cumulative mortality rate of 47.8 %, while no mortality was observed in the lice alone infection. We identified 240 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under the lice alone infection, of which 185 were down-regulated and 55 were up-regulated, while a total of 994 DEGs were identified in the co-infection, of which 206 were down-regulated and 788 were significantly up-regulated. The pathway enrichment analysis revealed that single-infection significantly suppressed the innate immune system (e.g., the complement system), whereas co-infection induced a strong immune response, leading to the activation of immune-related signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors pathways, as well as significant upregulation of genes related to the activation of interferon and MH class I protein complex. Our results provide the first global transcriptomic study of gene expression in the Atlantic salmon head kidney in response to co-infection with sea lice and ISAv, and provided the baseline knowledge for understanding the immune responses during co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, and State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Laura A Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Shengnan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, and State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Sara L Purcell
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, and State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Yamkasem J, Prasartset T, Tattiyapong P, Sirikanchana K, Mongkolsuk S, Soto E, Surachetpong W. Persistence of Tilapia tilapinevirus in fish rearing and environmental water and its ability to infect cell line. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:679-685. [PMID: 35218230 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia tilapinevirus, or Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV), is a RNA virus associated with mass morbidity and mortality in tilapia, leading to severe economic losses for global tilapia aquaculture. In this study, we investigated the persistence of TiLV in water by spiking sterile distilled water (SDW), freshwater collected from rearing fish tanks (FW) and natural pond water (PW) at 27°C as a representative of environmental water conditions with 0.6 ml of stock virus (3.18 × 107 viral copies/ml of water). The water samples were filtered through an electronegative charge membrane and quantified using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR at 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days post-inoculation. The results revealed that TiLV RNA in SDW was reduced by 1.34 log10 in 14 days. A similar approximately 4 log10 removal of the virus in FW and PW was observed at 3 and 7 days, respectively. Moreover, the infectivity of TiLV was further studied; the virus lost its infectivity in E-11 cells after 1 day in SDW, FW and PW water samples, even though the virus was spiked 10 more times than in the viral persistence study. Taken together, the results could be applied to improving biosecurity practices in tilapia farms by disinfecting or resting reservoir water for at least three to five days prior to stocking tilapia, to limit the spread of TiLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidapa Yamkasem
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tharinthon Prasartset
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate school, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate school, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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