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Pavone S, Bellini S, Iscaro C, Farioli M, Chiari M, Lavazza A, Ruocco L, Lelli D, Pintus G, Prati P, Feliziani F. Strategic Challenges to the Eradication of African Swine Fever Genotype II in Domestic Pigs in North Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1295. [PMID: 38731299 PMCID: PMC11083415 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease characterized by high lethality in suids and caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). The ASF genotype I virus was introduced to Europe in 1957, marking the onset of the first European epidemic wave. In 2007, ASFV genotype II was detected in Georgia, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars before spreading to various European and extra-European countries, including Italy. The first case of ASFV in Italy was documented on 7 January 2022, in a wild boar in the Piedmont region. Since then, several ASFV-positive wild boar carcasses have been identified in the Piedmont and Liguria regions. By June 2023, ASFV had spread to Lombardy, one of the major pig-producing regions in northern Italy; the virus was first detected in early summer in wild boar carcasses. Two months later, it was diagnosed in a commercial pig farm as a consequence of the disease's spread amongst wild boars and an increase in the viral environmental load. This report aims to describe the features of ASFV domestic pig outbreaks that occurred in the Zinasco municipality (Lombardy) and the joint efforts to mitigate potential direct and indirect economic impacts on the Italian and global pig industry. The epidemiological investigation and the measures implemented, which were all performed according to national and European regulations, as well as exceptional ad hoc measures aimed at protecting the pig industry, are described in order to provide a practical and effective approach to combating ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pavone
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.B.); (A.L.); (D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Marco Farioli
- Regione Lombardia UO Veterinaria Direzione Generale Welfare, Piazza Città di Lombardia, 1, 20124 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Mario Chiari
- Regione Lombardia UO Veterinaria Direzione Generale Welfare, Piazza Città di Lombardia, 1, 20124 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.B.); (A.L.); (D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Ministero della Salute Direzione Generale della Sanità Animale e del Farmaco Veterinario, Ufficio III Sanità Animale e Gestione Operativa del Centro Nazionale di Lotta ed Emergenza Contro le Malattie Animali e Unità Centrale di Crisi, Viale Giorgio Ribotta, 5, 00144 Roma, Italy;
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.B.); (A.L.); (D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Giorgia Pintus
- Local Health Authority (ATS), Via Indipendenza, 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Paola Prati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.B.); (A.L.); (D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
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Kuang W, Zhao Y, Li J, Deng Z. Structure-function analysis of the ATPase domain of African swine fever virus topoisomerase. mBio 2024; 15:e0308623. [PMID: 38411066 PMCID: PMC11005426 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03086-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerase utilizes the energy from ATP hydrolysis to alter DNA topology during genome replication and transcription. The ATPase domain of this enzyme is required for ATP hydrolysis and plays a crucial role in coupling DNA binding and ATP turnover with the DNA strand passage reaction. The African swine fever virus (ASFV) specifically encodes a topoisomerase II (topo II), which is critical for viral replication and an attractive target for antiviral development. Here, we present a high-resolution crystal structure of the ASFV topo II ATPase domain complexed with the substrate analog AMPPNP. Structural comparison reveals that the ASFV topo II ATPase domain shares a conserved overall structure with its homologs from eukaryotes and prokaryotes but also has three characteristic regions, including the intra-molecular interface formed by the ATP-lid and QTK loop as well as helix α9, the K-loop in the transducer domain, and the antennae-like α-helix at the ATP binding domain. Mutating the key residues within these three regions impairs or abolishes the basal and DNA-stimulated ATPase activities and reduces or eliminates the relaxation activity of the holoenzyme. Our data indicate that all three regions are functionally important for the ATPase and relaxation activities and strongly suggest that ATP hydrolysis, DNA binding, and strand passage are highly coupled and managed by the allosteric coordination of multiple domains of the type II topoisomerase. Moreover, we find a promising druggable pocket in the dimeric interface of the ASFV topo II ATPase domain, which will benefit future anti-ASFV drug development. IMPORTANCE The ATPase domain of type II topoisomerase provides energy by hydrolyzing ATP and coordinates with the DNA-binding/cleavage domain to drive and control DNA transport. The precise molecular mechanisms of how these domains respond to DNA binding and ATP hydrolysis signals and communicate with each other remain elusive. We determine the first high-resolution crystal structure of the ATPase domain of African swine fever virus (ASFV) topo II in complex with AMPPNP and biochemically investigate its function in ATPase and DNA relaxation activities. Importantly, we find that mutations at three characteristic regions of the ASFV ATPase domain produce parallel effects on the basal/DNA-stimulated ATPase and relaxation activities, implying the tight coupling of the ATP hydrolysis and strand passage process. Therefore, our data provide important implications for understanding the strand passage mechanism of the type II topoisomerase and the structural basis for developing ATPase domain-targeting antivirals against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zengqin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Kayaga EB, Wampande EM, Ekakoro JE, Okwasiimire R, Nassali A, Ochoa K, Hauser C, Ndoboli D, Havas KA. Detection of antibodies against Ornithodoros moubata salivary antigens and their association with detection of African swine fever virus in pigs slaughtered in central Uganda. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1328040. [PMID: 38605921 PMCID: PMC11007201 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1328040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is an important disease of pigs in sub-Saharan Africa and Uganda and is threatening the pig population and agricultural economy of other continents. ASF virus (ASFV) can be transmitted from wild suids to domestic pigs through soft ticks of the Ornithodoros species. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between domestic pigs' O. moubata tick exposure and ASFV status. Methods Pigs were sampled from six abattoirs in the Kampala metropolitan area of Uganda from May 2021 through June 2022. Blood, serum, and tissue samples were collected. Serum was tested for antibodies against the rtTSGP1 salivary antigens of O. moubata ticks using an indirect ELISA assay. Blood and tissue samples from pigs were tested to detect ASFV using qPCR. Probability of tick exposure was categorized based on sample-to-positive ratio cut-off points. Results Out of 1,328 serum samples tested, there were 828 (62.3%) samples with a negligible probability; 369 (27.8%) with a medium probability; 90 (6.8%) with a high probability, and 41 (3.1%) with a very high probability of exposure to the O. moubata salivary antigen. There was a statistically significant association between the pigs' O. moubata exposure and ASFV status with a higher proportion of pigs having a very high probability of infection if they were ASFV positive by blood, tonsil, and lymph nodes. Discussion These results suggested that tick exposure was associated with ASFV transmission in Uganda. There were ASFV qPCR positive pigs that had no O. moubata exposure as well, which highlights that pig-to-pig and indirect contact transmission still play a significant role. This work highlights the need for further work in Uganda to investigate these transmission factors related to the O. moubata tick and ASFV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edrine B. Kayaga
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources, and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eddie M. Wampande
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources, and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John E. Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rodney Okwasiimire
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources, and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aisha Nassali
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources, and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Krista Ochoa
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Cole Hauser
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources, and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Karyn A. Havas
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Cho KH, Hong SK, Kim DY, Sohn HJ, Yoo DS, Kang HE, Kim YH. Disease Course of Korean African Swine Fever Virus in Domestic Pigs Exposed Intraorally, Intranasally, Intramuscularly, and by Direct Contact with Infected Pigs. Viruses 2024; 16:433. [PMID: 38543798 PMCID: PMC10974542 DOI: 10.3390/v16030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal contagious disease affecting swine. The first Korean ASF virus (ASFV) isolate (Korea/Pig/Paju1/2019) was used to compare the disease course of ASFV in pigs inoculated via the four routes. In the challenge experiment, domestic pigs were infected via the intraoral (IO) and intranasal (IN) routes with a 106 50% hemadsorbing dose (HAD50) and an intramuscular (IM) injection of 103 HAD50. In the direct contact (DC) group, five naïve pigs were brought into direct contact with two IM-ASFV-infected pigs. IO-, IN-, and IM-inoculated pigs showed similar disease courses, whereas DC pigs had comparable ASF syndrome after a 7-day latent period. The disease course in the DC route, one of the most common routes of infection, was not significantly different from that in the IO and IN routes. IM and DC groups differed in terms of the severity of fever and hemorrhagic lesions in the lymph nodes and spleen, indicating that the IM route, suitable for early vaccine development trials, is not appropriate for studying the ASFV infection mechanism, including early stage of infection, and IO and IN challenges with a designated dose can be alternatives in trials for assessing ASFV pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Sohn
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61168, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
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Johnston CM, Olesen AS, Lohse L, le Maire Madsen A, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB. A Deep Sequencing Strategy for Investigation of Virus Variants within African Swine Fever Virus-Infected Pigs. Pathogens 2024; 13:154. [PMID: 38392892 PMCID: PMC10893071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever, an economically important disease of pigs, often with a high case fatality rate. ASFV has demonstrated low genetic diversity among isolates collected within Eurasia. To explore the influence of viral variants on clinical outcomes and infection dynamics in pigs experimentally infected with ASFV, we have designed a deep sequencing strategy. The variant analysis revealed unique SNPs at <10% frequency in several infected pigs as well as some SNPs that were found in more than one pig. In addition, a deletion of 10,487 bp (resulting in the complete loss of 21 genes) was present at a nearly 100% frequency in the ASFV DNA from one pig at position 6362-16849. This deletion was also found to be present at low levels in the virus inoculum and in two other infected pigs. The current methodology can be used for the currently circulating Eurasian ASFVs and also adapted to other ASFV strains and genotypes. Comprehensive deep sequencing is critical for following ASFV molecular evolution, especially for the identification of modifications that affect virus virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Melissa Johnston
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Louise Lohse
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Agnete le Maire Madsen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 København, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.B.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.B.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
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Yang X, Li X, Bao Q, Wang Z, He S, Qu X, Tang Y, Song B, Huang J, Yi G. Uncovering Evolutionary Adaptations in Common Warthogs through Genomic Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:166. [PMID: 38397156 PMCID: PMC10888464 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Suidae family, warthogs show significant survival adaptability and trait specificity. This study offers a comparative genomic analysis between the warthog and other Suidae species, including the Luchuan pig, Duroc pig, and Red River hog. By integrating the four genomes with sequences from the other four species, we identified 8868 single-copy orthologous genes. Based on 8868 orthologous protein sequences, phylogenetic assessments highlighted divergence timelines and unique evolutionary branches within suid species. Warthogs exist on different evolutionary branches compared to DRCs and LCs, with a divergence time preceding that of DRC and LC. Contraction and expansion analyses of warthog gene families have been conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of their evolutionary adaptations. Using GO, KEGG, and MGI databases, warthogs showed a preference for expansion in sensory genes and contraction in metabolic genes, underscoring phenotypic diversity and adaptive evolution direction. Associating genes with the QTLdb-pigSS11 database revealed links between gene families and immunity traits. The overlap of olfactory genes in immune-related QTL regions highlighted their importance in evolutionary adaptations. This work highlights the unique evolutionary strategies and adaptive mechanisms of warthogs, guiding future research into the distinct adaptability and disease resistance in pigs, particularly focusing on traits such as resistance to African Swine Fever Virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
| | - Xingzheng Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Qi Bao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Sang He
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Yueting Tang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Bangmin Song
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jieping Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
| | - Guoqiang Yi
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China; (X.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Z.W.); (S.H.); (X.Q.); (Y.T.); (B.S.)
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China
- Bama Yao Autonomous County Rural Revitalization Research Institute, Bama 547500, China
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Hang Vu TT, Le VP, Jeong DG, Yeom M, Oh J, Kang B, Park SK, Song D. Establishment of a p30-based lateral flow assay for African swine fever virus detection. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114823. [PMID: 37748737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) has continuously devastated the global pig industry. Viral persistence causes problems in large pig farms and kills small farms. Timely diagnostic tools play an important role in controlling outbreaks and minimizing losses. In this study, we developed a lateral flow assay to detect ASFV on-site. The VDRG® ASFV Ag Rapid Kit was established using two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the p30 protein. The conjunction pad of the kit was coated with a mixture of the mAb and colloidal gold. This rapid kit was capable of detecting 11.5 ng of antigen and 0.16 HAD50 of virus from samples, in 20 min for the entire procedure. It passed cross-specific tests using common viruses that cause infectious diseases in pigs. ASFV was detected after 4 days in experimental infection in pigs by the kit. The specificity and sensitivity of the kit for clinical samples were 99.88% and 84.52% (93.8% for samples with a Ct value below 30), respectively. Finally, the kit can detect 100% positive herd outbreaks. The VDRG® ASFV Ag Rapid Kit presents a useful point-of-care tool for ASFV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131001, Viet Nam
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsik Oh
- Median Diagnostics, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24399, Republic of Korea
| | - BoKyu Kang
- Median Diagnostics, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24399, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Periferakis A, Periferakis AT, Troumpata L, Periferakis K, Scheau AE, Savulescu-Fiedler I, Caruntu A, Badarau IA, Caruntu C, Scheau C. Kaempferol: A Review of Current Evidence of Its Antiviral Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16299. [PMID: 38003488 PMCID: PMC10671393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol and its derivatives are flavonoids found in various plants, and a considerable number of these have been used in various medical applications worldwide. Kaempferol and its compounds have well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties among other health benefits. However, the antiviral properties of kaempferol are notable, and there is a significant number of experimental studies on this topic. Kaempferol compounds were effective against DNA viruses such as hepatitis B virus, viruses of the alphaherpesvirinae family, African swine fever virus, and pseudorabies virus; they were also effective against RNA viruses, namely feline SARS coronavirus, dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, influenza virus, enterovirus 71, poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, calicivirus, and chikungunya virus. On the other hand, no effectiveness against murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus could be determined. The antiviral action mechanisms of kaempferol compounds are various, such as the inhibition of viral polymerases and of viral attachment and entry into host cells. Future research should be focused on further elucidating the antiviral properties of kaempferol compounds from different plants and assessing their potential use to complement the action of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristodemos-Theodoros Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Lamprini Troumpata
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Konstantinos Periferakis
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Pan-Hellenic Organization of Educational Programs (P.O.E.P), 17236 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
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9
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Okwasiimire R, Kayaga EB, Ekakoro JE, Ndoboli D, Schumann K, Faburay B, Nassali A, Hauser C, Ochoa K, Wampande EM, Havas KA. Spatiotemporal description of African swine fever virus nucleic acid and antibodies detected in pigs sampled at abattoirs in the greater Kampala metropolitan area, Uganda from May 2021 through June 2022. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37919811 PMCID: PMC10623799 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever virus (ASFV) infections in Africa cause hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and is maintained by a sylvatic cycle in warthogs. It is endemic in Uganda, leading to significant economic losses. Previous studies performed in rural areas and in Kampala had differing diagnostic results. The purpose of this study was to provide a robust spatial, temporal, and diagnostic summary of pigs slaughtered in the greater Kampala metropolitan area over the course of one year. This study characterized 1208 to 1323 serum, blood, and tissue samples collected from pigs at six abattoirs in the greater Kampala metropolitan area of Uganda monthly from May 2021 through June 2022. Validated and standardized serologic and molecular diagnostics were used. RESULTS Only 0.15% of pigs had detectable antibodies against ASFV, suggesting low survival rates or pre-clinical diagnosis. Yet, 59.5% of pigs were positive for ASFV DNA. Blood had the lowest detection rate (15.3%) while tonsil and lymph nodes had the highest (38% and 37.5%, respectively), spleen samples (31.5%) were in between. Agreement between sample types was fair to moderate overall. A significant seasonality of ASFV infections emerged with infections found predominately in the dry seasons. Spatial assessments revealed that the greater Kampala metropolitan area abattoirs have a catchment area that overlaps with Uganda's most pig dense regions. CONCLUSIONS Pigs at greater Kampala metropolitan area abattoirs can be sentinels for acute disease throughout the pig dense region of Uganda, particularly in the dry seasons. The high prevalence detected suggests that pigs are sold in response to local reports of ASFV infections (panic sales). Serological surveillance is not useful, as very few pigs seroconverted in this study prior to slaughter. In contrast, tissue samples of pigs can be used to detect disease using qPCR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Okwasiimire
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edrine B Kayaga
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John E Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-6401, USA
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Schumann
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Aisha Nassali
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Cole Hauser
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-6401, USA
| | - Krista Ochoa
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-6401, USA
| | - Eddie M Wampande
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Karyn A Havas
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-6401, USA.
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10
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Qian X, Hu L, Shi K, Wei H, Shi Y, Hu X, Zhou Q, Feng S, Long F, Mo S, Li Z. Development of a triplex real-time quantitative PCR for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1278714. [PMID: 37929278 PMCID: PMC10620837 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first identified in 1921 and is extensively prevalent around the world nowadays, which has a significant negative impact on the swine industry. In China, genotype II ASFV was first discovered in 2018, and has spread quickly to different provinces in a very short time; genotype I ASFV was first found in 2020, and has been reported in several provinces since then. To establish an accurate method for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II ASFV, three primers and probes were designed targeting the ASFV B646L gene for different genotypes, the F1055L gene for genotype I, and the E183L gene for genotype II, and a triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for differential detection of genotypes I and II ASFV was developed after optimizing the reaction conditions. The assay showed high sensitivity, and the limits of detection (LOD) of the B646L, F1055L, and E183L genes were 399.647 copies/reaction, 374.409 copies/reaction, and 355.083 copies/reaction, respectively; the coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were 0.22-1.88% and 0.16-1.68%, respectively, showing that this method had good repeatability; the assay could detect only ASFV, without cross-reactivity with other swine viruses including PRRSV, PEDV, PDCoV, CSFV, PRV, and PCV2, showing excellent specificity of this method. A total of 3,519 clinical samples from Guangxi province, southern China, were tested by the developed assay, and 8.16% (287/3,519) samples were found to be positive for ASFV, of which 0.17% (6/3,519) samples were positive for genotype I, 7.19% (253/3,519) samples for genotype II, and 0.80% (28/3,519) samples for genotypes I and II. At the same time, these clinical samples were also tested by a previously reported multiplex qPCR, and the agreement between these two methods was more than 99.94%. In summary, the developed triplex qPCR provided a fast, specific and accurate method for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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11
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Gao Y, Jiang X, Yang X, Zhang K, Jiang P, Bai J. Novel Epitope Mapping of African Swine Fever Virus pI215L Protein Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:2081. [PMID: 37896858 PMCID: PMC10612046 DOI: 10.3390/v15102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most important pathogens that causes huge damage to worldwide swine production. The pI215L protein is found within the virion and expressed at a high level in infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), indicating a possible role of pI215L protein in ASFV detection and surveillance. In the present study, female BALB/c mice (5-6-week-old) were immunized with rpI215L protein, and six hybridomas, 1C1, 2F6, 2F10, 3C8, 5E1 and 5B3, steadily secreted anti-pI215L monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Among them, 1C4, 5E1, and 5B3 had the IgG1 isotype with a Lambda light chain, 2F10 and 3C8 had the IgG1 isotype with a Kappa light chain, and 2F6 had the IgG2a isotype with a Kappa light chain. Western blot showed a good reactivity of the six mAbs against ASFV. Eight truncated polypeptides were produced for epitope mapping. Two novel B cell epitopes, 67LTFTSEMWHPNIYS80 and 167IEYFKNAASN176, were identified by the mAbs. Further analysis revealed that 2F6 mAb could be widely used in ASFV surveillance and 5B3 mAb might serve as a tool in the distinguishment of different ASFV genotypes. This study provides tools of monoclonal antibodies for further study of I215L function and contributes to the development of serological diagnosis and vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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12
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Xin G, Kuang Q, Le S, Wu W, Gao Q, Gao H, Xu Z, Zheng Z, Lu G, Gong L, Wang H, Zhang G, Shi M, Sun Y. Origin, genomic diversity and evolution of African swine fever virus in East Asia. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead060. [PMID: 37868933 PMCID: PMC10590196 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2018, the outbreaks of genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) in China and several eastern Asian countries have caused a huge impact on the local swine industry, resulting in huge economic losses. However, little is known about the origin, genomic diversity, evolutionary features, and epidemiological history of the genotype II ASFV. Here, 14 high-quality complete genomes of ASFVs were generated via sequencing of samples collected from China over the course of 3 years, followed by phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses. The strains identified were relatively homogeneous, with a total of 52 SNPs and 11 indels compared with the prototype strain HLJ/2018, among which there were four exceptionally large deletions (620-18,023 nt). Evolutionary analyses revealed that ASFV strains distributed in eastern Asia formed a monophyly and a 'star-like' structure centered around the prototype strain, suggesting a single origin. Additionally, phylogenetic network analysis and ancestral reconstruction of geographic state indicated that genotype II ASFV strains in eastern Asia likely originated from Western Europe. Overall, these results contribute to the understanding of the history and current status of genotype II ASFV strains in eastern Asian, which could be of considerable importance in disease control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyang Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qiyuan Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Shijia Le
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Weichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Han Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Zhiying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Gang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Mang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong 510642, PR China
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Pavone S, Iscaro C, Dettori A, Feliziani F. African Swine Fever: The State of the Art in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2998. [PMID: 37835604 PMCID: PMC10571570 DOI: 10.3390/ani13192998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease of domestic pigs and Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where 24 genotypes of the virus have been reported. Between the late 1950s and the early 1980s, genotype I ASFV emerged in Europe, including Italy. In June 2007, a second ASF epidemic wave caused by genotype II was registered, involving several European and extra-European countries, including Italy in 2022. The present paper aims to provide the state of the art of ASF in Italy, describing the course of ASF in wild boars and domestic pigs as an example of multiple concurring different scenarios. Sardinia is coping with the last phase of the eradication of the disease by applying the exit strategy. Conversely, four clusters of infection located in North, Central, and South Italy are still ongoing. The unique and complex Italian experience in ASF-controlling may be useful to increase know-how on the efficacy of strategies and measures, as well as issues that could be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pavone
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Annalisa Dettori
- Regional Veterinary Epidemiology Observatory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
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Pakotiprapha D, Kuhaudomlarp S, Tinikul R, Chanarat S. Bridging the Gap: Can COVID-19 Research Help Combat African Swine Fever? Viruses 2023; 15:1925. [PMID: 37766331 PMCID: PMC10536364 DOI: 10.3390/v15091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Despite being harmless to humans, ASF poses significant challenges to the swine industry, due to sudden losses and trade restrictions. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spurred an unparalleled global research effort, yielding remarkable advancements across scientific disciplines. In this review, we explore the potential technological spillover from COVID-19 research into ASF. Specifically, we assess the applicability of the diagnostic tools, vaccine development strategies, and biosecurity measures developed for COVID-19 for combating ASF. Additionally, we discuss the lessons learned from the pandemic in terms of surveillance systems and their implications for managing ASF. By bridging the gap between COVID-19 and ASF research, we highlight the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological spillovers in the battle against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sittinan Chanarat
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Kim G, Kim SJ, Kim WJ, Kim JH, Kim JC, Lee SG, Kim ES, Lee SH, Jheong WH. Emergence and Prevalence of an African Swine Fever Virus Variant in Wild Boar Populations in South Korea from 2019 to 2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1667. [PMID: 37632010 PMCID: PMC10459476 DOI: 10.3390/v15081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a viral disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is associated with high mortality rates in domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF has been spreading since its discovery in wild boars in Korea in October 2019. Genomic analyses have provided insights into the genetic diversity of the ASFV isolated from various regions, enabling a better understanding of the virus origin and transmission patterns. We conducted a genome analysis to evaluate the diversity and mutations of ASFV spreading among wild boars in Korea during 2019-2022. We compared the genomes of ASFV strains isolated from Korean wild boars and publicly available ASFV genomes. Genomic analysis revealed several single-nucleotide polymorphisms within multigene families (MGFs) 360-1La and 360-4L in Korean ASFV. MGF 360-1La and 360-4L variations were not observed in other ASFV strains, including those of genotype II. Finally, we partially analyzed MGFs 360-1La and 360-4L in ASFV-positive samples between 2019 and 2022, confirming the geographical distribution of the variants. Our findings can help identify new genetic markers for epidemiological ASFV analysis and provide essential information for effective disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weon-Hwa Jheong
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), 1 Songam-gil, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 62407, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (S.-J.K.); (W.-J.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-C.K.); (S.-G.L.); (E.-S.K.); (S.-H.L.)
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Nawatti M, Ekakoro JE, Singler D, Ochoa K, Kizza R, Ndoboli D, Ndumu DB, Wampande EM, Havas KA. The live pig supply chain as reported by farmers in selected districts affected by African swine fever in Uganda, June and July 2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234228. [PMID: 37583468 PMCID: PMC10424570 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Uganda is a pork-producing country in East Africa. The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has had a devastating impact on the country's pig industry. The movements of pigs and pork are a major pathway of spreading ASFV. This study was done to describe the live pig supply chain within and through districts that are impacted by African swine fever (ASF) in Uganda. Methods A pig farmer survey in districts known to have ASFV was done using a semi-structured questionnaire available in English and two local languages. In total, 99 farmers were interviewed across five districts. Farmers were conveniently and purposively selected by local government veterinary officials. An online key informant survey was also used to validate farmer responses. Results Most farmers interviewed in all districts reported to source and sell most of their pigs from within their district the farm was in, although there was variation by district and pig type. In relation to pig type, 89.7% of farmers sourced sows, 80.0% sourced boars, and 96.4% sourced weaned pigs from the district where the farm was located. As for sales, 91.3% of farmers sold sows, 92.7% sold boars, 91.9% sold weaned pigs, and 92.2% sold market pigs in the district where the farm was located. There was also variation to whom pigs were sold and sourced by pig type. Conclusion This information is useful when planning the scale and focus of disease control programs based on animal movement. This study revealed that pig disease control programs can be targeted to smaller regions. Furthermore, there is a need for farmers and pig traders to be educated on and adhere to veterinary regulations of animal movement and good biosecurity practices to reduce disease spread when purchasing and selling pigs from known ASFV infected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Nawatti
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John E. Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David Singler
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Krista Ochoa
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robinah Kizza
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Deo B. Ndumu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eddie M. Wampande
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Karyn A. Havas
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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17
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Okwasiimire R, Flint JF, Kayaga EB, Lakin S, Pierce J, Barrette RW, Faburay B, Ndoboli D, Ekakoro JE, Wampande EM, Havas KA. Whole Genome Sequencing Shows that African Swine Fever Virus Genotype IX Is Still Circulating in Domestic Pigs in All Regions of Uganda. Pathogens 2023; 12:912. [PMID: 37513759 PMCID: PMC10386283 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood samples were collected from pigs at six abattoirs in the Kampala, Uganda metropolitan area from May 2021 through June 2022, and tested for African swine fever virus. Thirty-one samples with cycle threshold values < 26 from pigs with different geographic origins, clinical and pathologic signs, and Ornithodoros moubata exposure underwent whole genome sequencing. The p72 gene was used to genotype the isolates, and all were found to be genotype IX; whole genome sequences to previous genotype IX isolates confirmed their similarity. Six of the isolates had enough coverage to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Five of the isolates differed from historic regional isolates, but had similar SNPs to one another, and the sixth isolate also differed from historic regional isolates, but also differed from the other five isolates, even though they are all genotype IX. Whole genome sequencing data provide additional detail on viral evolution that can be useful for molecular epidemiology, and understanding the impact of changes in genes to disease phenotypes, and may be needed for vaccine targeting should a commercial vaccine become available. More sequencing of African swine fever virus isolates is needed in Uganda to understand how and when the virus is changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Okwasiimire
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Joseph F Flint
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Edrine B Kayaga
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Steven Lakin
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11957, USA
| | - Jim Pierce
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11957, USA
| | - Roger W Barrette
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11957, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11957, USA
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - John E Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Eddie M Wampande
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Karyn A Havas
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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18
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Zhao D, Sun E, Huang L, Ding L, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Shen D, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Ren T, Wang W, Li F, He X, Bu Z. Highly lethal genotype I and II recombinant African swine fever viruses detected in pigs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3096. [PMID: 37248233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a great threat to the global pig industry and food security. Currently, 24 ASFV genotypes have been reported but it is unclear whether recombination of different genotype viruses occurs in nature. In this study, we detect three recombinants of genotype I and II ASFVs in pigs in China. These recombinants are genetically similar and classified as genotype I according to their B646L gene, yet 10 discrete fragments accounting for over 56% of their genomes are derived from genotype II virus. Animal studies with one of the recombinant viruses indicate high lethality and transmissibility in pigs, and deletion of the virulence-related genes MGF_505/360 and EP402R derived from virulent genotype II virus highly attenuates its virulence. The live attenuated vaccine derived from genotype II ASFV is not protective against challenge of the recombinant virus. These naturally occurring recombinants of genotype I and II ASFVs have the potential to pose a challenge to the global pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Encheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanmao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Mataca AR, Oliveira FAS, Lampeão ÂA, Mendonça JP, Moreira MAS, Mota RA, Porto WJN, Schwarz DGG, Silva-Júnior A. High-Risk Regions of African Swine Fever Infection in Mozambique. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041010. [PMID: 37112990 PMCID: PMC10142141 DOI: 10.3390/v15041010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a transboundary infectious disease that can infect wild and domestic swine and requires enhanced surveillance between countries. In Mozambique, ASF has been reported across the country, spreading between provinces, mainly through the movement of pigs and their by-products. Subsequently, pigs from bordering countries were at risk of exposure. This study evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution and temporal trends of ASF in swine in Mozambique between 2000 and 2020. During this period, 28,624 cases of ASF were reported across three regions of the country. In total, the northern, central, and southern regions presented 64.9, 17.8, and 17.3% of the total cases, respectively. When analyzing the incidence risk (IR) of ASF per 100,000 pigs, the Cabo Delgado province had the highest IR (17,301.1), followed by the Maputo province (8868.6). In the space-time analysis, three clusters were formed in each region: (i) Cluster A involved the provinces of Cabo Delgado and Nampula (north), (ii) Cluster B involved the province of Maputo and the city of Maputo (south), and (iii) Cluster C consisted of the provinces of Manica and Sofala (central) in 2006. However, when analyzing the temporal trend in the provinces, most were found to be decreasing, except for Sofala, Inhambane, and Maputo, which had a stationary trend. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the spatial distribution of ASF in Mozambique. These findings will contribute to increasing official ASF control programs by identifying high-risk areas and raising awareness of the importance of controlling the borders between provinces and countries to prevent their spread to other regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azido Ribeiro Mataca
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo 257, Mozambique
| | | | - Ângelo André Lampeão
- Escola Superior de Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo 257, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, Brazil
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20
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Ambagala A, Goonewardene K, Lamboo L, Goolia M, Erdelyan C, Fisher M, Handel K, Lung O, Blome S, King J, Forth JH, Calvelage S, Spinard E, Gladue DP, Masembe C, Adedeji AJ, Olubade T, Maurice NA, Ularamu HG, Luka PD. Characterization of a Novel African Swine Fever Virus p72 Genotype II from Nigeria. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040915. [PMID: 37112895 PMCID: PMC10146018 DOI: 10.3390/v15040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a high-consequence transboundary hemorrhagic fever of swine. It continues to spread across the globe causing socio-economic issues and threatening food security and biodiversity. In 2020, Nigeria reported a major ASF outbreak, killing close to half a million pigs. Based on the partial sequences of the genes B646L (p72) and E183L (p54), the virus responsible for the outbreak was identified as an African swine fever virus (ASFV) p72 genotype II. Here, we report further characterization of ASFV RV502, one of the isolates obtained during the outbreak. The whole genome sequence of this virus revealed a deletion of 6535 bp between the nucleotide positions 11,760–18,295 of the genome, and an apparent reverse complement duplication of the 5′ end of the genome at the 3′ end. Phylogenetically, ASFV RV502 clustered together with ASFV MAL/19/Karonga and ASFV Tanzania/Rukwa/2017/1 suggesting that the virus responsible for the 2020 outbreak in Nigeria has a South-eastern African origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Lindsey Lamboo
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Melissa Goolia
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Cassidy Erdelyan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Mathew Fisher
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Katherine Handel
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Forth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Resources (CoNAS), Makerere University, Kampala P.O Box 7062, Uganda
| | | | - Toyin Olubade
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pam D. Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria
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21
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Hakizimana JN, Yona C, Makange MR, Kasisi EA, Netherton CL, Nauwynck H, Misinzo G. Complete genome analysis of African swine fever virus genotypes II, IX and XV from domestic pigs in Tanzania. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5318. [PMID: 37002287 PMCID: PMC10066019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by ASF virus (ASFV) is an infectious transboundary animal disease notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health causing high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boars threatening the global domestic pig industry. To date, twenty-four ASFV genotypes have been described and currently genotypes II, IX, X, XV and XVI are known to be circulating in Tanzania. Despite the endemic status of ASF in Tanzania, only one complete genome of ASFV from the country has been described. This study describes the first complete genome sequence of ASFV genotype XV. In addition, the first Tanzanian complete genome of ASFV genotype IX and three ASFV strains belonging to genotype II collected during ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs in Tanzania were determined in this study using Illumina sequencing and comparative genomics analysis. The generated ASFV complete genome sequences ranged from 171,004 to 184,521 base pairs in length with an average GC content of 38.53% and encoded 152 to 187 open reading frames. The results of this study provide insights into the genomic structure of ASFV and can be used to monitor changes within the ASFV genome and improve our understanding of ASF transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Hakizimana
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Clara Yona
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Biosciences, Solomon Mahlangu College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mariam R Makange
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ester A Kasisi
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Christopher L Netherton
- African Swine Fever Vaccinology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, Surrey, UK
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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Zheng N, Li C, Hou H, Chen Y, Zhang A, Han S, Wan B, Wu Y, He H, Wang N, Du Y. A Novel Linear B-Cell Epitope on the P54 Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Identified Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040867. [PMID: 37112846 PMCID: PMC10142506 DOI: 10.3390/v15040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious viral pathogen that presents a major threat to the global pig industry. No effective vaccine is available for the virus. The p54 protein, a major structural component of ASFV, is involved in virus adsorption and entry to target cells and also plays a key role in ASFV vaccine development and disease prevention. Here, we generated species-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), namely 7G10A7F7, 6E8G8E1, 6C3A6D12, and 8D10C12C8 (subtype IgG1/kappa type), against the ASFV p54 protein and characterized the specificity of these mAbs. Peptide scanning techniques were used to determine the epitopes that are recognized by the mAbs, which defined a new B-cell epitope, TMSAIENLR. Amino acid sequence comparison showed that this epitope is conserved among all reference ASFV strains from different regions of China, including the widely prevalent, highly pathogenic strain Georgia 2007/1 (NC_044959.2). This study reveals important signposts for the design and development of ASFV vaccines and also provides critical information for the functional studies of the p54 protein via deletion analysis.
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23
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Cavalera S, Colitti B, De Mia GM, Feliziani F, Giudici SD, Angioi PP, D'Errico F, Scalas D, Scollo A, Serra T, Chiarello M, Testa V, Di Nardo F, Baggiani C, Oggiano A, Rosati S, Anfossi L. Development of molecular and antigenic-based rapid tests for the identification of African swine fever virus in different tissues. Talanta 2023; 258:124443. [PMID: 36933298 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe haemorrhagic infectious disease affecting suids, thus representing a great economic concern. Considering the importance of the early diagnosis, rapid point of care testing (POCT) for ASF is highly demanded. In this work, we developed two strategies for the rapid onsite diagnosis of ASF, based on Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) techniques. The LFIA was a sandwich-type immunoassay exploiting a monoclonal antibody directed towards the p30 protein of the virus (Mab). The Mab was anchored onto the LFIA membrane to capture the ASFV and was also labelled with gold nanoparticles for staining the antibody-p30 complex. However, the use of the same antibody for capturing and as detector ligand showed a significant competitive effect for antigen binding, so required an experimental design to minimize reciprocal interference and maximize the response. The RPA assay, employing primers to the capsid protein p72 gene and an exonuclease III probe, was performed at 39 °C. The limit of detection of the method was assessed using a plasmid encoding the target gene and resulted in 5 copy/μL. The new LFIA and RPA were applied for ASFV detection in the animal tissues usually analysed by conventional assays (i.e., real-time PCR), such as kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes. A simple and universal virus extraction protocol was applied for sample preparation, followed by DNA extraction and purification for the RPA. The LFIA only required the addition of 3% H2O2 to limit matrix interference and prevent false positive results. The two rapid methods (25 min and 15 min were needed to complete the analysis for RPA and LFIA, respectively) showed high diagnostic specificity (100%) and sensitivity (93% and 87% for LFIA and RPA, respectively) for samples with high viral load (Ct < 27). False negative results were observed for samples with low viral load (Ct > 28) and/or also containing specific antibodies to ASFV, which decreased antigen availability and were indicative of a chronic, poorly transmissible infection. The simple and rapid sample preparation and the diagnostic performance of the LFIA suggested its large practical applicability for POC diagnosis of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Federica D'Errico
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
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Okwasiimire R, Nassali A, Ndoboli D, Ekakoro JE, Faburay B, Wampande E, Havas KA. Comparison of diaphragm meat juice and muscle swab samples to spleen and spleen swab samples for the detection of African swine fever viral nucleic acid. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:145-152. [PMID: 36694917 PMCID: PMC9999393 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231151663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of meat juice and muscle swabs at slaughterhouses may provide an easy-to-collect sample for African swine fever (ASF) surveillance. Meat juice has been experimentally shown to be a reliable sample for the detection of ASF virus (ASFV). We compared the detection of ASFV nucleic acid from diaphragm meat juice, diaphragm muscle swab, spleen, and spleen swabs from pigs with signs of ASFV infection at slaughterhouses around Kampala, Uganda. Pigs with ≥2 clinical or pathology signs at the time of slaughter had a spleen sample, spleen swab, diaphragm muscle sample, and diaphragm muscle swab collected. Meat juice was collected from muscle samples through a freeze-thaw cycle. Each sample was tested individually, and 72 spleen, meat juice, and muscle swab sample pools of 4 negative and 1 positive sample were tested, as well. Standard operating procedures from the USDA-Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for viral DNA extraction and real-time PCR (rtPCR) were used. Of the 493 pigs evaluated, we classified as positive 357 (72.4%) diaphragm meat juice samples, 218 (44.2%) diaphragm muscle swabs, 247 (50.1%) spleen samples, and 241 (48.9%) spleen swabs. All spleen sample pools were positive (72 of 72; 100%), as were 71 of 72 (98.6%) meat juice pools and 67 of 72 (93.1%) muscle swab pools. Meat juice samples provided a reliable sample type for the detection by rtPCR of ASFV in pigs with natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Okwasiimire
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aisha Nassali
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John E. Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Edward Wampande
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Karyn A. Havas
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN, USA
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Vlasov ME, Sindryakova IP, Kudrjashov DA, Morgunov SY, Kolbasova OL, Lyska VM, Zhivoderov SP, Pivova EY, Balyshev VM, Sereda AD, Kolbasov DV. Inoculation with ASFV-Katanga-350 Partially Protects Pigs from Death during Subsequent Infection with Heterologous Type ASFV-Stavropol 01/08. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020430. [PMID: 36851644 PMCID: PMC9959532 DOI: 10.3390/v15020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an extremely genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous pathogen. Previously, we have demonstrated that experimental inoculation of pigs with an attenuated strain, Katanga-350 (genotype I, seroimmunotype I) (ASFV-Katanga-350), can induce protective immunity in 80% of European domestic pigs against the homologous virulent European strain Lisbon-57. At least 50% of the surviving pigs received protection from subsequent intramuscular infection with a heterologous virulent strain, Stavropol 01/08 (genotype II, seroimmunotype VIII) (ASFV-Stavropol 01/08). In this study, we assessed clinical signs, the levels of viremia, viral DNA, anti-ASFV antibodies and post-mortem changes caused by subsequent intramuscular injection with ASFV-Katanga-350 and heterologous ASFV-Stavropol 01/08. Inoculation of pigs with the ASFV-Katanga-350 did not protect animals from the disease in the case of the subsequent challenged ASFV-Stavropol 01/08. However, 40% of pigs were protected from death. Moreover, the surviving animals showed no pathomorphological changes or the presence of an infectious virus in the organs after euthanasia at 35 days post challenging. The ability/inability of attenuated strains to form a certain level of protection against heterologous isolates needs a theoretical background and experimental confirmation.
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Gallardo C, Casado N, Soler A, Djadjovski I, Krivko L, Madueño E, Nieto R, Perez C, Simon A, Ivanova E, Donescu D, Milicevik V, Chondrokouki E, Nurmoja I, Frant M, Feliziani F, Václavek P, Pileviciene S, Marisa A. A multi gene-approach genotyping method identifies 24 genetic clusters within the genotype II-European African swine fever viruses circulating from 2007 to 2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1112850. [PMID: 36761884 PMCID: PMC9905734 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease of pigs and wild boar that poses a major threat to the global swine industry. The genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) entered the European Union (EU) in 2014 and since then fourteen countries have been affected, Italy and North Macedonia being the last in 2022. While whole genome sequencing remains the gold standard for the identification of new genetic markers, sequencing of multiple loci with significant variations could be used as a rapid and cost-effective alternative to track outbreaks and study disease evolution in endemic areas. Materials and methods To further our understanding of the epidemiology and spread of ASFV in Europe, 382 isolates collected during 2007 to 2022 were sequenced. The study was initially performed by sequencing the central variable region (CVR), the intergenic region (IGR) between the I73R and I329L genes and the O174L and K145R genes. For further discrimination, two new PCRs were designed to amplify the IGR between the 9R and 10R genes of the multigene family 505 (MGF505) and the IGR between the I329L and I215L genes. The sequences obtained were compared with genotype II isolates from Europe and Asia. Results The combination of the results obtained by sequencing these variable regions allowed to differentiate the European II-ASFV genotypes into 24 different groups. In addition, the SNP identified in the IGR I329L-I215L region, not previously described, grouped the viruses from North Macedonia that caused the 2022 outbreaks with viruses from Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece, differentiating from other genotype II isolates present in Europe and Asia. Furthermore, tandem repeat sequence (TRS) within the 9R-10R genes of the multigene family 505 (MGF505) revealed eight different variants circulating. Discussion These findings describe a new multi-gene approach sequencing method that can be used in routine genotyping to determine the origin of new introductions in ASF-free areas and track infection dynamics in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Gallardo
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Carmina Gallardo ✉
| | - Nadia Casado
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Laura Krivko
- 3Latvia NRL: Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Enviroment, BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Encarnación Madueño
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Nieto
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Perez
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Simon
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- 4Bulgaria NRL: National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDVRI), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Donescu
- 5Romania NRL: Institute for Diagnostic and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vesna Milicevik
- 6Republic of Serbia NRL: Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eleni Chondrokouki
- 7Greece NRL: Greek Ministry of Rural Development and Food FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- 8Estonian NRL: National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maciej Frant
- 9Poland NRL: National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- 10Italy NRL: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petr Václavek
- 11Czech Republic NRL: State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Jihlava, Czechia
| | - Simona Pileviciene
- 12Lithuania NRL: National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arias Marisa
- 1European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF): Centro De investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Kim G, Park JE, Kim SJ, Kim Y, Kim W, Kim YK, Jheong W. Complete genome analysis of the African swine fever virus isolated from a wild boar responsible for the first viral outbreak in Korea, 2019. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1080397. [PMID: 36713858 PMCID: PMC9875005 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic viral disease in swine, is emerging as a major threat not only in Korea but also worldwide. The first confirmed case of ASF in Korea was reported in 2019. Despite the occurrence of ASF in Korea, only a few studies have genetically characterized the causative ASF virus (ASFV). In this study, we aimed to genetically characterize the ASFV responsible for the 2019 outbreak in Korea. The genome of the ASFV isolated during the first outbreak in Korea was analyzed. The Korea/YC1/2019 strain has 188,950 base pairs, with a GC content of 38.4%. The complete genome sequence was compared with other ASFV genomes annotated in the NCBI database. The Korea/YC1/2019 strain shared the highest similarity with Georgia 2007, Belgium 2018/1, and ASFV-wbBS01 strains. This study expands our knowledge of the genetic diversity of ASFV, providing valuable information for epidemiology, diagnostics, therapies, and vaccine development.
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Bohorquez JA, Lanka S, Rosell R, Pérez-Simó M, Alberch M, Rodriguez F, Ganges L, Maddox CW. Efficient detection of African Swine Fever Virus using minimal equipment through a LAMP PCR method. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1114772. [PMID: 36779186 PMCID: PMC9911463 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) currently represents the biggest threat to the porcine industry worldwide, with high economic impact and severe animal health and welfare concerns. Outbreaks have occurred in Europe and Asia since ASFV was reintroduced into the continent in 2007 and, in 2021, ASFV was detected in the Caribbean, raising alarm about the reemergence of the virus in the Americas. Given the lack of vaccines against ASFV, control of the virus relies on molecular surveillance, which can be delayed due to the need for sample shipment to specialized laboratories. Isothermal PCR techniques, such as LAMP, have become increasingly attractive as point-of-care diagnostic tools given the minimal material expense, equipment, and training required. The present study aimed to develop a LAMP assay for the detection of ASFV. Four LAMP primer sets were designed, based on a consensus sequence for the ASFV p72 gene, and were tested using a synthetic plasmid containing the cloned ASFV p72 target gene as a positive control. Two primer sets, were selected for further validation, given their very short time for amplification. Both primer sets showed thermal stability, amplifying the ASFV DNA at temperatures between 60-70°C and proved to have an analytical limit of detection as low as one ASFV-plasmid DNA copy/µL, using both fluorometric and colorimetric methods. The selected primers did not yield false positive or cross reactive results with other common swine pathogens, showing high specificity. Testing of DNA-spiked samples showed that LAMP amplification was not affected by the nature of the matrices, including oral fluids, tonsils, blood, or rectal swabs. The primer sets were able to detect the two more prevalent ASFV genotypes in the field. Taken together, the results show that ASFV-LAMP-BG2 and ASFV-LAMP-BG3 would be a useful tool for rapid, highly sensitive on-site diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alejandro Bohorquez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rosa Rosell
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Alberch
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol W. Maddox
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Carol W. Maddox,
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Brake DA. African Swine Fever Modified Live Vaccine Candidates: Transitioning from Discovery to Product Development through Harmonized Standards and Guidelines. Viruses 2022; 14:2619. [PMID: 36560623 PMCID: PMC9788307 DOI: 10.3390/v14122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent centennial anniversary of R.E. Montgomery's seminal published description of "a form of swine fever" disease transmitted from wild African pigs to European domestic pigs is a call to action to accelerate African Swine Fever (ASF) vaccine research and development. ASF modified live virus (MLV) first-generation gene deleted vaccine candidates currently offer the most promise to meet international and national guidelines and regulatory requirements for veterinary product licensure and market authorization. A major, rate-limiting impediment to the acceleration of current as well as future vaccine candidates into regulatory development is the absence of internationally harmonized standards for assessing vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. This review summarizes the asymmetrical landscape of peer-reviewed published literature on ASF MLV vaccine approaches and lead candidates, primarily studied to date in the research laboratory in proof-of-concept or early feasibility clinical safety and efficacy studies. Initial recommendations are offered toward eventual consensus of international harmonized guidelines and standards for ASF MLV vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. To help ensure the successful regulatory development and approval of ASF MLV first generation vaccines by national regulatory associated government agencies, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) establishment and publication of harmonized international guidelines is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC, P.O. Box 787, Stowe, VT 05672, USA
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Fiori MS, Ferretti L, Di Nardo A, Zhao L, Zinellu S, Angioi PP, Floris M, Sechi AM, Denti S, Cappai S, Franzoni G, Oggiano A, Dei Giudici S. A Naturally Occurring Microhomology-Mediated Deletion of Three Genes in African Swine Fever Virus Isolated from Two Sardinian Wild Boars. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36423133 DOI: 10.3390/v14112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a lethal disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF threatens the pig industry worldwide due to the lack of a licensed vaccine or treatment. The disease has been endemic for more than 40 years in Sardinia (Italy), but an intense campaign pushed it close to eradication; virus circulation was last detected in wild boars in 2019. In this study, we present a genomic analysis of two ASFV strains isolated in Sardinia from two wild boars during the 2019 hunting season. Both isolates presented a deletion of 4342 base pairs near the 5' end of the genome, encompassing the genes MGF 360-6L, X69R, and MGF 300-1L. The phylogenetic evidence suggests that the deletion recently originated within the Sardinia ecosystem and that it is most likely the result of a non-allelic homologous recombination driven by a microhomology present in most Sardinian ASFV genomes. These results represent a striking example of a genomic feature promoting the rapid evolution of structural variations and plasticity in the ASFV genome. They also raise interesting questions about the functions of the deleted genes and the potential link between the evolutionary timing of the deletion appearance and the eradication campaign.
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Gao Y, Xia T, Bai J, Zhang L, Zheng H, Jiang P. Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies against the Viral p54 Protein and a Blocking ELISA for Detection of the Antibody against African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36366433 DOI: 10.3390/v14112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious viral disease in domestic and wild pigs, leading to serious economic losses. As there are no vaccines or drugs available, early accurate diagnosis and eradiation of infected animals are the most important measures for ASFV prevention and control. Therefore, improvement of available diagnostic assays and development of novel effective techniques are required. This study is devoted to generating a new detection platform of blocking monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against ASFV p54 protein. Seven monoclonal antibodies against recombinant p54 protein were produced and four epitopes were identified. Three blocking ELISAs were developed with 6A5 and 6F9 mAbs labeled with HRP, respectively, of which the 6A5/6F9-based blocking ELISA displayed the best detection performance, with an AUC of 0.986, sensitivity of 98.36% and specificity of 92.36% in ROC analysis. Moreover, it has an excellent agreement at 96.59% (198/205) when compared to the commercial blocking ELISA (kappa value = 0.920). The method also has high repeatability, with CV <10%, and no cross reaction with the serum antibodies against PRV, PRRSV, CSFV, PCV2 or SVA. This indicates that the 6A5/6F9-based blocking ELISA has high accuracy with good sensitivity and specificity, suitable for viral detection, field surveillance and epidemiological studies.
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Penrith ML, Van Heerden J, Heath L, Abworo EO, Bastos ADS. Review of the Pig-Adapted African Swine Fever Viruses in and Outside Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101190. [PMID: 36297247 PMCID: PMC9609104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The region in eastern, central and southern Africa (ECSA) where African swine fever (ASF) originated in a sylvatic cycle is home to all the p72 genotypes of ASF virus identified so far. While 20 of the 24 genotypes have been isolated from outbreaks in domestic pigs in the region, only five of the genotypes (I, II, VIII, IX, X) have an extended field presence associated with domestic pigs. Of the genotypes that appear to be strongly adapted to domestic pigs, two have spread beyond the African continent and have been the focus of efforts to develop vaccines against ASF. Most of the experimental ASF vaccines described do not protect against a wider spectrum of viruses and may be less useful in the event of incursions of different strains or where multiple genotypes co-exist. The other three pig-adapted strains that are currently restricted to the ECSA region might spread, and priority should be given to understanding not only the genetic and antigenic characteristics of these viruses but also their history. We review historic and current knowledge of the distribution of these five virus genotypes, and note that as was the case for genotype II, some pig-associated viruses have the propensity for geographical range expansion. These features are valuable for prioritizing vaccine-development efforts to ensure a swift response to virus escape. However, whilst ASF vaccines are critical for high-production systems, global food security relies on parallel efforts to improve biosecurity and pig production in Africa and on continued ASFV surveillance and characterisation in the ECSA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: or
| | - Juanita Van Heerden
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Edward Okoth Abworo
- Biosciences, Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Armanda D. S. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Hemmink JD, Abkallo HM, Henson SP, Khazalwa EM, Oduor B, Lacasta A, Okoth E, Riitho V, Fuchs W, Bishop RP, Steinaa L. The African Swine Fever Isolate ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 Is Highly Virulent and Stable after Propagation in the Wild Boar Cell Line WSL. Viruses 2022; 14:1912. [PMID: 36146718 PMCID: PMC9505471 DOI: 10.3390/v14091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the characterization of an African swine fever genotype IX virus (ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033), which was isolated from a domestic pig in western Kenya during a reported outbreak. This includes the efficiency of virus replication and in vivo virulence, together with genome stability and virulence, following passage in blood macrophages and in a wild boar lung cell line (WSL). The ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 stock retained its ability to replicate in primary macrophages and retained virulence in vivo, following more than 20 passages in a WSL. At the whole genome level, a few single-nucleotide differences were observed between the macrophage and WSL-propagated viruses. Thus, we propose that the WSL is suitable for the production of live-attenuated ASFV vaccine candidates based on the modification of this wild-type isolate. The genome sequences for ASFV-Kenya-IX-1033 propagated in macrophages and in WSL cells were submitted to GenBank, and a challenge model based on the isolate was developed. This will aid the development of vaccines against the genotype IX ASFV circulating in eastern and central Africa.
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Beato MS, D’Errico F, Iscaro C, Petrini S, Giammarioli M, Feliziani F. Disinfectants against African Swine Fever: An Updated Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071384. [PMID: 35891365 PMCID: PMC9315964 DOI: 10.3390/v14071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF), a hemorrhagic disease with a high mortality rate in suids, is transmitted via direct and indirect contact with infectious animals and contaminated fomites, respectively. ASF reached Europe in 2014, affecting 14 of the 27 EU countries including, recently, the Italian peninsula. The fast and unprecedented spread of ASF in the EU has highlighted gaps in knowledge regarding transmission mechanisms. Fomites, such as contaminated clothing and footwear, farming tools, equipment and vehicles have been widely reported in the spread of ASF. The absence of available vaccines renders biosecurity measures, cleaning and disinfection procedures an essential control tool, to a greater degree than the others, for the prevention of primary and secondary introductions of ASF in pig farms. In this review, available data on the virucidal activity of chemical compounds as disinfectants against the ASF virus (ASFV) are summarized together with laboratory methods adopted to assess the virucidal activity.
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Frant MP, Gal-cisoń A, Bocian Ł, Ziętek-barszcz A, Niemczuk K, Szczotka-bochniarz A. African Swine Fever (ASF) Trend Analysis in Wild Boar in Poland (2014–2020). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1170. [PMID: 35565596 PMCID: PMC9105269 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary African swine fever (ASF) has been present in Poland since 2014. The article describes and explains the changes in the ASF epidemic in the wild boar population in the period 2014–2020. In that relatively short time, the disease has spread to about half of the territory of Poland, affecting eastern and western provinces. Most ASF-positive animals were molecular/virus-positive, however, the observation of the increase of serologically positive animals (potential survivors) in successive years of the epidemic, especially in areas where the virus has been present for a longer time, may indicate the potential beginning of ASF endemicity in Poland. Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease of Suidae, i.e., domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease was introduced to Poland in 2014 and is now present in the wild boar population. Appropriate ASF prevention requires further research for answers to fundamental questions about the importance of vectors in virus transmission, the impact of environmental factors on the presence of ASFV in wild boar habitats, and the role of survivors as potential virus carriers and their part in the potential endemicity of ASF. In order to analyze the changes in the molecular and serological prevalence of ASFV in wild boar population in Poland, real-time PCR and ELISA/IPT tests were conducted. In the analyzed period (2014–2020), most of the ASF-positive wild boars were molecular/virus-positive, however, over the years the percentage and the number of seropositive animals has increased. At the beginning of the epidemic, the disease was limited to a small area of the country. Since then, it has spread to new provinces of Poland. From the beginning and until today, most notifications of ASF-positive wild boars were for carcasses (passive surveillance), however, the number of serologically positive animals is still increasing. Despite the fact that notifications of ASF outbreaks are still being received near the eastern border of Poland, the old ASF area seems to be limited mainly to ASF serologically positive animals, which may indicate the beginning of ASF endemicity in Poland.
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Havas KA, Gogin AE, Basalaeva JV, Sindryakova IP, Kolbasova OL, Titov IA, Lyska VM, Morgunov SY, Vlasov ME, Sevskikh TA, Pivova EY, Kudrjashov DA, Doolittle K, Zimmerman S, Witbeck W, Gimenez-Lirola LG, Nerem J, Spronk GD, Zimmerman JJ, Sereda AD. An Assessment of Diagnostic Assays and Sample Types in the Detection of an Attenuated Genotype 5 African Swine Fever Virus in European Pigs over a 3-Month Period. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040404. [PMID: 35456079 PMCID: PMC9027431 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus causes hemorrhagic disease in swine. Attenuated strains are reported in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Few studies on the diagnostic detection of attenuated ASF viruses are available. Two groups of pigs were inoculated with an attenuated ASFV. Group 2 was also vaccinated with an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine. Commercially available ELISA, as well as extraction and qPCR assays, were used to detect antibodies in serum and oral fluids (OF) and nucleic acid in buccal swabs, tonsillar scrapings, OF, and blood samples collected over 93 days, respectively. After 12 dpi, serum (88.9% to 90.9%) in Group 1 was significantly better for antibody detection than OF (0.7% to 68.4%). Group 1′s overall qPCR detection was highest in blood (48.7%) and OF (44.2%), with the highest detection in blood (85.2%) from 8 to 21 days post inoculation (dpi) and in OF (83.3%) from 1 to 7 dpi. Group 2′s results were not significantly different from Group 1, but detection rates were lower overall. Early detection of attenuated ASFV variants requires active surveillance in apparently healthy animals and is only reliable at the herd level. Likewise, antibody testing will be needed to prove freedom from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn A. Havas
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey E. Gogin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | | | - Irina P. Sindryakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Olga L. Kolbasova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Ilya A. Titov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Valentina M. Lyska
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Sergey Y. Morgunov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Mikhail E. Vlasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Timofey A. Sevskikh
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Elena Y. Pivova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kudrjashov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Kent Doolittle
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Silvia Zimmerman
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Wendy Witbeck
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | | | - Joel Nerem
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Gordon D. Spronk
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Alexey D. Sereda
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
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Wang Y, Wang B, Xu D, Zhang M, Zhang X, Wang D. Development of a ladder-shape melting temperature isothermal amplification (LMTIA) assay for detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV). J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e51. [PMID: 35698807 PMCID: PMC9346532 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the unavailability of an effective vaccine or antiviral drug against the African swine fever virus (ASFV), rapid diagnosis methods are needed to prevent highly contagious African swine fever. Objectives The objective of this study was to establish the ladder-shape melting temperature isothermal amplification (LMTIA) assay for the detection of ASFV. Methods LMTIA primers were designed with the p72 gene of ASFV as the target, and plasmid pUC57 was used to clone the gene. The LMTIA reaction system was optimized with the plasmid as the positive control, and the performance of the LMTIA assay was compared with that of the commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit in terms of sensitivity and detection rate using 200 serum samples. Results Our results showed that the LMTIA assay could detect the 104 dilution of DNA extracted from the positive reference serum sample, which was the same as that of the commercial real-time PCR kit. The coincidence rate between the two assays was 100%. Conclusions The LMTIA assay had high sensitivity, good detection, and simple operation. Thus, it is suitable for facilitating preliminary and cost-effective surveillance for the prevention and control of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Borui Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Deguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
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