2
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Khoo A, Boyer M, Jafri Z, Makeham T, Pham T, Khachigian LM, Floros P, Dowling E, Fedder K, Shonka D, Garneau J, O'Meara CH. Human Papilloma Virus Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and the Immune System: Pathogenesis, Immunotherapy and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2798. [PMID: 38474047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), involves the palatine tonsils, soft palate, base of tongue, and uvula, with the ability to spread to adjacent subsites. Personalized treatment strategies for Human Papillomavirus-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (HPV+OPSCC) are yet to be established. In this article, we summarise our current understanding of the pathogenesis of HPV+OPSCC, the intrinsic role of the immune system, current ICI clinical trials, and the potential role of small molecule immunotherapy in HPV+OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khoo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Canberra Health Services, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Boyer
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Z Jafri
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - T Makeham
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Canberra Health Services, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ANU School of Medicine & Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - T Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Canberra Health Services, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ANU School of Medicine & Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - L M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - P Floros
- St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - E Dowling
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - K Fedder
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - D Shonka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - J Garneau
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - C H O'Meara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Canberra Health Services, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ANU School of Medicine & Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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3
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Mikuličić S, Shamun M, Massenberg A, Franke AL, Freitag K, Döring T, Strunk J, Tenzer S, Lang T, Florin L. ErbB2/HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates human papillomavirus promoter activity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335302. [PMID: 38370412 PMCID: PMC10869470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a major cause of cancer. While surgical intervention remains effective for a majority of HPV-caused cancers, the urgent need for medical treatments targeting HPV-infected cells persists. The pivotal early genes E6 and E7, which are under the control of the viral genome's long control region (LCR), play a crucial role in infection and HPV-induced oncogenesis, as well as immune evasion. In this study, proteomic analysis of endosomes uncovered the co-internalization of ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase, also called HER2/neu, with HPV16 particles from the plasma membrane. Although ErbB2 overexpression has been associated with cervical cancer, its influence on HPV infection stages was previously unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of ErbB2 in HPV infection, focusing on HPV16. Through siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition studies, we found that HPV16 entry is independent of ErbB2. Instead, our signal transduction and promoter assays unveiled a concentration- and activation-dependent regulatory role of ErbB2 on the HPV16 LCR by supporting viral promoter activity. We also found that ErbB2's nuclear localization signal was not essential for LCR activity, but rather the cellular ErbB2 protein level and activation status that were inhibited by tucatinib and CP-724714. These ErbB2-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as ErbB2 depletion significantly influenced the downstream Akt and ERK signaling pathways and LCR activity. Experiments encompassing low-risk HPV11 and high-risk HPV18 LCRs uncovered, beyond HPV16, the importance of ErbB2 in the general regulation of the HPV early promoter. Expanding our investigation to directly assess the impact of ErbB2 on viral gene expression, quantitative analysis of E6 and E7 transcript levels in HPV16 and HPV18 transformed cell lines unveiled a noteworthy decrease in oncogene expression following ErbB2 depletion, concomitant with the downregulation of Akt and ERK signaling pathways. In light of these findings, we propose that ErbB2 holds promise as potential target for treating HPV infections and HPV-associated malignancies by silencing viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Mikuličić
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Merha Shamun
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annika Massenberg
- University of Bonn, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Bonn, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Franke
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Döring
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Strunk
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON) Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lang
- University of Bonn, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Bonn, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Chen J, Wang D, Wang Z, Wu K, Wei S, Chi X, Qian C, Xu Y, Zhou L, Li Y, Zhang S, Li T, Kong Z, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Yu H, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Xia N, Li S, Gu Y. Critical Residues Involved in the Coassembly of L1 and L2 Capsid Proteins of Human Papillomavirus 16. J Virol 2023; 97:e0181922. [PMID: 36815785 PMCID: PMC10062154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01819-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small DNA viruses associated with cervical cancer, warts, and other epithelial tumors. Structural studies have shown that the HPV capsid consists of 360 copies of the major capsid protein, L1, arranged as 72 pentamers in a T=7 icosahedral lattice, coassembling with substoichiometric amounts of the minor capsid protein, L2. However, the residues involved in the coassembly of L1 and L2 remain undefined due to the lack of structure information. Here, we investigated the solvent accessibility surfaces (SASs) of the central cavity residues of the HPV16 L1 pentamer in the crystal structure because those internal exposed residues might mediate the association with L2. Twenty residues in L1 protein were selected to be analyzed, with four residues in the lumen of the L1 pentamer identified as important: F256, R315, Q317, and T340. Mutations to these four residues reduced the PsV (pseudovirus) infection capacity in 293FT cells, and mutations to R315, Q317, and T340 substantially perturb L2 from coassembling into L1 capsid. Compared with wild-type (WT) PsVs, these mutant PsVs also have a reduced ability to become internalized into host cells. Finally, we identified a stretch of negatively charged residues on L2 (amino acids [aa] 337 to 340 [EEIE]), mutations to which completely abrogate L2 assembly into L1 capsid and subsequently impair the endocytosis and infectivity of HPV16 PsVs. These findings shed light on the elusive coassembly between HPV L1 and L2. IMPORTANCE Over 200 types of HPV have been isolated, with several high-risk types correlated with the occurrence of cervical cancer. The HPV major capsid protein, L1, assembles into a T=7 icosahedral viral shell, and associates with the minor capsid protein, L2, which plays a critical role in the HPV life cycle. Despite the important role of the L2 protein, its structure and coassembly with L1 remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the amino acid residues at the proposed interface between L1 and L2. Certain mutations at these sites decreased the amount of L2 protein assembled into the capsid, which, in turn, led to a decrease in viral infectivity. Knowledge about these residues and the coassembly of L1 and L2 could help to expand our understanding of HPV biology and aid in the development of countermeasures against a wide range of HPV types by targeting the L2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Daning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kunbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shuangping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ciying Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yujie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lizhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Sibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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6
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Schweiger L, Lelieveld-Fast LA, Mikuličić S, Strunk J, Freitag K, Tenzer S, Clement AM, Florin L. HPV16 Induces Formation of Virus-p62-PML Hybrid Bodies to Enable Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071478. [PMID: 35891458 PMCID: PMC9315800 DOI: 10.3390/v14071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) inflict a significant burden on the human population. The clinical manifestations caused by high-risk HPV types are cancers at anogenital sites, including cervical cancer, as well as head and neck cancers. Host cell defense mechanisms such as autophagy are initiated upon HPV entry. At the same time, the virus modulates cellular antiviral processes and structures such as promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) to enable infection. Here, we uncover the autophagy adaptor p62, also known as p62/sequestosome-1, as a novel proviral factor in infections by the high-risk HPV type 16 (HPV16). Proteomics, imaging and interaction studies of HPV16 pseudovirus-treated HeLa cells display that p62 is recruited to virus-filled endosomes, interacts with incoming capsids, and accompanies the virus to PML NBs, the sites of viral transcription and replication. Cellular depletion of p62 significantly decreased the delivery of HPV16 viral DNA to PML NBs and HPV16 infection rate. Moreover, the absence of p62 leads to an increase in the targeting of viral components to autophagic structures and enhanced degradation of the viral capsid protein L2. The proviral role of p62 and formation of virus-p62-PML hybrid bodies have also been observed in human primary keratinocytes, the HPV target cells. Together, these findings suggest the previously unrecognized virus-induced formation of p62-PML hybrid bodies as a viral mechanism to subvert the cellular antiviral defense, thus enabling viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schweiger
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Laura A. Lelieveld-Fast
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Snježana Mikuličić
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Johannes Strunk
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Albrecht M. Clement
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-6131-179083
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