|
1
|
Ricci I, Tofani S, Lelli D, Vincifori G, Rosone F, Carvelli A, Diaconu EL, La Rocca D, Manna G, Sabatini S, Costantini D, Conti R, Pacchiarotti G, Scicluna MT. First Reported Circulation of Equine Influenza H3N8 Florida Clade 1 Virus in Horses in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:598. [PMID: 38396566 PMCID: PMC10886299 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious viral disease of equids characterized by pyrexia and respiratory signs. Like other influenza A viruses, antigenic drift or shift could lead to a vaccine-induced immunity breakdown if vaccine strains are not updated. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize EIV strains circulating in Italy, detected in PCR-positive samples collected from suspected cases, especially in the absence of formal active surveillance. METHODS Between February and April 2019, blood samples and nasal swabs collected from each of the 20 symptomatic horses from North and Central Italy were submitted to the National Reference Centre for Equine Diseases in Italy to confirm preliminary analysis performed by other laboratories. RESULTS None of the sera analysed using haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis presented a predominant serological reactivity pattern for any antigen employed. All nasal swabs were positive with IAV RRT-PCR. Only one strain, isolated in an embryonated chicken egg from a sample collected from a horse of a stable located in Brescia, Lombardy, was identified as H3N8 Florida lineage clade 1 (FC1). In the constructed phylogenetic trees, this strain is located within the FC1, together with the virus isolated in France in 2018 (MK501761). CONCLUSIONS This study reports the first detection of H3N8 FC1 in Italy, highlighting the importance of monitoring circulating EIV strains to verify the vaccine composition appropriateness for maximum efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Ricci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Silvia Tofani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Vincifori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Francesca Rosone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Andrea Carvelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Elena Lavinia Diaconu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide La Rocca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Manna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Samanta Sabatini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Donatella Costantini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Raffaella Conti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giulia Pacchiarotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Lim SI, Kim MJ, Kim MJ, Lee SK, Yang HS, Kwon M, Lim EH, Ouh IO, Kim EJ, Hyun BH, Lee YH. Assessment of Equine Influenza Virus Status in the Republic of Korea from 2020 to 2022. Viruses 2023; 15:2135. [PMID: 37896912 PMCID: PMC10612032 DOI: 10.3390/v15102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) causes acute respiratory disease in horses and belongs to the influenza A virus family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Orthomyxovirus. This virus may have severe financial implications for the horse industry owing to its highly contagious nature and rapid transmission. In the Republic of Korea, vaccination against EIV has been practiced with the active involvement of the Korea Racing Authority since 1974. In this study, we monitored the viral RNA for EIV using PCR, as well as the antibody levels against 'A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8, clade 1)', from 2020 to 2022. EIV was not detected using RT-PCR. The seropositivity rates detected using a hemagglutination inhibition assay were 90.3% in 2020, 96.7% in 2021, and 91.8% in 2022. The geometric mean of antibody titer (GMT) was 83.4 in 2020, 135.7 in 2021, and 95.6 in 2022. Yearlings and two-year-olds in training exhibited lower positive rates (59.1% in 2020, 38.9% in 2021, and 44.1% in 2022) than the average. These younger horses may require more attention for vaccination and vaccine responses against EIV. Continuous surveillance of EIV should be performed to monitor the prevalence and spread of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-In Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Veterinary Center, Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon 13822, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyoung-Seok Yang
- Animal Health Diagnosis Division, Jeju Self-Governing Provincial Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju 63344, Republic of Korea;
| | - MiJung Kwon
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Eui Hyeon Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - In-Ohk Ouh
- Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Yoon-Hee Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Li X, Cheng D, Dong Y, Shi C, Qu B. Evidence that HA-G228S and PB2-D153V mutations upon viral growth of H3N8 influenza virus are associated with severe pathogenesis in human infections. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13169. [PMID: 37380173 PMCID: PMC10303683 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Internal Medicine IIIUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Dongliang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric, Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yueli Dong
- Department of Pediatric, Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Changsong Shi
- Department of Pediatric, Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Bingqian Qu
- Department of Veterinary MedicinePaul Ehrlich InstituteLangenGermany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC)JenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Gonzalez-Obando J, Forero JE, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Ruiz-Saenz J. Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101718. [PMID: 36298583 PMCID: PMC9610386 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), which is endemically distributed throughout the world. It infects equids, and interspecies transmission to dogs has been reported. The H3N8 Florida lineage, which is divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most representative lineage in the Americas. The EIV infects the respiratory system, affecting the ciliated epithelial cells and preventing the elimination of foreign bodies and substances. Certain factors related to the disease, such as an outdated vaccination plan, age, training, and close contact with other animals, favor the presentation of equine influenza. This review focuses on the molecular, pathophysiological, and epidemiological characteristics of EIV in the Americas to present updated information to achieve prevention and control of the virus. We also discuss the need for monitoring the disease, the use of vaccines, and the appropriate application of those biologicals, among other biosecurity measures that are important for the control of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gonzalez-Obando
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Jorge Eduardo Forero
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Angélica M Zuluaga-Cabrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Circular 73 N°35-04, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Julián Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|