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Beilhack G, Monteforte R, Frommlet F, Reindl-Schwaighofer R, Strassl R, Vychytil A. Durable Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response after mRNA-1273 Booster in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients during the Omicron Wave. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1121. [PMID: 37376510 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of dialysis patients has been proven to be safe and effective to reduce COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. However, data on the durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies post-vaccination in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are scarce. In this prospective single-center cohort study we measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies 3 and 6 months after the 3rd dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in 27 adult PD patients and recorded breakthrough infections. Furthermore, in a mixed model analysis, we analyzed potential factors influencing the humoral response following vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody levels declined from 21,424 BAU/mL at 1 month to 8397 BAU/mL at 3 months and to 5120 BAU/mL at 6 months after the 3rd dose, but remained higher than pre-3rd dose levels (212 BAU/mL). Eight patients (29.6%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 within six months from the 3rd dose during the Omicron wave. Previous high antibody levels, high glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and low Davies Comorbidity Score were associated with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after the booster. In conclusion, PD patients exhibited a robust and durable humoral response after a third dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. A high GFR and low comorbidity as well as previous high antibody levels predicted a better humoral response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Beilhack
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rossella Monteforte
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Frommlet
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Reindl-Schwaighofer
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Strassl
- Division of Clinical Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Vychytil
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Taheri S. Efficacy and safety of booster vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in dialysis and renal transplant patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:791-802. [PMID: 36723829 PMCID: PMC9890430 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients under renal replacement therapy are at an increased risk of severe infection with SARS-CoV-2, and have been known to have impaired response to standard vaccination. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims at evaluating the efficacy of booster dose vaccination in this population. METHODS A systematic review has been conducted to find trials on the booster dose vaccination in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) or patients under dialysis. Data of seroconversion rates at different timepoints, especially 1 month prior and post-booster dose vaccination have been collected and analyzed. Effects of different factors including type of renal replacement therapy (RRT), vaccine type and brands, magnitude of response to the standard vaccination, and immunosuppression drugs on the response rates have been investigated. Meta-analyses were performed using software Stata v.17. RESULTS Overall 58 studies were included. Both RRT patient subgroups represented significant seroconversion, post- (versus pre-) booster dose vaccination, but only in KTRs the booster dose seroconversion surpassed that of the standard protocol. T-cell response was also significantly augmented after booster vaccination, with no difference between the RRT subgroups. mRNA and vector vaccine types had comparable immunogenicity when employed as boosters, both significantly higher than the inactivated virus vaccine, with no significant disparity regarding the vaccine brands. Patients with poor response to standard vaccination had a significant response to booster dose, with dialysis patients having stronger response. The differential effects of vaccine types and brands in the poor responders was similar to that of the overall RRT population. No rejection episodes or graft failure post-booster vaccination was reported. CONCLUSION In patients under RRT, booster dose vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is safe and efficacious determined by significant seroconversion, and therefore, it should be considered to be implemented in all these patients. Since in the KTR patients, the third dose vaccination significantly increased the seroconversion rates even beyond that of the standard protocol, three dose vaccine doses is recommended to be recognized as the standard vaccination protocol in this population. The same recommendation could be considered for dialysis patients, due to their augmented risk of breakthrough infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Taheri
- New Lahijan Scientific Foundation, Lahijan, Iran.
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Matsunami M, Suzuki T, Yashima J, Kuji H, Matsue K. Delayed kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody production in kidney transplant recipients following the third dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Clin Exp Nephrol 2023; 27:98-99. [PMID: 35931918 PMCID: PMC9362576 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Matsunami
- Department of Nephrology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan.
- Renal Transplant Center, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
- Renal Transplant Center, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Yashima
- Renal Transplant Center, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuji
- Department of Urology, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kosei Matsue
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
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Yang X, Zhang H, Bao W, Fu S, Jin H. Immunogenicity Rates after SARS-CoV-2 Three-Dose Vaccination in Patients under Dialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122070. [PMID: 36560480 PMCID: PMC9782384 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the indeterminate effects following the administration of three doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to patients under dialysis, the present study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity rates of patients who received the three-dose vaccine. METHODS MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials were searched to select the relevant literature to perform the present review. We included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, prospective, observational cohort, and case-control studies to assess the humoral and cellular immune responses following the administration of the three-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to patients receiving dialysis. RESULTS Overall, 38 studies are included in the meta-analysis presented in this paper. For patients on dialysis, the overall humoral antibody response rate is 97% following three doses of mRNA or viral vector vaccines and 100% following four doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A subgroup analysis shows that the antibody response rate is 96% for patients on hemodialysis (HD) and 100% for those receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). The antibody response rate in the different immunogen-vaccinated groups tends to be higher than that in the same immunogen-vaccinated group (99% vs. 96%). For those who exhibit no response following two doses of the vaccine, the third and fourth doses can elevate the antibody response rate to 81%, and that number for low responders increases to 96%. However, the pooled results obtained from the relatively few trials conducted indicate that the positive T-cell response rate only increases to 59% following three doses of the vaccine. The antibody response rate is not different between dialysis and non-dialysis groups (relative risk = 0.95, 95% CI 0.90-1.02) following three doses of the vaccine. The relative risks for a SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection, all-cause mortality, and hospital admissions are 0.59 (95% CI 0.30-1.04), 0.63 (95% CI 0.35-1.12), and 0.53 (95% CI 0.37-0.74), respectively, when comparing three doses with two doses of the vaccine administered to the dialysis population. CONCLUSIONS The third or fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine significantly increases the immunogenicity rates in dialysis patients, and this beneficial effect does not vary with the type of vaccine (the same or different immunogen vaccination), dialysis modality (HD or PD), or previous low response following the administration two doses of the vaccine. We believe that healthcare workers should encourage patients receiving dialysis to receive a third or fourth vaccine dose to strengthen their immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Ponticelli C, Campise M. COVID-19 Vaccination in Kidney Transplant Candidates and Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111808. [PMID: 36366317 PMCID: PMC9692413 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplant candidates and kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at particular risk of severe complications of COVID-19 disease. In Western countries, mortality in affected hospitalized KTRs ranges between 19% and 50%. COVID-19 vaccination remains the most important measure to prevent the severity of infection in candidates and recipients of kidney transplant. However, the uraemic condition may affect the vaccine-induced immunity in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in KTRs. Retention of uraemic toxins, dysbiosis, dysmetabolism, and dialysis can diminish the normal response to vaccination, leading to dysfunction of inflammatory and immune cells. In KTRs the efficacy of vaccines may be reduced by the immunosuppressive medications, and more than half of kidney transplant recipients are unable to build an immune response even after four administrations of anti-COVID-19 vaccines. The lack of antibody response leaves these patients at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 disease. The aim of the present review is to focus on the main reasons for the impaired immunological response among candidates and kidney transplant recipients and to highlight some of the present options available to solve the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariarosaria Campise
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Tylicki L, Biedunkiewicz B, Puchalska-Reglińska E, Gellert R, Burnier M, Wolf J, Dȩbska-Ślizień A. COVID-19 vaccination reduces mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:937167. [PMID: 36160175 PMCID: PMC9492862 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.937167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) have a very high risk of death in the course of COVID-19. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 and the fatality rate in HD patients. A retrospective registry-based cohort study was performed in all HD adult patients in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. Vaccinations were carried out from January to April 2021 with mRNA vaccines, either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 with two-dose schedule. In the first analysis (2nd pandemic wave), 1,160 unvaccinated patients were included (59.7% males, 25.7% diabetic). In the second analysis (4th pandemic wave), 1,131 (59.4% male, 30.7% diabetic) individuals were included, 1,042 (92.13%) were fully vaccinated. Three hundred and fifteen HD patients (27.2%) were COVID-19 positive during the 2nd wave, and 6.9% (78/1,131) during the 4th wave. Within the fully vaccinated patients of the 4th wave, 60 were COVID-19 positive, 5.8 vs. 20.2% of unvaccinated COVID-19 positive patients in 2nd wave, respectively. COVID-19 incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 0.21 (4th wave-vaccinated vs. 2nd wave-unvaccinated) indicating a 79% reduction. The IRR between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients of the 4th wave was 0.28 in favor of vaccinated patients with 72% reduction. In the 2nd wave, 93 patients died as a result of COVID-19 (fatality rate: 29.5%). The fatality rate of fully vaccinated patients during the 4th wave was 6.7% (p = 0.004), while the fatality rate in the 4th wave within unvaccinated patients accounted for 11.1%. Significant clinical effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination was demonstrated in a multicenter study in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Tylicki
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Leszek Tylicki
| | - Bogdan Biedunkiewicz
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Gellert
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Medicine, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Translational Medicine Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Wolf
- Translational Medicine Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alicja Dȩbska-Ślizień
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Glowinska I, Labij-Reduta B, Juzwiuk J, Lukaszewicz M, Pietruczuk A, Poplawska A, Daniluk-Jamro A, Kakareko K, Rydzewska-Rosolowska A, Naumnik B, Koc-Zorawska E, Zorawski M, Hryszko T. Factors Influencing Longevity of Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with End Stage Kidney Disease Receiving Renal Replacement Therapy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11174984. [PMID: 36078913 PMCID: PMC9457318 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11174984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has severely affected the population of patients with end stage renal disease. Current data have proved a two-dose vaccination schedule against SARS-CoV-2 to be effective among dialyzed patients. There are limited data on the longevity and modulating factors of humoral response after vaccination. We performed a prospective longitudinal cohort study to determine longevity of the humoral response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The study included 191 adult patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. All participants had been vaccinated with three doses, either with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) (n = 109) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) (n = 82). Anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain antibodies (anti-S IgG) were assessed using SARS-CoV-2 (RBD) IgG ELISA EIA-6150 IVD assay at baseline, on the 21st day and 43rd day, before a booster dose and two weeks thereafter. We found that before vaccination, 37.7% of the cohort had anti-S IgG titres concordant with seroconversion. After two-dose vaccination, seroconversion occurred in 97% of patients. The booster dose evoked a ~12-fold increase in antibody level. Obesity increased more than two-fold the odds for a decrease in anti-S IgG. Previous COVID-19 infection enhanced longevity of the humoral response following vaccination. In patients with previous COVID-19 infection, the BNT162b2 vaccine was associated with a higher odds of anti-S IgG waning compared to the mRNA-1273 vaccine. In conclusion, we report that obesity predisposes patients to protective antibody waning, hybrid immunity enhances odds for higher anti-S IgG concentrations and vaccine efficacy may be influenced by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results might provide a rationale for vaccination protocol design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Glowinska
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Labij-Reduta
- 1st Department of Nephrology and Transplantation with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Zurawia 14, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Juzwiuk
- Dialysis Unit, SPZOZ in Hajnowka, ul. A. Dowgirda 9, 17-200 Hajnowka, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lukaszewicz
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Regional Specialist Hospital in Suwalki, ul. Szpitalna 60, 16-400 Suwalki, Poland
| | - Adam Pietruczuk
- Dialysis Unit, SPZOZ in Sokolka, ul. W. Sikorskiego 40, 16-100 Sokolka, Poland
| | - Agata Poplawska
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Regional Specialist Hospital in Lomza, Al. J. Piłsudskiego 11, 18-404 Lomza, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Kakareko
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Rydzewska-Rosolowska
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Naumnik
- 1st Department of Nephrology and Transplantation with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Zurawia 14, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Koc-Zorawska
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Zorawski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-254 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Hryszko
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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Davidovic T, Schimpf J, Abbassi-Nik A, Stockinger R, Sprenger-Mähr H, Lhotta K, Zitt E. Humoral and Cellular Immune Response After a 3-Dose Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Using the mRNA-BNT162b2 and Viral Vector Ad26COVS1 Vaccine in Hemodialysis Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907615. [PMID: 35812459 PMCID: PMC9261096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the waning humoral response after a two-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, a third booster was recommended in hemodialyis patients. Data on a heterologous mRNA-vector regimen, which might improve immunogenicity, are very limited. Methods In this observational study 36 chronic hemodialysis patients (mean (SD) age 66.9 (15.9) years, 33.3% females) were followed up for 13 months. All patients were vaccinated twice using the mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine, followed by a 3rd dose of the vector vaccine Ad26COVS1 eight months later. We assessed the humoral response by quantifying the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody concentrations. The cellular immune response was evaluated via SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific interferon-γ release assay. Results The seroconversion rate was 47.2%, 100%, 69.4% and 100% one month after the 1st dose, one and six months after the 2nd dose and four months after the heterologous 3rd dose. The median (Q1, Q3) anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG concentrations at the same time were 28.7 (13.2, 69.4) BAU/ml, 1130.0 (594.5, 1735.0) BAU/ml, 89.7 (26.4, 203.8) BAU/ml, and 2080.0 (1062.5, 2080.0) BAU/ml. The percentage of patients with neutralizing antibodies was 58.3% after the 2nd dose and improved to 100% after the 3rd dose (P <0.001). A positive T-cell response was found in 50% of patients after the 3rd dose. Conclusions A third heterologous booster dose helped to sustain humoral immunity in almost all hemodialysis patients and induced a significant T-cellular response in half of them. Stimulating the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 by two different vaccine platforms seems to be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Davidovic
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 (Nephrology and Dialysis), Feldkirch Academic Teaching Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Judith Schimpf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 (Nephrology and Dialysis), Feldkirch Academic Teaching Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Armin Abbassi-Nik
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 (Nephrology and Dialysis), Feldkirch Academic Teaching Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Richard Stockinger
- Institute of Pathology, Feldkirch Academic Teaching Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Hannelore Sprenger-Mähr
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 (Nephrology and Dialysis), Feldkirch Academic Teaching Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Karl Lhotta
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 (Nephrology and Dialysis), Feldkirch Academic Teaching Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Emanuel Zitt
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 (Nephrology and Dialysis), Feldkirch Academic Teaching Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Emanuel Zitt,
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Füessl L, Lau T, Rau S, Regenauer R, Paal M, Hasmann S, Arend FM, Bruegel M, Teupser D, Fischereder M, Schönermarck U. Humoral response after SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in hemodialysis patients with and without prior infection. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:1633-1635. [PMID: 35892016 PMCID: PMC9308091 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Füessl
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Lau
- Dialysezentrum Bad Tölz und Wolfratshausen, Germany
| | - Simon Rau
- Dialysezentrum Bad Tölz und Wolfratshausen, Germany
| | - Ron Regenauer
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Paal
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Hasmann
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Florian M Arend
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Bruegel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ulf Schönermarck
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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