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Chen X, Zhang P, Li P, Wang G, Li J, Wu Y, Cao Z, Zhou Y, Sun Y. CpG ODN 1668 as TLR9 agonist mediates humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) antibacterial immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108839. [PMID: 37207883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) is the main farmed species in the southern coastal area of China owing to its important economic value. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) belongs to the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and functions as a pattern recognition receptor, recognising unmethylated oligodeoxynucleotides containing the CpG motif (CpG ODNs) in bacterial and viral genomes, thereby activating host immune response. In this study, the C. altivelis TLR9 (CaTLR9) ligand CpG ODN 1668 was screened and found to significantly enhance the antibacterial immunity of humpback grouper in vivo and head kidney lymphocytes (HKLs) in vitro. In addition, CpG ODN 1668 also promoted the cell proliferation and immune gene expression of HKLs and strengthened the phagocytosis activity of head kidney macrophages. However, when the CaTLR9 expression was knocked down in the humpback group, the expression levels of TLR9, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly reduced, and the antibacterial immune effects induced by CpG ODN 1668 were mostly abolished. Therefore, CpG ODN 1668 induced antibacterial immune responses in a CaTLR9-dependent pathway. These results enhance the knowledge of the antibacterial immunity of fish TLR signalling pathways and have important implications for exploring natural antibacterial molecules in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Pengshuo Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Guotao Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Chen X, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Li P, Cao Z, Zhou Y, Sun Y. CpG ODN 2102 promotes antibacterial immune responses and enhances vaccine-induced protection in golden pompano (Trachinotusovatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108783. [PMID: 37137380 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs and can be recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), activating the host's immune responses. In this study, ten different CpG ODNs were designed and synthesized to study the antibacterial immune responses of CpG ODNs in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Results showed that CpG ODN 2102 significantly improved the immunity of golden pompano against bacteria. Besides, CpG ODN 2102 promoted the proliferation of head kidney lymphocytes and activated the head kidney macrophages. When TLR9-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to interfere with TLR9 expression, the immune responses were decreased. Moreover, the expression levels of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88), p65, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the TLR9-knockdown golden pompano kidney (GPK) cells were significantly reduced. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) promoter activity of the TLR9-knockdown GPK cells was also significantly reduced. In vivo, the antibacterial immune effects induced by CpG ODN 2102 in golden pompano were mostly abolished when TLR9 expression was knocked down. These results suggested that TLR9 was involved in the immune responses induced by CpG ODN 2102. CpG ODN 2102 also enhanced the protective effect of the Vibrio harveyi vaccine pCTssJ, where the survival rate of golden pompano was significantly improved by 20%. In addition, CpG ODN 2102 enhanced the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of TLR9, Myxovirus resistance (Mx), interferon γ (IFN-γ), TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) Iα, MHC IIα, Immunoglobulin D (IgD), and IgM. Therefore, TLR9 was involved in the antibacterial immune responses induced by CpG ODN 2102 and CpG ODN 2102 possessed adjuvant immune effects. These results enlarged our knowledge of the antibacterial immunity of fish TLRs signaling pathway and had important implications for exploring natural antibacterial molecules in fish and developing new vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yulin Qiu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Pengshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Müllertz OAO, Andersen P, Christensen D, Foged C, Thakur A. Pulmonary Administration of the Liposome-Based Adjuvant CAF01: Effect of Surface Charge on Mucosal Adjuvant Function. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:953-970. [PMID: 36583936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the lungs represent a major site of entry for airborne pathogens, and pulmonary administration of vaccines is an attractive strategy to induce protective mucosal immunity in the airways. Recently, we demonstrated the potential of pulmonary vaccination with the tuberculosis subunit antigen H56 adjuvanted with the cationic liposomal adjuvant formulation CAF01, which consists of the cationic lipid dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide and the synthetic cord factor trehalose-6,6'-dibehenate. However, the cationic charge of DDA represents a major safety challenge. Hence, replacing DDA with a safer zwitterionic or anionic phospholipid is an attractive approach to improve vaccine safety, but the effect of liposomal surface charge on the induction of mucosal immunity after airway immunization is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of surface charge by replacing the cationic DDA component of CAF01 with zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or anionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), and we show that charge modification enhances antigen-specific pulmonary T-cell responses against co-formulated H56. We systematically replaced DDA with either DPPC or DPPG and found that these modifications resulted in colloidally stable liposomes that have similar size and morphology to unmodified CAF01. DPPC- or DPPG-modified CAF01 displayed surface charge-dependent protein adsorption and induced slightly higher follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells in the lung-draining lymph nodes than unmodified CAF01. In addition, modified CAF01 induced significantly higher levels of H56-specific Th17 cells and polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the lungs, as compared to unmodified CAF01. However, the strong H56-specific humoral responses induced by CAF01 in the lungs and spleen were not influenced by surface charge. Hence, these results provide insights into the importance of surface charge for liposomal adjuvant function and can also guide the design of safe pulmonary subunit vaccines against other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Amanda Oest Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø2100, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S2300, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S2300, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø2100, Denmark
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø2100, Denmark
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Lin Y, Ren G, Zhao J, Shao Y, He B, Tang X, Sha O, Zhao W, Liu Q, Xu L, Lu T. Long-Term Protection Elicited by an Inactivated Vaccine Supplemented with a Water-Based Adjuvant against Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0324522. [PMID: 36409094 PMCID: PMC9769665 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03245-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous inactivated vaccines against infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) usually had a strong early immune protective effect but failed to provide long-term protection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To find a method for stabilizing the desired protective effect of IHN vaccines, we assessed the immune enhancement effect of four adjuvants on formaldehyde inactivated vaccine for IHN at 60 days postvaccination (dpv). The efficacy of a two-dose vaccination with the candidate adjuvant-formaldehyde inactivated vaccine for IHN was evaluated in terms of early protection and long-term protection (30 to 285 dpv). Neutralizing antibody titers were also measured at each time point. The Montanide GEL 02 PR (Gel 02) adjuvant significantly enhanced the immune protection provided by the IHN inactivated vaccine, whereas the immune-boosting effect of the other tested adjuvants lacked statistical significance. Both tested Gel 02-adjuvanted IHN inactivated vaccine dosages had a strong immune protection effect within 2 months postvaccination, with a relative percent of survival (RPS) of 89.01% to 100%, and the higher dosage provided complete protection at 204 dpv and a RPS of 60.79% on 285 dpv by reducing viral titers in rainbow trout. The neutralizing antibodies were observed only in vaccinated fish on 30 and 60 dpv. Through compatibility with an appropriate adjuvant, the highly immune protective effect of an IHN inactivated vaccine was prolonged from 60 dpv to at least 284 dpv; this novel adjuvant-IHN inactivated vaccine has promise as a commercial vaccine that provides the best available and longest duration of protection against IHN to rainbow trout. IMPORTANCE Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is one of the most serious pathogens threatening the global salmon and trout industry. However, there is currently only one commercialized infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) vaccine, and it is inadequate for solving the global IHN problem. In this study, a promising adjuvanted inactivated vaccine with long-term protection was developed and comprehensively studied. We confirmed the presence of a late antiviral response stage in vaccinated rainbow trout that lacked detectable neutralizing antibodies, which are commonly recognized to be responsible for long-term specific protection in mammals. These findings further our understanding of unique features of fish immune systems and could lead to improved prevention and control of fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
- University of Dalian Ocean University, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Guangming Ren
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Baoquan He
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
- University of Dalian Ocean University, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Liming Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
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Wang W, Wang W, Xu W, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Liu X. Polyactin A and CpG enhance inactivated Pseudomonas plecoglossicida vaccine potency in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:133-138. [PMID: 34780977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is the causative agent of visceral granulomas disease (VGD) in large yellow croaker (LYC, Larimichthys crocea) farming. However, multi-antibiotic resistant of P. plecoglossicida creates an urgent need of an efficient vaccine to combat this pathogen. In this study, an inactivated vaccine added polyactin (PA), CpG-riched plasmid (pCpG) and aluminum adjuvant (Al) was developed. As a result, its relative percentage survival (RPS) against P. plecoglossicida were up to 64%. Comparatively, RPS of groups that vaccinated with vaccines adjuvanted with PA and Al or CpG and Al were 49% and 39%. However, an interesting result that the vaccine combined with PA, CpG and Al did not show the strongest activation of total serum protein and antibody levels in serum among three vaccinated groups. According to expressions of some cellular immune related genes, we found that the inactivated vaccine combined with PA, CpG and Al was more likely to induce a cellular immune response rather than humoral immune response. Totally, our study demonstrated that the mixture of PA, CpG and aluminum adjuvant is a potential adjuvant system for LYC vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Seawater Aquaculture, Zhejiang Marine Aquatic Research Institute, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Seawater Aquaculture, Zhejiang Marine Aquatic Research Institute, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Lindenwald DL, Lepenies B. C-Type Lectins in Veterinary Species: Recent Advancements and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145122. [PMID: 32698416 PMCID: PMC7403975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a superfamily of glycan-binding receptors, play a pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis of higher animals and humans. CTLs in innate immunity serve as pattern recognition receptors and often bind to glycan structures in damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While CTLs are found throughout the whole animal kingdom, their ligand specificities and downstream signaling have mainly been studied in humans and in model organisms such as mice. In this review, recent advancements in CTL research in veterinary species as well as potential applications of CTL targeting in veterinary medicine are outlined.
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