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Abreu R, Matos A, Capela L, Jorge R, Guerreiro JF, Pereira G, Cunha E, Chambel L, Tavares L, Boyen F, Oliveira M. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Dogs from Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe: Implications for Public Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025; 14:408. [PMID: 40298570 PMCID: PMC12023937 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics14040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2025] [Revised: 04/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global threat, with surveillance providing essential information to control its spread and support rational treatment strategies. Klebsiella pneumoniae, a member of the Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae family, frequently develops resistance mechanisms. This study analyzed 195 rectal swabs from companion and stray dogs in Santiago and São Nicolau (Cape Verde) and São Tomé and Príncipe, sampled during a neutering and deworming campaign conducted by Veterinary Without Borders Portugal, to detect extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria. Samples were enriched and then cultured on ChromID® ESBL agar, and resulting isolates were identified via MALDI-TOF MS. A total of 35 K. pneumoniae isolates were identified, of which 32 were confirmed as ESBL producers. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed 100% resistance to aztreonam, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, and ceftaroline, and high resistance to cefepime (93.8%), ciprofloxacin (93.8%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (90.6%). All isolates were considered multidrug-resistant but remained susceptible to cefoxitin, imipenem, and meropenem. The genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM were present in 96.9%, 65.6%, and 56.3% of the isolates, respectively. DNA fingerprinting revealed seven clusters, suggesting genetic diversity and strain dissemination across locations. These findings highlight the role of dogs as vectors for antimicrobial resistance dissemination, underscoring the need for continuous surveillance in both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Abreu
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal (J.F.G.); (G.P.); (E.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alice Matos
- Associação Veterinários Sem Fronteiras, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.)
| | - Luís Capela
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal (J.F.G.); (G.P.); (E.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- Associação Veterinários Sem Fronteiras, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.)
| | - Rita Jorge
- Associação Veterinários Sem Fronteiras, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.)
| | - Joana F. Guerreiro
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal (J.F.G.); (G.P.); (E.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Pereira
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal (J.F.G.); (G.P.); (E.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal (J.F.G.); (G.P.); (E.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lélia Chambel
- BioISI—BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Luis Tavares
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal (J.F.G.); (G.P.); (E.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filip Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal (J.F.G.); (G.P.); (E.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Ratti G, Facchin A, Stranieri A, Gazzonis A, Penati M, Scarpa P, Dall'Ara P, Lauzi S. Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-, AmpC β-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli in stray cats in Italy. Res Vet Sci 2025; 185:105560. [PMID: 39889451 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 12/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2025] [Indexed: 02/03/2025]
Abstract
The spread of carbapenem-resistant bacteria is a global threat to public health and the role of pets in the rise in antimicrobial resistance is gaining attention worldwide. This study aimed to determine the fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-, AmpC- and carbapenemase (CP)-producing E. coli and associated risk factors in healthy and unhealthy stray cats admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Lodi, University of Milan, Italy. Fecal samples collected in, 2020-2022 were microbiologically and molecularly analyzed. Overall, ESBL-/AmpC-/CP-producing E. coli were detected in 18/94 (19.1 %) stray cats. Twelve (12.8 %), 4 (4.3 %) and 7 (7.4 %) stray cats carried ESBL-, AmpC- and CP-producing E. coli phenotypes respectively, supported by the detection of blaCTX-M in all ESBL-producing E. coli, blaCMY-2 in all AmpC-producing E. coli and blaNDM (4/7; 57.1 %) or blaOXA-48 (3/7; 42.9 %) genes in CP-producing E. coli. Multiple combination of resistance genes and phenotypes were detected. MIC results showed that all E. coli were multidrug resistant isolates. Risk factors associated with ESBL-, AmpC- and/or CP-producing E. coli fecal carriage were hospitalization (P < 0.0001), antibiotic treatment during hospitalization (P < 0.0001) and unhealthy status (P < 0.0001). Fecal carriage of CP-producing E. coli is of concern and highlights the need of specific surveillance programs for CP-producing Enterobacteriaceae and antimicrobial stewardship in stray cats to reduce the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Limitations of this study suggest a One Health approach to characterize the whole genome of the isolates and the epidemiology of AMR bacteria among stray cats, including additional bacterial species and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ratti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Facchin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Gazzonis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Martina Penati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy.
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Gambino D, Galluzzo FG, Cicero L, Cirincione R, Mannino E, Fiore V, Proverbio D, Spada E, Cassata G, Gargano V. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Carried by Commensal Escherichia coli from Shelter Cats in Italy. Vet Sci 2023; 10:680. [PMID: 38133231 PMCID: PMC10747167 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a widespread global health problem. The presence of resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes has been demonstrated not only in humans but also in animals, including pets. Stray cats share the urban environment with people and pets. This may facilitate transmission of resistant bacteria and resistance genes between stray animals, people and domestic animals. Several studies have investigated the role of stray cats as a fecal carrier of ESBL-producing bacteria. However, there are many genes and resistance mechanisms that can be detected in commensal E. coli, which, because of its genetic plasticity, is considered an indicator for monitoring antibiotic resistance. In this study, rectal swabs were collected from stray cats from colonies and shelters in the city of Monza (Monza Brianza, Italy) to isolate commensal E. coli. Phenotypic tests, such as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the double disc test (DDST), and molecular analyses to detect antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were used to study the resistance of these isolates. The results obtained confirm that stray cats can carry ESBL-producing E. coli (6.7%) and genes conferring resistance to other important antibiotic classes such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Gambino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.G.); (R.C.); (E.M.); (V.F.); (G.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.G.); (R.C.); (E.M.); (V.F.); (G.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Luca Cicero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.G.); (R.C.); (E.M.); (V.F.); (G.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Roberta Cirincione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.G.); (R.C.); (E.M.); (V.F.); (G.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Erika Mannino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.G.); (R.C.); (E.M.); (V.F.); (G.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Veronica Fiore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.G.); (R.C.); (E.M.); (V.F.); (G.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (D.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Eva Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (D.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Giovanni Cassata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.G.); (R.C.); (E.M.); (V.F.); (G.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Valeria Gargano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.G.); (R.C.); (E.M.); (V.F.); (G.C.); (V.G.)
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Farizqi MTI, Effendi MH, Adikara RTS, Yudaniayanti IS, Putra GDS, Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Silaen OSM, Ramadhani S, Millannia SK, Kaben SE, Waruwu YKK. Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli genes isolated from cat rectal swabs at Surabaya Veterinary Hospital, Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:1917-1925. [PMID: 37859949 PMCID: PMC10583880 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1917-1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Escherichia coli causes a bacterial illness that frequently affects cats. Diseases caused by E. coli are treated using antibiotics. Because of their proximity to humans, cats possess an extremely high risk of contracting antibiotic resistance genes when their owners touch cat feces containing E. coli that harbor resistance genes. This study was conducted to identify multidrug-resistant E. coli and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing genes from cat rectal swabs collected at Surabaya City Veterinary Hospital to determine antibiotic sensitivity. Materials and Methods Samples of cat rectal swabs were cultured in Brilliant Green Bile Lactose Broth medium and then streaked on eosin methylene blue agar medium for bacterial isolation, whereas Gram-staining and IMViC tests were conducted to confirm the identification results. The Kirby-Bauer diffusion test was used to determine antibiotic sensitivity, and the double-disk synergy test was used to determine ESBL-producing bacteria. Molecular detection of the genes TEM and CTX-M was performed using a polymerase chain reaction. Results Based on morphological culture, Gram-staining, and biochemical testing, the results of sample inspection showed that of the 100 cat rectal swab samples isolated, 71 (71%) were positive for E. coli. Furthermore, 23 E. coli isolates (32.39%) demonstrated the highest resistance to ampicillin. Four isolates were confirmed to be multidurg-resistant and ESBL-producing strains. Molecular examination revealed that three E. coli isolates harbored TEM and CTX-M. Conclusion In conclusion, pet owners must be educated on the use of antibiotics to improve their knowledge about the risks of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Thoriq Ihza Farizqi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - R. Tatang Santanu Adikara
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ira Sari Yudaniayanti
- Division of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabay, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Giovanni Dwi Syahni Putra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research. Wageningen, 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Safira Ramadhani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Saumi Kirey Millannia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sergius Erikson Kaben
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Yusac Kristanto Khoda Waruwu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, East Java, Indonesia
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Ratti G, Facchin A, Stranieri A, Giordano A, Paltrinieri S, Scarpa P, Maragno D, Gazzonis A, Penati M, Luzzago C, Dall’Ara P, Lauzi S. Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Pet and Stray Cats. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1249. [PMID: 37627669 PMCID: PMC10451524 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs have been reported as potential carriers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, but the role of cats has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and the risk factors associated with the fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in pet and stray cats. Fecal samples were collected between 2020 and 2022 from healthy and unhealthy cats and screened for ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli using selective media. The presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli was confirmed by phenotypic and molecular methods. The evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was performed on positive isolates. Host and hospitalization data were analyzed to identify risk factors. A total of 97 cats' samples were collected, and ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli were detected in 6/97 (6.2%), supported by the detection of blaCTX-M (100%), blaTEM (83.3%), and blaSHV (16.7%) genes and the overexpression of chromosomal ampC (1%). All E. coli isolates were categorized as multidrug-resistant. Unhealthy status and previous antibiotic therapy were significantly associated with ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli fecal carriage. Our results suggest that cats may be carriers of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, highlighting the need for antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine and an antimicrobial-resistance surveillance program focusing on companion animals, including stray cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ratti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessia Facchin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Paola Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Deborah Maragno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessia Gazzonis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Martina Penati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
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