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César SD, De Jager D, Njoya M. Environmental trade-offs in energy production: A review of the produced water life cycle and environmental footprint. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116480. [PMID: 38772173 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Produced water, a major by-product of oil and gas production, represents the most significant amount of waste by volume in the oil and gas industry. Focusing on the hydrocarbon's lifecycle, this review delves into the composition and global variations of produced water. It assesses the current treatment methods for their effectiveness and their potential for reuse in sectors beyond oil and gas, such as agriculture. The review highlights the environmental trade-offs in maximising energy production, analysing the ecological implications of produced water disposal in marine environments and the potential risks to marine biodiversity. Regional regulatory frameworks and their role in mitigating these environmental impacts are examined, alongside the challenges faced in standardising treatment solutions due to the complex nature of produced water. The conclusion underscores the need for continuous research to develop innovative and effective treatment technologies and advocates for a balanced approach to energy production that prioritises environmental stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Duarte César
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Debbie De Jager
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Mahomet Njoya
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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Saud A, Saleem H, Khan AW, Munira N, Khan M, Zaidi SJ. Date Palm Tree Leaf-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal Incorporated Thin-Film Composite forward Osmosis Membranes for Produced Water Treatment. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050513. [PMID: 37233574 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide water shortage and significant issues related to treatment of wastewater streams, mainly the water obtained during the recovery of oil and gas operations called produced water (PW), has enabled forward osmosis (FO) to progress and become advanced enough to effectively treat as well as retrieve water in order to be productively reused. Because of their exceptional permeability qualities, thin-film composite (TFC) membranes have gained increasing interest for use in FO separation processes. This research focused on developing a high water flux and less oil flux TFC membrane by incorporating sustainably developed cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) onto the polyamide (PA) layer of the TFC membrane. CNCs are prepared from date palm leaves and different characterization studies verified the definite formations of CNCs and the effective integration of CNCs in the PA layer. From the FO experiments, it was confirmed that that the membrane with 0.05 wt% of CNCs in the TFC membrane (TFN-5) showed better FO performance in PW treatment. Pristine TFC and TFN-5 membrane exhibited 96.2% and 99.0% of salt rejection and 90.5% and 97.45% of oil rejection. Further, TFC and TFN-5 demonstrated 0.46 and 1.61 LMHB pure water permeability and 0.41 and 1.42 LHM salt permeability, respectively. Thus, the developed membrane can help in overcoming the current challenges associated with TFC FO membranes for PW treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Saud
- Center for Advanced Material, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Haleema Saleem
- Center for Advanced Material, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Nazmin Munira
- Center for Advanced Material, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Maryam Khan
- Center for Advanced Material, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Ultrafiltration membranes prepared via mixed solvent phase separation with enhanced performance for produced water treatment. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Saud A, Saleem H, Munira N, Shahab AA, Rahman Siddiqui H, Zaidi SJ. Sustainable Preparation of Graphene Quantum Dots for Metal Ion Sensing Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:148. [PMID: 36616057 PMCID: PMC9823882 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been extensively studied in water treatment and sensing applications because of their exceptional structure-related properties, intrinsic inert carbon property, eco-friendly nature, etc. This work reported on the preparation of GQDs from the ethanolic extracts of eucalyptus tree leaves by a hydrothermal treatment technique. Different heat treatment times and temperatures were used during the hydrothermal treatment technique. The optical, morphological, and compositional analyses of the green-synthesized GQDs were carried out. It can be noted that the product yield of GQDs showed the maximum yield at a reaction temperature of 300 °C. Further, it was noted that at a treatment period of 480 min, the greatest product yield of about 44.34% was attained. The quantum yields of prepared GQDs obtained after 480 min of treatment at 300 °C (named as GQD/300) were noted to be 0.069. Moreover, the D/G ratio of GQD/300 was noted to be 0.532 and this suggested that the GQD/300 developed has a nano-crystalline graphite structure. The TEM images demonstrated the development of GQD/300 with sizes between 2.0 to 5.0 nm. Furthermore, it was noted that the GQD/300 can detect Fe3+ in a very selective manner, and hence the developed GQD/300 was successfully used for the metal ion sensing application.
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Saleem H, Goh PS, Saud A, Khan MAW, Munira N, Ismail AF, Zaidi SJ. Graphene Quantum Dot-Added Thin-Film Composite Membrane with Advanced Nanofibrous Support for Forward Osmosis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234154. [PMID: 36500777 PMCID: PMC9735732 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) technology for desalination has been extensively studied due to its immense benefits over conventionally used reverse osmosis. However, there are some challenges in this process such as a high reverse solute flux (RSF), low water flux, and poor chlorine resistance that must be properly addressed. These challenges in the FO process can be resolved through proper membrane design. This study describes the fabrication of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes with polyethersulfone solution blown-spun (SBS) nanofiber support and an incorporated selective layer of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). This is the first study to sustainably develop GQDs from banyan tree leaves for water treatment and to examine the chlorine resistance of a TFC FO membrane with SBS nanofiber support. Successful GQD formation was confirmed with different characterizations. The performance of the GQD-TFC-FO membrane was studied in terms of flux, long-term stability, and chlorine resistance. It was observed that the membrane with 0.05 wt.% of B-GQDs exhibited increased surface smoothness, hydrophilicity, water flux, salt rejection, and chlorine resistance, along with a low RSF and reduced solute flux compared with that of neat TFC membranes. The improvement can be attributed to the presence of GQDs in the polyamide layer and the utilization of SBS nanofibrous support in the TFC membrane. A simulation study was also carried out to validate the experimental data. The developed membrane has great potential in desalination and water treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema Saleem
- UNESCO Chair on Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Asif Saud
- UNESCO Chair on Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Aquib Wakeel Khan
- UNESCO Chair on Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Nazmin Munira
- UNESCO Chair on Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Syed Javaid Zaidi
- UNESCO Chair on Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-7723
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Zhang M, Yang M, Wang J, Huang H. Simulation and experiment of turbulent particle motions in a hydrocyclone membrane filtration cell optimized for low-fouling water filtration. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Manakhov A, Orlov M, Grokhovsky V, AlGhunaimi FI, Ayirala S. Functionalized Nanomembranes and Plasma Technologies for Produced Water Treatment: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091785. [PMID: 35566954 PMCID: PMC9102780 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of produced water, associated with oil & gas production, is envisioned to gain more significant attention in the coming years due to increasing energy demand and growing interests to promote sustainable developments. This review presents innovative practical solutions for oil/water separation, desalination, and purification of polluted water sources using a combination of porous membranes and plasma treatment technologies. Both these technologies can be used to treat produced water separately, but their combination results in a significant synergistic impact. The membranes functionalized by plasma show a remarkable increase in their efficiency characterized by enhanced oil rejection capability and reusability, while plasma treatment of water combined with membranes and/or adsorbents could be used to soften water and achieve high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Manakhov
- Aramco Innovations LLC, Aramco Research Center, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (M.O.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9158-494-059
| | - Maxim Orlov
- Aramco Innovations LLC, Aramco Research Center, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (M.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Vyacheslav Grokhovsky
- Aramco Innovations LLC, Aramco Research Center, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (M.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Fahd I. AlGhunaimi
- EXPEC Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; (F.I.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Subhash Ayirala
- EXPEC Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; (F.I.A.); (S.A.)
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