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Qian L, Zhu Y, Deng C, Liang Z, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian Y, Yang Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family in physiological and pathophysiological process and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:50. [PMID: 38424050 PMCID: PMC10904817 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family (PGC-1s), consisting of three members encompassing PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC), was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. PGC-1s are essential coordinators of many vital cellular events, including mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, and inflammation. Accumulating evidence has shown that PGC-1s are implicated in many diseases, such as cancers, cardiac diseases and cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, kidney diseases, motor system diseases, and metabolic disorders. Examining the upstream modulators and co-activated partners of PGC-1s and identifying critical biological events modulated by downstream effectors of PGC-1s contribute to the presentation of the elaborate network of PGC-1s. Furthermore, discussing the correlation between PGC-1s and diseases as well as summarizing the therapy targeting PGC-1s helps make individualized and precise intervention methods. In this review, we summarize basic knowledge regarding the PGC-1s family as well as the molecular regulatory network, discuss the physio-pathological roles of PGC-1s in human diseases, review the application of PGC-1s, including the diagnostic and prognostic value of PGC-1s and several therapies in pre-clinical studies, and suggest several directions for future investigations. This review presents the immense potential of targeting PGC-1s in the treatment of diseases and hopefully facilitates the promotion of PGC-1s as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qian
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Nair B, Adithya JK, Chandrababu G, Lakshmi PK, Koshy JJ, Manoj SV, Ambiliraj DB, Vinod BS, Sethi G, Nath LR. Modulation of carcinogenesis with selected GRAS nutraceuticals via Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4398-4413. [PMID: 37468211 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Keap1-Nrf2 is a fundamental signaling cascade known to promote or prevent carcinogenesis. Extensive studies identify the key target of modulatory aspects of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling against cancer. Nutraceuticals are those dietary agents with many health benefits that have immense potential for cancer chemoprevention. The nutritional supplements known as nutraceuticals are found to be one of the most promising chemoprevention agents. Upon investigating the dual nature of Nrf2, it became clear that, in addition to shielding normal cells from numerous stresses, Nrf2 may also promote the growth of tumors. In the present review, we performed a systematic analysis of the role of 12 different nutraceuticals like curcumin, sulforaphane, resveratrol, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish oil, lycopene, soybean, kaempferol, allicin, thymoquinone, quercetin, gingerol, and piperine in modulating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling mechanism. Among these, 12 Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) certified nutraceuticals, sulforaphane is the most extensively studied compound in modulating Keap1-Nrf signaling. Even though there is much evidence at preclinical levels, further high-quality research is still required to validate the potential role of these nutraceuticals in Keap1-Nrf2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jayaprakash K Adithya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Gopika Chandrababu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P K Lakshmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Joel Joy Koshy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - D B Ambiliraj
- Department of Chemistry, Sree Narayana College, Chempazhanthy, India
| | | | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Patintingan CG, Louisa M, Juniantito V, Arozal W, Hanifah S, Wanandi SI, Thandavarayan R. Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via Its Mitochondrial Biogenesis Modulatory Activity in Rats. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:307-319. [PMID: 37525636 PMCID: PMC10387274 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s413256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Doxorubicin, an anthracycline class of anticancer, is an effective chemotherapeutic agent with serious adverse effects, mainly cardiotoxicity. Several possible causes of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity are increased oxidative stress, nucleic acid and protein synthesis inhibition, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and mitochondrial biogenesis disruptions. Moringa oleifera (MO), a naturally derived medicine, is known for its antioxidative properties and activity in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction. To determine the potency and possible cardioprotective mechanism of MO leaves aqueous extract via the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway in doxorubicin-induced rats. Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of six. The first group was normal rats; the second group was treated with doxorubicin 4 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally once weekly for four weeks; the third and fourth groups were treated with doxorubicin 4 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally once weekly, and MO leaves extract at 200 mg/kg BW or 400 mg/kg BW orally daily, for four weeks. At the end of the fourth week, blood and cardiac tissues were obtained and analyzed for cardiac biomarkers, mitochondrial DNA copy number, mRNA expressions of peroxisome-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), caspase 3, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and malondialdehyde. Results MO leaves extract was shown to decrease biomarkers of cardiac damage (LDH and CK-MB), malondialdehyde levels, and GPx activity. These changes align with the reduction of mRNA expressions of caspase-3, the increase of mRNA expressions of PGC-1α and Nrf2, and the elevation of mitochondrial DNA copy number. MO leaves extracts did not influence the mRNA expressions of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) or the levels of 8-OH-dG. Conclusion Moringa oleifera leaves extract ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing apoptosis and restoring gene expression of PGC-1α and Nrf2, a key regulator in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melva Louisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vetnizah Juniantito
- Department of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture Institute of Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Wawaimuli Arozal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Silmi Hanifah
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Septelia Inawati Wanandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rajarajan Thandavarayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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Bacon S, Seeneevassen L, Fratacci A, Rose F, Tiffon C, Sifré E, Haykal MM, Moubarak MM, Ducournau A, Bruhl L, Claverol S, Tokarski C, Gouloumi AR, Pateras IS, Daubon T, Lehours P, Varon C, Martin OCB. Nrf2 Downregulation Contributes to Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174316. [PMID: 36077851 PMCID: PMC9455077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastric cancer is mainly linked to Helicobacter pylori infection. It is therefore important to decipher the mechanisms involved in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis, and especially the early events. We have previously demonstrated that the infection leads to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) favoring gastric carcinogenesis. H. pylori infection is also associated with high levels of oxidative stress. In this work, we aimed at investigating the modulation of Nrf2, a major regulator of cellular antioxidant response to oxidative stress, upon infection with H. pylori and to decipher its implication in EMT. We demonstrated that H. pylori-induced Nrf2 downregulation may participate in gastric cells’ EMT, one crucial tumorigenic event in gastric cancer. These results could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies using Nrf2 modulators to reduce gastric carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori infection. Abstract Background: Gastric cancer, the fifth most common cancer worldwide, is mainly linked to Helicobacter pylori infection. H. pylori induces chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa associated with high oxidative stress. Our study aimed at assessing the implication of Nrf2, a major regulator of cellular redox homeostasis, in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis. Methods: Using three different gastric epithelial cell lines, a non-cancerous (HFE-145) and two different subtypes of gastric cancer (AGS and MKN74), we analyzed the modulation of Nrf2 expression over time. After invalidation of Nrf2 by CRISPR-cas9, we assessed its role in H. pylori-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Finally, we evaluated the expression of Nrf2 and ZEB1, a central EMT transcription factor, in human gastric tissues. Results: We first demonstrated that the Nrf2 signaling pathway is differentially regulated depending on the infection stage. Rapidly and transiently activated, Nrf2 was downregulated 24 h post-infection in a VacA-dependent manner. We then demonstrated that Nrf2 invalidation leads to increased EMT, which is even exacerbated after H. pylori infection. Finally, Nrf2 expression tended to decrease in human patients’ gastric mucosa infected with H. pylori. Conclusions: Our work supports the hypothesis that Nrf2 downregulation upon H. pylori infection participates in EMT, one of the most important events in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bacon
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lornella Seeneevassen
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alison Fratacci
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Faustine Rose
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Camille Tiffon
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Sifré
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria M. Haykal
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U981, Biomarqueurs Prédictifs et Nouvelles Stratégies Thérapeutiques en Oncologie, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Maya M. Moubarak
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Astrid Ducournau
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de Référence des Campylobacters et Helicobacters, CHU de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Bruhl
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de Référence des Campylobacters et Helicobacters, CHU de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Caroline Tokarski
- Plateforme Proteome, University Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alina-Roxani Gouloumi
- 2nd Department of Pathology, “Attikon” University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, 104 31 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Pateras
- 2nd Department of Pathology, “Attikon” University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, 104 31 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Daubon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de Référence des Campylobacters et Helicobacters, CHU de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Varon
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (O.C.B.M.)
| | - Océane C. B. Martin
- INSERM U1312 BRIC BoRdeaux Institute of onCology, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (O.C.B.M.)
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Barinda AJ, Arozal W, Yuasa S. A review of pathobiological mechanisms and potential application of medicinal plants for vascular aging: focus on endothelial cell senescence. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2022. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.rev.226064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) senescence plays a pivotal role in aging and is essential for the pathomechanism of aging-related diseases. Drugs targeting cellular senescence, such as senolytic or senomorphic drugs, may prevent aging and age-related diseases, but these bullets remain undeveloped to target EC senescence. Some medicinal plants may have an anti-senescence property but remain undiscovered. Deep learning has become an emerging approach for drug discovery by simply analyzing cellular morphology-based deep learning. This precious tool would be useful for screening the herb candidate in senescent EC rejuvenescence. Of note, several medicinal plants that can be found in Indonesia such as Curcuma longa L., Piper retrofractum, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., and Garcinia mangostana L. might potentially possess an anti-senescence effect. This review highlighted the importance of targeting EC senescence, the use of deep learning for medicinal plant screening, and some potential anti-senescence plants originating from Indonesia.
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Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Toxicity: Potential Roles of Major NAD +-Dependent Enzymes and Plant-Derived Natural Products. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081078. [PMID: 36008971 PMCID: PMC9405866 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is an FDA approved anti-cancer drug that is widely used for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. However, the severe adverse effects of cisplatin, particularly kidney toxicity, restrict its clinical and medication applications. The major mechanisms of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which are covered in this short review. In particular, we review the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin kidney injury in the context of NAD+-dependent redox enzymes including mitochondrial complex I, NAD kinase, CD38, sirtuins, poly-ADP ribosylase polymerase, and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and their potential contributing roles in the amelioration of cisplatin-induced kidney injury conferred by natural products derived from plants. We also cover general procedures used to create animal models of cisplatin-induced kidney injury involving mice and rats. We highlight the fact that more studies will be needed to dissect the role of each NAD+-dependent redox enzyme and its involvement in modulating cisplatin-induced kidney injury, in conjunction with intensive research in NAD+ redox biology and the protective effects of natural products against cisplatin-induced kidney injury.
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Shoorei H, Bahroudi Z, Hussen BM, Talebi SF, Taheri M, Ayatollahi SA. Nrf2-Related Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin in Different Disorders. Biomolecules 2022; 12:82. [PMID: 35053230 PMCID: PMC8773597 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural polyphenol with antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammation effects. This substance has been shown to affect the activity of Nrf2 signaling, a pathway that is activated in response to stress and decreases levels of reactive oxygen species and electrophilic substances. Nrf2-related effects of curcumin have been investigated in different contexts, including gastrointestinal disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, nervous system diseases, renal diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases as well as cancers. In the current review, we discuss the Nrf2-mediated therapeutic effects of curcumin in these conditions. The data reviewed in the current manuscript indicates curcumin as a potential activator of Nrf2 and a therapeutic substance for the protection of cells in several pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 16666-63111, Iran;
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Zahra Bahroudi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran;
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;
| | - Seyedeh Fahimeh Talebi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
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