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Raue KD, David BT, Fessler RG. Spinal Cord-Gut-Immune Axis and its Implications Regarding Therapeutic Development for Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:793-806. [PMID: 36509451 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects ∼1,300,000 people living in the United States. Most research efforts have been focused on reversing paralysis, as this is arguably the most defining feature of SCI. The damage caused by SCI, however, extends past paralysis and includes other debilitating outcomes including immune dysfunction and gut dysbiosis. Recent efforts are now investigating the pathophysiology of and developing therapies for these more distal manifestations of SCI. One exciting avenue is the spinal cord-gut-immune axis, which proposes that gut dysbiosis amplifies lesion inflammation and impairs SCI recovery. This review will highlight the most recent findings regarding gut and immune dysfunction following SCI, and discuss how the central nervous system (CNS), gut, and immune system all coalesce to form a bidirectional axis that can impact SCI recovery. Finally, important considerations regarding how the spinal cord-gut-immune axis fits within the larger framework of therapeutic development (i.e., probiotics, fecal transplants, dietary modifications) will be discussed, emphasizing the lack of interdepartmental investigation and the missed opportunity to maximize therapeutic benefit in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen D Raue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard G Fessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Roolfs L, Hubertus V, Spinnen J, Shopperly LK, Fehlings MG, Vajkoczy P. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Vascular Repair After Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurospine 2022; 19:961-975. [PMID: 36597633 PMCID: PMC9816606 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244624.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the spinal cord vasculature resulting in ischemia, amplification of the secondary injury cascade and exacerbation of neural tissue loss. Restoring functional integrity of the microvasculature to prevent neural loss and to promote neural repair is an important challenge and opportunity in SCI research. Herein, we summarize the course of vascular injury and repair following SCI and give a comprehensive overview of current experimental therapeutic approaches targeting spinal cord microvasculature to diminish ischemia and thereby facilitate neural repair and regeneration. A systematic review of the published literature on therapeutic approaches to promote vascular repair after experimental SCI was performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) standards. The MEDLINE databases PubMed, Embase, and OVID MEDLINE were searched using the keywords "spinal cord injury," "angiogenesis," "angiogenesis inducing agents," "tissue engineering," and "rodent subjects." A total of 111 studies were identified through the search. Five main therapeutic approaches to diminish hypoxia-ischemia and promote vascular repair were identified as (1) the application of angiogenic factors, (2) genetic engineering, (3) physical stimulation, (4) cell transplantation, and (5) biomaterials carrying various factor delivery. There are different therapeutic approaches with the potential to diminish hypoxia-ischemia and promote vascular repair after experimental SCI. Of note, combinatorial approaches using implanted biomaterials and angiogenic factor delivery appear promising for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Roolfs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hubertus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Spinnen
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard K. Shopperly
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Corresponding Author Peter Vajkoczy Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Guo YS, Yuan M, Han Y, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. Therapeutic Potential of Cytokines in Demyelinating Lesions After Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2035-2052. [PMID: 33970426 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a component of most human stroke and usually accounts for at least half of the lesion volume. Subcortical white matter stroke (WMS) accounts for 25% of all strokes and causes severe motor and cognitive dysfunction. The adult brain has a very limited ability to repair white matter damage. Pathological analysis shows that demyelination or myelin loss is the main feature of white matter injury and plays an important role in long-term sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that demyelination is a major therapeutic target for ischemic stroke injury. An acute inflammatory reaction is triggered by brain ischemia, which is accompanied by cytokine production. The production of cytokines is an important factor affecting demyelination and myelin regeneration. Different cytokines have different effects on myelin damage and myelin regeneration. Exploring the role of cytokines in demyelination and remyelination after stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms of demyelination and myelin regeneration after ischemic injury is very important for the development of rehabilitation treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent findings on the effects of cytokines on myelin damage and remyelination as well as the progress of research on the role of cytokines in ischemic stroke prognosis to provide a new treatment approach for amelioration of white matter damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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Shulman I, Ogurcov S, Kostennikov A, Rogozin A, Garanina E, Masgutova G, Sergeev M, Rizvanov A, Mukhamedshina Y. Application of Autologous Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells into the Area of Spinal Cord Injury in a Subacute Period: A Feasibility Study in Pigs. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020087. [PMID: 33498942 PMCID: PMC7911660 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Spinal cord injury is a medical and social issue causing severe disability. The potential to overcome the consequences of spinal cord injury is related to cell therapy. Peripheral blood is a prospective and available source of cells for further clinical use. In our study, we have evaluated the therapeutic potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on the model of spinal cord injury in pigs. In the subacute period (6 weeks after injury), PBMCs enclosed in fibrin glue were applied into the dorsal area of the injured spinal cord. In this study, we observed that the tissue integrity increased in the area adjacent to the epicenter of injury, and conduction along spinal axons was partially restored after cell therapy in pigs. Abstract Peripheral blood presents an available source of cells for both fundamental research and clinical use. In our study, we have evaluated the therapeutic potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) excluding the preliminary sorting or mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells. We have evaluated the regenerative potential of PBMCs embedded into a fibrin matrix (FM) in a model of pig spinal cord injury. The distribution of transplanted PBMCs in the injured spinal cord was evaluated; PBMCs were shown to penetrate into the deep layers of the spinal cord and concentrate mainly in the grey matter. The results of the current study revealed an increase in the tissue integrity in the area adjacent to the epicenter of injury and the partially restored conduction along posterior columns of the spinal cord in animals after FM+PBMC application. The multiplex analysis of blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid showed the cytokine imbalance to occur without significantly shifting toward pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya Shulman
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Republic Clinical Hospital, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergei Ogurcov
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Republic Clinical Hospital, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander Kostennikov
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexander Rogozin
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Kazan State Medical Academy–Branch Campus of the Federal State Budgetary Edicational Institution of Father Professional Education «Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education», 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Galina Masgutova
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Mikhail Sergeev
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Obstetrics and Small Animal Pathology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Yana Mukhamedshina
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.S.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (A.R.); (E.G.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(927)-430-7511; Fax: +7-(843)-292-4448
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Progress in Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:2853650. [PMID: 33204276 PMCID: PMC7661146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2853650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the serious neurological diseases that occur in young people with high morbidity and disability. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments for it. Stem cell (SC) treatment of SCI has gradually become a new research hotspot over the past decades. This article is aimed at reviewing the research progress of SC therapy for SCI. Methods Review the literature and summarize the effects, strategies, related mechanisms, safety, and clinical application of different SC types and new approaches in combination with SC in SCI treatment. Results A large number of studies have focused on SC therapy for SCI, most of which showed good effects. The common SC types for SCI treatment include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The modes of treatment include in vivo and in vitro induction. The pathways of transplantation consist of intravenous, transarterial, nasal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intramedullary injections. Most of the SC treatments for SCI use a number of cells ranging from tens of thousands to millions. Early or late SC administration, application of immunosuppressant or not are still controversies. Potential mechanisms of SC therapy include tissue repair and replacement, neurotrophy, and regeneration and promotion of angiogenesis, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory. Common safety issues include thrombosis and embolism, tumorigenicity and instability, infection, high fever, and even death. Recently, some new approaches, such as the pharmacological activation of endogenous SCs, biomaterials, 3D print, and optogenetics, have been also developed, which greatly improved the application of SC therapy for SCI. Conclusion Most studies support the effects of SC therapy on SCI, while a few studies do not. The cell types, mechanisms, and strategies of SC therapy for SCI are very different among studies. In addition, the safety cannot be ignored, and more clinical trials are required. The application of new technology will promote SC therapy of SCI.
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Ren H, Chen X, Tian M, Zhou J, Ouyang H, Zhang Z. Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokines for Spinal Cord Injury Repair Through Local Delivery of Therapeutic Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800529. [PMID: 30479916 PMCID: PMC6247077 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The balance of inflammation is critical to the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI), which is one of the most devastating traumas in human beings. Inflammatory cytokines, the direct mediators of local inflammation, have differential influences on the repair of the injured spinal cord. Some inflammatory cytokines are demonstrated beneficial to spinal cord repair in SCI models, while some detrimental. Various animal researches have revealed that local delivery of therapeutic agents efficiently regulates inflammatory cytokines and promotes repair from SCI. Quite a few clinical studies have also shown the promotion of repair from SCI through regulation of inflammatory cytokines. However, local delivery of a single agent affects only a part of the inflammatory cytokines that need to be regulated. Meanwhile, different individuals have differential profiles of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, future studies may aim to develop personalized strategies of locally delivered therapeutic agent cocktails for effective and precise regulation of inflammation, and substantial functional recovery from SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityNo. 63 Duobao RoadGuangzhou510150P. R. China
| | - Xuri Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Mengya Tian
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Translational Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing TechnologiesGuangzhou Medical UniversityNo. 63 Duobao RoadGuangzhou510150P. R. China
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Xiong LL, Liu F, Deng SK, Liu J, Dan QQ, Zhang P, Zou Y, Xia QJ, Wang TH. Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Promotes Functional Improvement Associated with NT-3-MEK-1 Activation in Spinal Cord-Transected Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:213. [PMID: 28769769 PMCID: PMC5515877 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transected spinal cord injury (SCT) is a devastating clinical disease that strongly affects a patient’s daily life and remains a great challenge for clinicians. Stem-cell therapy has been proposed as a potential therapeutic modality for SCT. To investigate the effects of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) on the recovery of structure and function in SCT rats and to explore the mechanisms associated with recovery, 57 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham (n = 15), SCT (n = 24), and HSC transplantation groups (n = 15). HSCs (passage 3) labeled by Hoechst 33342, were transplanted intraspinally into the rostral, scar and caudal sites of the transected lesion at 14 days post-operation. Both in vitro and in vivo, HSCs exhibited a capacity for cell proliferation and differentiation. Following HSC transplantation, the animals’ Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB). locomotion scale scores increased significantly between weeks 4 and 24 post-SCT, which corresponded to an increased number of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) fibers and oligodendrocytes. The amount of astrogliosis indicated by immunohistochemical staining, was markedly decreased. Moreover, the decreased expression of neurotrophin- 3 (NT-3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK-1) after SCT was effectively restored by HSC transplantation. The data from the current study indicate that intraspinally administered HSCs in the chronic phase of SCT results in an improvement in neurological function. Further, the results indicate that intraspinally administered HSCs benefit the underlying mechanisms involved in the enhancement of 5-HT-positive fibers and oligogenesis, the suppression of excessive astrogliosis and the upregulation of NT3-regulated MEK-1 activation in the spinal cord. These crucial findings reveal not only the mechanism of cell therapy, but may also contribute to a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Lin Xiong
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shi-Kang Deng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, China
| | - Qi-Qin Dan
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Piao Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xia
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, China
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Jia H, Wang Y, Wang T, Dong Y, Li WL, Li JP, Ma WZ, Tong XJ, He ZY. Synergistic effects of G-CSF and bone marrow stromal cells on nerve regeneration with acellular nerve xenografts. Synapse 2017; 71. [PMID: 28316120 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve defects result in severe denervation presenting sensory and motor functional incapacitation. Currently, a satisfactory therapeutic treatment promoting the repair of injured nerves is not available. As shown in our previous study, acellular nerve xenografts (ANX) implanted with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) replaced allografts and promoted nerve regeneration. Additionally, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been proven to mobilize supplemental cells and enhance vascularization in the niche. Thus, the study aimed to explore whether the combination of G-CSF and BMSC-laden ANX exhibited a synergistic effect. Adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: ANX group, ANX combined with G-CSF group, BMSCs-laden ANX group, BMSCs-laden ANX combined with G-CSF group and autograft group. Electrophysiological parameters and weight ratios of tibialis anterior muscles were detected at 8 weeks post-transplantation. The morphology of the regenerated nerves was assayed, and growth-promoting factors present in the nerve grafts following G-CSF administration or BMSCs seeding were also investigated. Nerve regeneration and functional rehabilitation induced by the combination therapy were significantly advanced, and the rehabilitation efficacy was comparable with autografting. Moreover, the expression of Schwann cell markers, neurotrophic factors and neovessel markers in the nerve grafts was substantially increased. In conclusion, G-CSF administration and BMSCs transplantation synergistically promoted the regeneration of ANX-bridged nerves, which offers a superior strategy to replace autografts in repairing peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jia
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, 157011, China
| | - Tao Wang
- The Second Orthopedics Division, Armed Police Corps Hospital in Ningxia, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Wei-Li Li
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jun-Ping Li
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetic of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhong-Yi He
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
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