Association between Green Tea Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Middle-Aged and Older Korean Men: The Health Examinees (HEXA) Study

Association of milk and dairy product consumption with the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults: a 16-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Unhealthy dietary behaviors constitute one of risk the factors for chronic and cardiovascular diseases, which are prevalent in middle-aged and older populations. Milk and dairy products are high-quality foods and important sources of calcium. Calcium protects against osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this study investigated the association of milk and dairy product consumption with cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Data were derived from the Ansan-Anseong cohort study, and a total of 8,009 individuals aged 40-69 years were selected and followed up biennially. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association of milk and dairy product consumption with cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up period of 96.5 person-months, 552 new cases of cardio-cerebrovascular disease were documented. Milk consumers (< 1 serving/day) exhibited a 23% lower risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence than non-milk consumers (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.97; P for trend = 0.842). High yogurt consumption was associated with a 29% lower incidence risk (≥ 0.5 servings/day vs. none: HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53-0.96; P for trend = 0.049), whereas high ice cream consumption was associated with a 70% higher risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence (≥ 0.5 servings/day vs. none: HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.01-2.88; P for trend = 0.070).

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that less than one serving of milk and high yogurt consumption are associated with a lower cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk in the middle-aged and older populations.

Green tea consumption and the risk of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

OBJECTIVES

Epidemiologic studies are inconsistent regarding the association between green tea consumption and the risk of stroke. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether an association exists between them in cohort studies.

METHODS

We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for studies conducted from 1966 through September 2022. Prospective cohort studies that provided relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence interval (CI)s for the association were included. Study-specific risk estimates were combined by using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

A total of five studies, with 11 421 stroke cases among 645 393 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The summary RR indicated a significant association between highest green tea consumption and reduced risk of stroke (summary RR: 0.74; 95% CI, 0.66-0.83). In the dose-response analysis, we observed a nonlinear association between green tea consumption and the risk of stroke (P for nonlinearity = 0.0000). Compared with non-consumers, the RRs (95% CI) of stroke across levels of green tea consumption were 0.91 (0.89-0.94) for 150 mL/d, 0.84 (0.80-0.89) for 300 mL/d, 0.79 (0.74-0.84) for 500 mL/d, 0.77 (0.72-0.82) for 900 mL/d, and 0.84 (0.77-0.91) for 1500 mL/d.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggests that green tea consumption is inversely associated with the risk of stroke, especially among those with moderate consumption. Our results support recommendations for green tea consumption to the primary prevention of stroke.