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Giri S, Angadi S, Varghese J, Sundaram S, Bhrugumalla S. Prothrombotic states in portal vein thrombosis and Budd-Chiari syndrome in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2023; 42:629-641. [PMID: 37610562 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) have been linked to various prothrombotic (PT) conditions. The PT profile in Asians is different from the west and there are no nationwide epidemiological surveys from India. Hence, the present meta-analysis was aimed at analyzing the prevalence of acquired and hereditary thrombophilia among Indian patients with non-cirrhotic PVT and BCS. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of Embase, Medline and Scopus was conducted from January 2000 to February 2022 for studies evaluating the prevalence of various PT conditions in Indian patients with PVT and BCS. Pooled prevalence rates across studies were expressed with summative statistics. RESULTS Thirty-five studies with 1005 PVT patients and 1391 BCS patients were included in the meta-analysis. At least one PT condition was seen in 46.2% (28.7-63.7) of the PVT patients and 44.9% (37.3-60.7) of the BCS patients. Multiple PT conditions were seen in 13.0% (4.2-21.8) of the PVT patients and 7.9% (3.5-12.4) of the BCS patients. Among PVT patients, hyperhomocysteinemia was the commonest prothrombotic condition (21.6%) followed by protein C (PC) deficiency (10.7%), Janus kinase 2 (JAK-2) mutation (8.5%) and antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) (7.5%). Among patients with BCS, PC deficiency was the commonest prothrombotic condition (10.6%) followed by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation (9.8%), APLA (9.7%) and JAK-2 mutation (9.1%). CONCLUSION The PT profile in Indian patients with abdominal vein thrombosis is different from that of the western data with a lower prevalence of PT conditions in patients with BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Giri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, 4th Floor, Specialty Block, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
| | - Sumaswi Angadi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, 4th Floor, Specialty Block, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
| | - Jijo Varghese
- Department of Gastroenterology, K M Cherian Institute of Medical Sciences, Kallissery, 689 124, India
| | - Sridhar Sundaram
- Department of Digestive Disease and Clinical Nutrition, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Sukanya Bhrugumalla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, 4th Floor, Specialty Block, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, 500 082, India.
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Jacob SE, Shankar R, John A, Eapen CE, Yadav B, Rathore S. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in extra hepatic portal vein obstruction: Our experience. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:2608-2613. [PMID: 34568143 PMCID: PMC8415649 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1486_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Women with Extra hepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) are mostly young and belong to Asian countries. In the Indian subcontinent, 20–30% variceal bleeds are caused by EHPVO. Hence pregnancy is a concern in such patients. The objective of this study is to observe the maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with EHPVO. Materials and Method: Extra hepatic portal vein obstruction was studied retrospectively in 28 pregnancies in 20 women from Jan 2011 to July 2018 at a tertiary hospital in South India and the pregnancy outcomes were observed during this period. Institutional Review Board approval obtained. Results: The mean age of the women was 24.3 years and the mean age of diagnosis was 18.5 years. Splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and anaemia were seen in 22 (78.5%), 17 (60.7%) and 8 (28.5%) of pregnancies, respectively. Rate of abortions and preterm deliveries were 2 (7.1%, n =28) and 10 (35.7%, n =28). There was one stillbirth (3.6%) in the study group. EHPVO was diagnosed in 25 (89.3%) women prenatally in our series. During pregnancy only one woman had variceal bleed, which was managed conservatively. Blood and blood product transfusion was required in 7(25%) of women and there was no maternal mortality. Conclusion: Pregnancies in EHPVO have good maternal and neonatal outcomes, provided they are taken care of by a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary care centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Elizabeth Jacob
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Surgery, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anoop John
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C E Eapen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bijesh Yadav
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swati Rathore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Manatsathit W, Patel K, Enke T, Sayles H, Jophlin LL, Merani S. Increased Morbidity and Mortality of Patients with Non-cirrhotic Portal Vein Thrombosis After Abdominal and Pelvic Surgeries: a Study of the National Inpatient Sample 2002 to 2015. J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 25:2026-34. [PMID: 33037558 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-020-04818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher rate of postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with portal hypertension from cirrhosis is well recognized; however, the rate of postoperative morbidity and mortality among patients with portal hypertension from non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (NCPVT) is largely unknown. METHOD All adults undergoing abdominal and pelvic surgery were identified from the National Inpatient Sample database from 2002 to 2015. Patients were then categorized into three groups: non-cirrhotic non-portal vein thrombosis (NCNPVT), NCPVT, and cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (CPVT). Inpatient mortality, type of disposition, transfusions, length of stay, postoperative complications, and total charges were compared. Logistic regression and ordinary least squares regression analyses were performed for factors associated with inpatient mortality, transfusions, surgery-related complications, and log length of stay. RESULTS Patients with NCPVT had significantly higher inpatient mortality rates, surgery-related complications, and longer length of stays compared with patients with NCNPVT (2.64% vs. 0.34%, 10.26% vs. 3.26%, 8 vs. 2 days) but less than patients with CPVT (2.64% vs. 6.31%, 10.26% vs. 17.48%, 8 vs. 11 days). In multiple logistic regression analyses, NCPVT groups remained associated with increased inpatient mortality rate, transfusions, and postoperative complications with odds ratios of 3.71 (1.88, 7.32), 3.43 (2.54, 4.62), and 3.08 (2.16, 4.39), respectively. NCPVT was also associated with 2.4 times increased length of stay. DISCUSSION Patients with NCPVT had significantly higher risks of postoperative morbidity and mortality than patients with NCNPVT but less than patients with CPVT. Future studies with detail regarding the characteristics of PVTs are needed to confirm the findings in this study.
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Simonetto DA, Liu M, Kamath PS. Portal Hypertension and Related Complications: Diagnosis and Management. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:714-726. [PMID: 30947834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Portal hypertension is a major complication of cirrhosis, and its consequences, including ascites, esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome, lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. The past several decades have seen major improvements in the clinical management of complications of portal hypertension, resulting in substantial gains in patient outcomes. However, important challenges remain. This review focuses on the pathophysiology and diagnosis of portal hypertension and discusses general approaches in the management of patients with ascites as a result of portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengfei Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Patrick S Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Tang H, Zhang L, Zhao W, Chen R, Xie M. A case of IgA nephropathy with deep venous thrombosis in the mesentery and lower extremities. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 8:1123-1128. [PMID: 30701167 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.11.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Imaging, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Rongquan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Imaging, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214002, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrahepatic portal-vein obstruction (EHPVO) is a common cause of portal hypertension in developing countries. The main risk in pregnant women with this condition is variceal bleeding, which may be life-threatening. The objective of our study was to assess the outcome of pregnancy in women with EHPVO. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of 21 pregnancies in 12 women with EHPVO was carried out at a tertiary hospital in India. RESULTS The mean age of pregnant women with EHPVO was 25.3 years, and the mean duration of disease since diagnosis was 6.1 ± 1.2 years. All the patients had chronic EHPVO, and two patients were diagnosed in the index pregnancy. The incidence of abortion, preterm deliveries, and small for gestational age fetus was 23.8%, 18.7%, and 12.5%, respectively. Thrombocytopenia was found to complicate 61.9% of the pregnancies, while anemia was detected in 40% of the pregnancies. Variceal bleeding occurred in one woman, who was diagnosed during pregnancy and was managed successfully with endoscopic sclerotherapy. None of the patients who were diagnosed prenatally had variceal bleeding during pregnancy. The outcome in nine pregnancies, in which prenatal endoscopic variceal ligation was done, was compared with eight pregnancies, in which endoscopic sclerotherapy was done. No significant difference between the two groups in terms of pregnancy outcome and complications was found. There were no stillbirths or maternal mortality. CONCLUSION Women with EHPVO who have been diagnosed and treated prenatally have a good pregnancy outcome. They should be managed in a tertiary care center with a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Subbaiah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sunesh Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kallol Kumar Roy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jai Bhagwan Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeta Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Multidetector-row CT (MDCT) imaging of the pancreas has important roles in diagnosis, staging, and treatment monitoring of a vast array of pancreatic diseases. Optimizing MDCT protocols not only requires an understanding of expected pathologies but also must take into account cumulative radiation dose considerations.
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Aggarwal N, Chopra S, Raveendran A, Suri V, Dhiman RK, Chawla YK. Extra hepatic portal vein obstruction and pregnancy outcome: largest reported experience. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:575-80. [PMID: 21375674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evaluate pregnancy outcome in women with extra hepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO). MATERIAL & METHODS A total of 26 pregnancies in 14 women with EHPVO were evaluated for maternal and perinatal outcomes in a tertiary centre of Northern India. Fourteen pregnancies were evaluated prospectively while the details of 12 previous pregnancies in the same women were studied retrospectively. RESULTS Mean age of pregnant women with EHPVO was 24.5 years and approximately one-third were primigravidae. Only one patient was diagnosed as EHPVO in the index pregnancy. The presenting event was hematemesis in 71% of the patients; others presented with thrombosis, pain abdomen and jaundice or incidental splenomegaly. The incidence of abortion, preterm deliveries and still births was 20%, 15.4% and 7.7%, respectively. Underlying hypercoagulable and prothrombotic state was diagnosed in around one-fifth of the patients. Half of these women required platelet transfusion in the intrapartum period due to hypersplenism resulting in thrombocytopenia. Anemia was seen in 40% of the patients; however, no other major complications were seen as a result of EHPVO. The vaginal delivery rate and obstetrical outcome were similar as in general population. CONCLUSION Pregnancy outcome is expected to be successful in women with EHPVO if disease is adequately controlled prior to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Aggarwal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
A patient with a pancreatic pseudocyst rupture into the portal vein with a resultant noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome and subsequent portal vein thrombosis diagnosed by computed tomography and ultrasonography is reported. A review of the existing English literature on this rare complication is also provided.
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Sharma P, Sharma BC, Puri V, Sarin SK. Natural history of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:885-90. [PMID: 19293781 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) leads to deterioration in patient quality of life and could be a marker for future episodes of clinical hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in liver cirrhosis. Whether MHE predicts HE in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is not known. We studied the incidence of overt HE in EHPVO patients with MHE. METHODS Consecutive patients (from October 2006 to July 2007) with a diagnosis of EHPVO were followed up at 3-month intervals. MHE was diagnosed by abnormal psychometry (>2 s.d.) and/or P300 auditory event-related potential (P300 ERP) (>2.5 s.d.), and HE was diagnosed as per West-Heaven criteria. Critical flicker frequency (CFF) was also measured at baseline and after 1 year. RESULTS Thirty-two EHPVO patients (age, 23.2+/-10.8 years; M/F 22:10) were followed up for 1 year. Of 32 patients, P300 ERP was prolonged in 8 (25%) (371.8+/-13.9 ms), 9 (28%) had abnormal psychometric tests, and CFF was <38 Hz in 8 (25%) patients after a follow-up of 13.5+/-2.4 months. Of 12 patients who had MHE at baseline, 9 (75%) patients continued to have MHE, and in 3 (25%) patients it disappeared. One (5%) of the remaining 20 patients developed MHE during the follow-up. Venous ammonia level was higher in patients with MHE (79.7+/-17.0 micromol/l; range 33-124) compared with patients without MHE (46.6+/-19.8 micromol/l; range 24-78, P<0.001) on follow-up. Similarly, patients who had spontaneous shunts (n=10) had significantly higher venous ammonia levels (82.4+/-20.3 vs. 47.1+/-16.7 micromol/l; P=0.001) than those who had no shunt (n=22). Neither patients who had MHE nor those who did not have MHE at baseline developed HE. CONCLUSIONS Seventy-five percent of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction patients with MHE continued to have MHE, and new-onset MHE developed in 5% over 1 year. In this small sample, patients with EHPVO and MHE did not progress to overt encephalopathy within the relatively short time frame studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is associated with poor quality of life and increased work disability in cirrhotic patients. Its prevalence in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is not known. We studied the prevalence of MHE in EHPVO patients and utility of critical flicker frequency (CFF) for diagnosing MHE. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-four EHPVO patients with a history of variceal bleed (age 23.2 +/- 11.2 yr, M:F 22:12) diagnosed by either Doppler US or MR angiography, which demonstrated portal vein obstruction and/or portal vein cavernoma, were evaluated by psychometry (number connection tests A, B or figure connection tests A, B) and P300 auditory event-related potential (P300ERP). CFF was also evaluated. MHE was diagnosed by abnormal psychometry (>2 standard deviation [SD]) and/or P300ERP (>2.5 SD). RESULTS Prevalence of MHE (N = 12) was 35.3%. Of 34 patients, P300ERP was abnormal (380.0 +/- 28.9 msec) in 11 (32%), psychometry in 9 (26.4%), both P300ERP and psychometry in 8 (23.5%), and CFF <38 Hz in 7 (21%) patients. Six (67%) patients with abnormal psychometry and 7 (64%) with abnormal P300ERP had CFF below 38 Hz. CFF had sensitivity (75%), specificity (96%), positive predictive value (86%), negative predictive value (93%), and diagnosis accuracy of 91% when compared to patients with both abnormal psychometry and P300ERP. The venous ammonia level was higher in patients with MHE (83.1 +/- 29.7 vs 44.7 +/- 16.1 micromol/L, P < 0.001) compared to patients without MHE. Spontaneous shunts were present in 67% of patients with MHE compared to 14% of non-MHE patients. MHE was more common in patients with spontaneous shunts (72.7%vs 17.4%, P= 0.001) than without spontaneous shunts. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of MHE in EHPVO patients is 35.3%, and CFF alone can reliably diagnose 88% of MHE patients with both abnormal psychometry and P300ERP. However, in view of the relatively low number of patients with MHE, the usefulness of CFF in this setting awaits confirmatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
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