H pylori are associated with chronic cholecystitis

Gallbladder Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

Gallbladder disorders encompass a wide breadth of diseases that vary in severity. We present a comprehensive review of literature for the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and management of cholelithiasis-related disease, acute acalculous cholecystitis, functional gallbladder disorder, gallbladder polyps, gallbladder hydrops, porcelain gallbladder, and gallbladder cancer.

Deep-amplicon sequencing (DAS) analysis to determine the presence of pathogenic Helicobacter species in wastewater reused for irrigation

Wastewater has become one of the most important and least expensive water for the agriculture sector, as well as an alternative to the overexploitation of water resources. However, inappropriate treatment before its reuse can result in a negative impact on the environment, such as the presence of pathogens. This poses an increased risk for environmental safety, which can subsequently lead to an increased risk for human health. Among all the emerging wastewater pathogens, bacteria of the genus Helicobacter are some of the most disturbing ones, since they are directly related to gastric illness and hepatobiliary and gastric cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of potentially pathogenic Helicobacter spp. in treated wastewater intended for irrigation. We used a next generation sequencing approach, based on Illumina sequencing in combination with culture and other molecular techniques (qPCR, FISH and DVC-FISH), to analyze 16 wastewater samples, with and without an enrichment step. By culture, one of the direct samples was positive for H. pylori. FISH and DVC-FISH techniques allowed for detecting viable Helicobacter spp., including H. pylori, in seven out of eight samples of wastewater from the tertiary effluents, while qPCR analysis yielded only three positive results. When wastewater microbiome was analyzed, Helicobacter genus was detected in 7 samples. The different molecular techniques used in the present study provided evidence, for the first time, of the presence of species belonging to the genus Helicobacter such as H. pylori, H. hepaticus, H. pullorum and H. suis in wastewater samples, even after disinfection treatment.

Helicobacter pullorum: An Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen

Helicobacter pullorum (H.pullorum) commonly colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of poultry causing gastroenteritis. The bacterium may be transmitted to humans through contaminated meat where it has been associated with colitis and hepatitis. Despite the high prevalence of H. pullorum observed in poultry, little is known about the mechanisms by which this bacterium establishes infection in host and its virulence determinants. In this article we aim to provide an overview of this emerging zoonotic pathogen; its general characteristics, hosts, prevalence, and transmission as well as its pathogenic potential. We also discuss possible control strategies and risk of disease emergence.

Helicobacter pylori in Cholecystectomy Specimens-Morphological and Immunohistochemical Assessment

INTRODUCTION

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma and gastric lymphoma. Current literature describes presence of H.pylori in various extra-gastric locations and its association with many diseases. Apart from the conventional location of gastric and duodenal mucosa, H.pylori have been isolated and cultured from gallbladder.

AIM

Analysis of cholecystectomy specimens to detect H.pylori by means of immunohistochemical staining.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

There were a total of 118 cholecystectomy specimens received in the Department of Pathology in three months duration. We have performed immunostaining for H.pylori in 45 consecutive cases of cholecystectomy specimen. Clinical and other investigational information were retrieved from the medical records department. For each case, routine Haematoxylin and Eosin stain was studied. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done using purified polyclonal Helicobacter pylori antiserum.

RESULTS

Majority of the patients had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the presenting complaint of right hypochondrial pain. Multiple pigmented stones were present in majority (27/45) of them. Immunostain for H.pylori was positive in ten cases. Six of these cases had pigmented gall stones, two had stones not specified and in two of the cases there were no stones.

CONCLUSION

Helicobacter pylori is present in gall bladder and is commonly seen in association with stones. A more detailed study of cholecystectomy cases (both neoplastic and non-neoplastic) with serological, culture and molecular data of H.pylori is desirable to study the pathogenesis of cholecystitis, its association with gall stones and other gall bladder disorders.

A comparative study of clinicopathological features between chronic cholecystitis patients with and without Helicobacter pylori infection in gallbladder mucosa

Background

Helicobacter pylori has been isolated from 10%–20% of human chronic cholecystitis specimens but the characteristics of “Helicobacter pylori positive cholecystitis” remains unclear. This study aims to compare the clinicopathological features between chronic cholecystitis patients with and without Helicobacter pylori infection in gallbladder mucosa.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty-six chronic cholecystitis patients were divided into two groups according to whether Helicobacter pylori could be detected by culture, staining or PCR for Helicobacter 16s rRNA gene in gallbladder mucosa. Positive samples were sequenced for Helicobacter pylori-specific identification. Clinical parameters as well as pathological characteristics including some premalignant lesions and the expression levels of iNOS and ROS in gallbladder were compared between the two groups.

Results

Helicobacter pylori infection in gallbladder mucosa was detected in 20.55% of cholecystitis patients. These patients had a higher prevalence of acid regurgitation symptoms (p = 0.001), more histories of chronic gastritis (p = 0.005), gastric ulcer (p = 0.042), duodenal ulcer (p = 0.026) and higher presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach as compared to patients without Helicobacter pylori infection in the gallbladder mucosa. Helicobacter pylori 16s rRNA in gallbladder and gastric-duodenal mucosa from the same individual patient had identical sequences. Also, higher incidences of adenomyomatosis (p = 0.012), metaplasia (p = 0.022) and higher enhanced expressions of iNOS and ROS were detected in Helicobacter pylori infected gallbladder mucosa (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Helicobacter pylori infection in gallbladder mucosa is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori existed in stomach. Helicobacter pylori is also correlated with gallbladder premalignant lesions including metaplasia and adenomyomatosis. The potential mechanism might be related with higher ROS/RNS production but needs further investigation.

Infectious diseases and the gallbladder

Infections of the gastrointestinal tract can often involve the gallbladder. Infection probably plays a role in the formation of gallstones but is more commonly thought to contribute to acute illness in patients. Acute calculous cholecystitis caused by an impacted gallstone is often complicated by secondary bacterial infection and is a major cause of morbidity and even mortality in patients. A wide variety of organisms can be associated with acute acalculous cholecystitis, a less common but potentially more severe form of acute cholecystitis. This review focuses on infections and their role in the above-mentioned processes involving the gallbladder.

A case of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder associated with anomalous union of the pancreaticobiliary duct

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder is extremely rare because normal gallbladder mucosa does not contain neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine cells can be detected at sites of intestinal metaplasia induced by chronic inflammation, which may be the initial step in the development of neuroendocrine tumor of the gallbladder. Anomalous union of the pancreaticobiliary duct (AUPBD) is an uncommon congenital anomaly that is frequently associated with choledocholithiasis, cholangitis, pancreatitis, and cancer of the gallbladder or bile duct. In AUPBD, cancers of the gallbladder and bile duct can be induced by chronic inflammation. We report herein a case of large-cell neuroendocrine tumor of the gallbladder associated with AUPBD.

Cross-sectional imaging of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory disease

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the clinical and cross-sectional imaging features of a variety of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory diseases.

CONCLUSION

Inflammatory gallbladder diseases are a common source of abdominal pain and cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Although acute uncomplicated cholecystitis and chronic cholecystitis are frequently encountered, numerous other gallbladder inflammatory conditions may also occur that can be readily diagnosed by cross-sectional imaging.