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Mowday AM, van de Laak JM, Fu Z, Henare KL, Dubois L, Lambin P, Theys J, Patterson AV. Tumor-targeting bacteria as immune stimulants - the future of cancer immunotherapy? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38346140 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2311653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have been widely hailed as a breakthrough for cancer treatment in the last decade, epitomized by the unprecedented results observed with checkpoint blockade. Even so, only a minority of patients currently achieve durable remissions. In general, responsive patients appear to have either a high number of tumor neoantigens, a preexisting immune cell infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment, or an 'immune-active' transcriptional profile, determined in part by the presence of a type I interferon gene signature. These observations suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy can be enhanced through strategies that release tumor neoantigens and/or produce a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. In principle, exogenous tumor-targeting bacteria offer a unique solution for improving responsiveness to immunotherapy. This review discusses how tumor-selective bacterial infection can modulate the immunological microenvironment of the tumor and the potential for combination with cancer immunotherapy strategies to further increase therapeutic efficacy. In addition, we provide a perspective on the clinical translation of replicating bacterial therapies, with a focus on the challenges that must be resolved to ensure a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Mowday
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jella M van de Laak
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zhe Fu
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kimiora L Henare
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam V Patterson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang N, Shen Y, Chen Q, Han L, Hu B. Photothermal Nanoheaters-Modified Spores for Safe and Controllable Antitumor Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6399-6412. [PMID: 36545219 PMCID: PMC9762999 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s385269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To present a safer tumor therapy based on bacteria and identify in detail how the activation and infection behavior of spores can be controlled remotely by near-infrared light (NIR-irradiation) based on nanoheaters' modification. Methods Spores bring a better tolerance to surface modification. Transitive gold-nanorods-allied-nanoclusters-modified spores (Spore@NRs/NCs) were constructed by covalent glutaraldehyde crosslink. The photothermal properties of nanoheaters before and after attachment to spores were studied by recording temperature-irradiation time curves. The controlled viability and infection behavior of Spore@NRs/NCs were investigated by NIR-irradiation. Results In this work, a controllable sterilizing effect to activated vegetative bacteria was obtained obviously. When met with a suitable growth-environment, Spore@NRs/NCs could germinate, activate into vegetative bacteria and continue to reproduce. Without NIR-irradiation, nanoheaters could not affect the activity of both spores and vegetative bacterial cells. However, with NIR-irradiation after incubating in growth medium, nanoheaters on spores could control the spores' germination and affect the growth curve as well as the viability of the vegetative bacterial cells. For Spore@NRs/NCs (Spore:NCs:NRs=1:1:4, 67.5 μg mL-1), a ~98% killing rate of vegetative bacterial cells was obtained with NIR-irradiation (2.8 W cm-2, 20 min) after 2 h-incubation. In addition, these nanoheaters modified on spores could be taken not only to the vegetative bacteria cells, but also to the first-generation bacteria cells with their excellent photothermal and bactericidal performance, as well as synergetic anticancer effect. NIR-irradiation after 2 h-incubation could also trigger Spore@NRs/NCs (1:1:4, 6 μL) to synergistically reduce the viability of HCT116 cells to 15.63±2.90%. Conclusion By using NIR-irradiation, the "transitive" nanoheaters can remotely control the activity of both bacteria (germinated from spore) and cancer cells. This discovery provides basis and a feasible plan for controllable safer treatment of bacteria therapy, especially anaerobes with spores in hypoxic areas of the malignant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yetong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Bo Hu, Email ;
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Li S, Yue H, Wang S, Li X, Wang X, Guo P, Ma G, Wei W. Advances of bacteria-based delivery systems for modulating tumor microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114444. [PMID: 35817215 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The components and hospitable properties of tumor microenvironment (TME) are associated with tumor progression. Recently, TME modulating vectors and strategies have garnished significant attention in cancer therapy. Although a pilot work has reviewed TME regulation via nanoparticle-based delivery systems, there is no systematical review that summarizes the natural bacteria-based anti-tumor system to modulate TME. In this review, we conclude the strategies of bacterial carriers (including whole bacteria, bacterial skeleton and bacterial components) to regulate TME from the perspective of TME components and hospitable properties, and the clinical trials of bacteria-mediated cancer therapy. Current challenges and future prospects for the design of bacteria-based carriers are also proposed that provide critical insights into this natural delivery system and related translation from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Peilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Abedi Jafari F, Abdoli A, Pilehchian R, Soleimani N, Hosseini SM. The oncolytic activity of Clostridium novyi nontoxic spores in breast cancer. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2021; 12:405-414. [PMID: 36381634 PMCID: PMC9596882 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Hypoxia context is highly specific for tumors and represents a unique niche which is not found elsewhere in the body. Clostridium novyi is an obligate anaerobic bacterium. It has a potential to treat tumors. The aim of this study was to produce the C. novyi nontoxic spores and to investigate its oncolytic effect on breast cancer in mice model. Methods: Primarily, the lethal toxin gene in C. novyi type B was removed. Colonies were isolated using PCR testing. To assure the removal of alpha-toxin, plasmid extraction and in vivo assay were conducted. Next, to treat breast cancer model in different sizes of tumors, a single dose of spores of C. novyi nontoxic was tested. Results: The results denoted that C. novyi nontoxic lost lethal toxin and a--ppeared to be safe. For smaller than 1000 mm3 tumors, a single dose of C. novyi nontoxic was able to cure 100% of mice bearing breast tumors. Hence the mice remained free of tumor relapse. Tumors larger than 1000 mm3 were not cured by a single dose- of C. novyi nontoxic treatment. Conclusion: The experiment concluded that the C. novyi nontoxic might be a suitable and safe candidate, a novel therapeutic approach to encounter such hypoxic regions in the center of tumors. Research also showed that bacteriolytic therapy by C. novyi nontoxic could lead to regression in small tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abedi Jafari
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and HIV, Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Pilehchian
- Specialized Clostridia Research Laboratory, Department of Anaerobic Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Neda Soleimani
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Wen FT, Thisted RA, Rowley DA, Schreiber H. A systematic analysis of experimental immunotherapies on tumors differing in size and duration of growth. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:172-178. [PMID: 22720238 PMCID: PMC3377001 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.2.18311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic analysis to determine the reason for the apparent disparity of success of immunotherapy between clinical and experimental cancers. To do this, we performed a search of PubMed using the keywords “immunotherapy” AND “cancer” for the years of 1980 and 2010. The midspread of experimental tumors used in all the relevant literature published in 2010 were between 0.5–121 mm3 in volume or had grown for four to eight days. Few studies reported large tumors that could be considered representative of clinical tumors, in terms of size and duration of growth. The predominant effect of cancer immunotherapies was slowed or delayed outgrowth. Regression of tumors larger than 200 mm3 was observed only after passive antibody or adoptive T cell therapy. The effectiveness of other types of immunotherapy was generally scattered. By comparison, very few publications retrieved by the 1980 search could meet our selection criteria; all of these used tumors smaller than 100 mm3, and none reported regression. In the entire year of 2010, only 13 used tumors larger than 400 mm3, and nine of these reported tumor regression. Together, these results indicate that most recent studies, using many diverse approaches, still treat small tumors only to report slowed or delayed growth. Nevertheless, a few recent studies indicate effective therapy against large tumors when using passive antibody or adoptive T cell therapy. For the future, we aspire to witness the increased use of experimental studies treating tumors that model clinical cancers in terms of size and duration of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Wen
- Department of Pathology; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
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Rius-Rocabert S, Llinares Pinel F, Pozuelo MJ, García A, Nistal-Villan E. Oncolytic bacteria: past, present and future. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5521890. [PMID: 31226708 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a century ago, independent groups raised the possibility of using bacteria to selectively infect tumours. Such treatment induces an immune reaction that can cause tumour rejection and protect the patient against further recurrences. One of the first holistic approximations to use bacteria in cancer treatment was performed by William Coley, considered the father of immune-therapy, at the end of XIX century. Since then, many groups have used different bacteria to test their antitumour activity in animal models and patients. The basis for this reactivity implies that innate immune responses activated upon bacteria recognition, also react against the tumour. Different publications have addressed several aspects of oncolytic bacteria. In the present review, we will focus on revisiting the historical aspects using bacteria as oncolytic agents and how they led to the current clinical trials. In addition, we address the molecules present in oncolytic bacteria that induce specific toxic effects against the tumors as well as the activation of host immune responses in order to trigger antitumour immunity. Finally, we discuss future perspectives that could be considered in the different fields implicated in the implementation of this kind of therapy in order to improve the current use of bacteria as oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Llinares Pinel
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Pozuelo
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo-CEU University, Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
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The Dosage of the Derivative of Clostridium Ghonii (DCG) Spores Dictates Whether an IFN γ/IL-9 or a Strong IFN γ Response Is Elicited in TC-1 Tumour Bearing Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1395138. [PMID: 31183361 PMCID: PMC6512072 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1395138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Anaerobic Clostridial spores (CG) cause significant oncolysis in hypoxic tumour microenvironment and result in tumour regression in both animal models and clinical trials. The immune mediated response plays a critical role in the antitumour effect by the anaerobic spore treatment. Method Human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7 transformed TC-1 tumour bearing mice were intravenously administered with low (1 × 108 CFU/kg) or high dosage (3 × 108 CFU/kg) of Derivative Clostridial spore (DCG). Results Intravenous administration of the derivative of Clostridial ghonii (DCG) spores leads to both tumour and systemic inflammatory responses characterized by increased IFNγ/IL-9 secreting T cells in the spleen and the tumour. Low numbers of antigen specific T cells (<20/106 spleen cells) in the spleen of the tumour bearing mice are also detected after intravenous DCG delivery. Interestingly, our results showed that a mixed IL-9/IFNγ secreting T cell response was induced when the tumour bearing mice received a low dose of DCG spore (1 × 108 CFU/kg), while a strong IFNγ response was elicited with a high dosage of DCG spore (3 × 108 CFU/kg). Conclusion The dosage of DCG spore will determine the types of the DCG induced immune responses.
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Ji J, Park WR, Cho S, Yang Y, Li W, Harris K, Huang X, Gu S, Kim DH, Zhang Z, Larson AC. Iron-Oxide Nanocluster Labeling of Clostridium novyi-NT Spores for MR Imaging-Monitored Locoregional Delivery to Liver Tumors in Rat and Rabbit Models. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:1106-1115.e1. [PMID: 30952520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To label Clostridium novyi-NT spores (C. novyi-NT) with iron oxide nanoclusters and track distribution of bacteria during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-monitored locoregional delivery to liver tumors using intratumoral injection or intra-arterial transcatheter infusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vegetative state C. novyi-NT were labeled with iron oxide particles followed by induction of sporulation. Labeling was confirmed with fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). T2 and T2* relaxation times for magnetic clusters and magnetic microspheres were determined using 7T and 1.5T MR imaging scanners. In vitro assays compared labeled bacteria viability and oncolytic potential to unlabeled controls. Labeled spores were either directly injected into N1-S1 rodent liver tumors (n = 24) or selectively infused via the hepatic artery in rabbits with VX2 liver tumors (n = 3). Hematoxylin-eosin, Prussian blue, and gram staining were performed. Statistical comparison methods included paired t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS Both fluorescence microscopy and TEM studies confirmed presence of iron oxide labels within the bacterial spores. Phantom studies demonstrated that the synthesized nanoclusters produce R2 relaxivities comparable to clinical agents. Labeling had no significant impact on overall growth or oncolytic properties (P >.05). Tumor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreased significantly following intratumoral injection and intra-arterial infusion of labeled spores (P <.05). Prussian blue and gram staining confirmed spore delivery. CONCLUSIONS C. novyi-NT spores can be internally labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles to visualize distribution with MR imaging during locoregional bacteriolytic therapy involving direct injection or intra-arterial transcatheter infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Ji
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Woo Ram Park
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Soojeong Cho
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yihe Yang
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Weiguo Li
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen Harris
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shangzhi Gu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hunan, China
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew C Larson
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Baindara P, Korpole S, Grover V. Bacteriocins: perspective for the development of novel anticancer drugs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10393-10408. [PMID: 30338356 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from prokaryotic source also known as bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized by bacteria belonging to different eubacterial taxonomic branches. Most of these AMPs are low molecular weight cationic membrane active peptides that disrupt membrane by forming pores in target cell membranes resulting in cell death. While these peptides known to exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, including antibacterial and antifungal, they displayed minimal cytotoxicity to the host cells. Their antimicrobial efficacy has been demonstrated in vivo using diverse animal infection models. Therefore, we have discussed some of the promising peptides for their ability towards potential therapeutic applications. Further, some of these bacteriocins have also been reported to exhibit significant biological activity against various types of cancer cells in different experimental studies. In fact, differential cytotoxicity towards cancer cells as compared to normal cells by certain bacteriocins directs for a much focused research to utilize these compounds as novel therapeutic agents. In this review, bacteriocins that demonstrated antitumor activity against diverse cancer cell lines have been discussed emphasizing their biochemical features, selectivity against extra targets and molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- MTCC and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Korpole
- MTCC and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishakha Grover
- Dr. HS Judge Dental Institute and Hospital, Punjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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DeClue AE, Axiak-Bechtel SM, Zhang Y, Saha S, Zhang L, Tung DD, Bryan JN. Identification of immunologic and clinical characteristics that predict inflammatory response to C. Novyi-NT bacteriolytic immunotherapy. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:119. [PMID: 29606140 PMCID: PMC5879919 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium novyi-NT (CNV-NT), has shown promise as a bacterolytic therapy for solid tumors in mouse models and in dogs with naturally developing neoplasia. Factors that impact the immunologic response to therapy are largely unknown. The goal of this pilot study was to determine if plasma immune biomarkers, immune cell function, peripheral blood cytological composition and tumor characteristics including evaluation of a PET imaging surrogate of tumor tissue hypoxia could predict which dogs with naturally developing naïve neoplasia would develop an inflammatory response to CNV-NT. RESULTS Dogs that developed an inflammatory response to CNV-NT had a higher heart rate, larger gross tumor volume, greater tumor [64Cu]ATSM SUVMax, increased constitutive leukocyte IL-10 production, more robust NK cell-like function and greater peripheral blood lymphocyte counts compared to dogs that did not develop an inflammatory response to CNV-NT. Of these, unstimulated leukocyte IL-10 production, heart rate, and gross tumor volume appeared to be the best predictors of which dogs will develop an inflammatory response to CNV-NT. CONCLUSIONS Development of inflammation in response to CNV-NT is best predicted by pretreatment unstimulated leukocyte IL-10 production, heart rate, and gross tumor volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E DeClue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 E. Campus Dr, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA.
| | - Sandra M Axiak-Bechtel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Oncology Radiobiology and Epigenetics Laboratory, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 E. Campus Dr, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 E. Campus Dr, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Saurabh Saha
- Biomed Valley Discoveries, 4435 Main Street, Suite 550, Kansas City, MO, 64111, USA
| | - Linping Zhang
- Biomed Valley Discoveries, 4435 Main Street, Suite 550, Kansas City, MO, 64111, USA
| | - David D Tung
- Biomed Valley Discoveries, 4435 Main Street, Suite 550, Kansas City, MO, 64111, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Oncology Radiobiology and Epigenetics Laboratory, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 E. Campus Dr, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
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Ni G, Wang T, Yang L, Wang Y, Liu X, Wei MQ. Combining anaerobic bacterial oncolysis with vaccination that blocks interleukin-10 signaling may achieve better outcomes for late stage cancer management. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:599-606. [PMID: 26367244 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1089008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Late stage solid tumors cause significant cancer mortality rates worldwide and effective therapy remains a big challenge. Cancer therapeutic vaccines elicit tumor specific T cells that kill tumor cells yet often fail to result in tumor destruction because of the limited T cell response and the local immune-suppressive environment. Blocking interleukin 10 (IL-10) signaling at the time of therapeutic vaccination elicits much stronger T cell responses than vaccination without IL-10 blocking. Anaerobic oncolytic bacteria target hypoxic regions of the late stage tumor tissues which not only stops tumor growth but also provides a pro-inflammatory environment that may increase the effectiveness of a therapeutic vaccine by recruiting more effector T cells to tumor site. In this review, we argue that combining both bacterial and vaccine therapies may improve the efficiency of late stage cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Ni
- a School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University , Gold Coast , QLD , Australia.,d Tangshan Supervision Institute of Health , Tangshan , China
| | - Tianfang Wang
- c Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , QLD , Australia
| | - Lin Yang
- f Department of Surgical Oncology , Tangshan Gongren Hospital , Tangshan , Hebei , China
| | - Yuejian Wang
- e Cancer Research Institute, Foshan First People's Hospital , Foshan, Guangdong , China
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- b Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , QLD , Australia.,e Cancer Research Institute, Foshan First People's Hospital , Foshan, Guangdong , China
| | - Ming Q Wei
- a School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University , Gold Coast , QLD , Australia
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Staedtke V, Roberts NJ, Bai RY, Zhou S. Clostridium novyi-NT in cancer therapy. Genes Dis 2016; 3:144-152. [PMID: 30258882 PMCID: PMC6150096 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The attenuated anaerobic bacterium Clostridium novyi-NT (C. novyi-NT) is known for its ability to precisely germinate in and eradicate treatment-resistant hypoxic tumors in various experimental animal models and spontaneously occurring canine sarcomas. In this article, we review the therapeutic and toxicologic aspects of C. novyi-NT therapy, key challenges and limitations, and promising strategies to optimize its performance via recombinant DNA technology and immunotherapeutic approaches, to establish C. novyi-NT as an essential tool in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Staedtke
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ren-Yuan Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Shibin Zhou
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Zheng L, Zhang Z, Khazaie K, Saha S, Lewandowski RJ, Zhang G, Larson AC. MRI-monitored intra-tumoral injection of iron-oxide labeled Clostridium novyi-NT anaerobes in pancreatic carcinoma mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116204. [PMID: 25549324 PMCID: PMC4280207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To validate the feasibility of labeling Clostridium novyi-NT (C.novyi-NT) anaerobes with iron-oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and demonstrate the potential to use MRI to visualize intra-tumoral delivery of these iron-oxide labeled C.novyi-NT during percutaneous injection procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS All studies were approved by IACUC. C.novyi-NT were labeled with hybrid iron-oxide Texas red nanoparticles. Growth of labeled and control samples were evaluated with optical density. Labeling was confirmed with confocal fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MRI were performed using a 7 Tesla scanner with T2*-weighted (T2*W) sequence. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) measurements were performed for phantoms and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements performed in C57BL/6 mice (n = 12) with Panc02 xenografts before and after percutaneous injection of iron-oxide labeled C.novyi-NT. MRI was repeated 3 and 7 days post-injection. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Prussian blue and Gram staining of tumor specimens were performed for confirmation of intra-tumoral delivery. RESULTS Iron-oxide labeling had no influence upon C.novyi-NT growth. The signal intensity (SI) within T2*W images was significantly decreased for iron-oxide labeled C.novyi-NT phantoms compared to unlabeled controls. Under confocal fluorescence microscopy, the iron-oxide labeled C.novyi-NT exhibited a uniform red fluorescence consistent with observed regions of DAPI staining and overall labeling efficiency was 100% (all DAPI stained C.novyi-NT exhibited red fluorescence). Within TEM images, a large number iron granules were observed within the iron-oxide labeled C.novyi-NT; these were not observed within unlabeled controls. Intra-procedural MRI measurements permitted in vivo visualization of the intra-tumoral distribution of iron-oxide labeled C.novyi-NT following percutaneous injection (depicted as punctate regions of SI reductions within T2*-weighted images); tumor SNR decreased significantly following intra-tumoral injection of C.novyi-NT (p<0.05); these SNR reductions were maintained at 3 and 7 day follow-up intervals. Prussian blue and Gram staining confirmed presence of the iron-oxide labeled anaerobes. CONCLUSIONS C.novyi-NT can be labeled with iron-oxide nanoparticles for MRI visualization of intra-tumoral deposition following percutaneous injection during bacteriolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Saha
- BioMed Valley Discoveries, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Lewandowski
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew C. Larson
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Combinations of TLR ligands: a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:271246. [PMID: 24371445 PMCID: PMC3859257 DOI: 10.1155/2013/271246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of pattern recognition receptors recognizing molecules expressed by pathogens, are typically expressed by immune cells. However, several recent studies revealed functional TLR expression also on tumor cells. Their expression is a two-sided coin for tumor cells. Not only tumor-promoting effects of TLR ligands are described but also direct oncopathic and immunostimulatory effects. To clarify TLRs' role in colorectal cancer (CRC), we tested the impact of the TLR ligands LPS, Poly I:C, R848, and Taxol on primary human CRC cell lines (HROC40, HROC60, and HROC69) in vitro and in vivo (CT26). Taxol, not only a potent tumor-apoptosis-inducing, but also TLR4-activating chemotherapeutic compound, inhibited growth and viability of all cell lines, whereas the remaining TLR ligands had only marginal effects (R848 > LPS > Poly I:C). Combinations of the substances here did not improve the results, whereas antitumoral effects were dramatically boosted when human lymphocytes were added. Here, combining the TLR ligands often diminished antitumoral effects. In vivo, best tumor growth control was achieved by the combination of Taxol and R848. However, when combined with LPS, Taxol accelerated tumor growth. These data generally prove the potential of TLR ligands to control tumor growth and activate immune cells, but they also demonstrate the importance of choosing the right combinations.
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Chang SY, Kim YJ, Ko HJ. Potential therapeutic anti-tumor effect of a Salmonella-based vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1654-60. [PMID: 23733040 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles to achieving complete eradication of tumors, even in the presence of circulating tumor-specific immunity, is the tumor-induced immunosuppressive environment, which includes myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. Attenuated microorganisms have emerged as candidates for a novel anti-cancer approach in which they enhance anti-cancer immunity by boosting the innate immune system. Herein, we will discuss current innate-immunity activating strategies for anti-cancer therapy, with a focus on our recently reported approach involving the use of intratumoral injection of recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine; this approach elicits transformation of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells into TNF-α-secreting cells with characteristics of neutrophils, and reduces the generation of regulatory T cells, particularly in the presence of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology; College of Pharmacy; Ajou University; Suwon, Korea
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Nguyen VAT, Huynh HA, Hoang TV, Ninh NT, Pham ATH, Nguyen HA, Phan TN, Cutting SM. Killed Bacillus subtilis spores expressing streptavidin: a novel carrier of drugs to target cancer cells. J Drug Target 2013; 21:528-41. [PMID: 23480726 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.778262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Carriers of drugs in cancer therapy are required to reduce side-effects of the drugs to normal cells. Here we constructed killed recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores (SA1) that expressed streptavidin as a chimeric fusion to the spore coat protein CotB and used the spores as bioparticle carrier. When bound with biotinylated cetuximab these spores could specifically target to the epidermal growth factor receptor on HT 29 colon cancer cells, thereby delivered paclitaxel to the cells with 4-fold higher efficiency, as indicated by fluorescent intensity of paclitaxel Oregon Green 488 bound to HT29 cells. Based on real-time monitoring of cell index, the IC50 of growth of HT29 cells by paclitaxel-SA1-cetuximab was estimated to be 2.9 nM approximately 5-fold lower than water-soluble paclitaxel (14.5 nM). Instability of DNA content was observed when cells were treated with 16 nM paclitaxel-SA1-cetuximab, resulting in a 2-fold enhancement in polyploidy cells. Thus, by targeting the release of paclitaxel to HT29 cells, spore-associated cetuximab augmented the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on cell division and proliferation. The SA1 could be used as a "universal" drug carrier to target specific biomarkers on cancer cells by conjugating with suitable biotinylated antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Thi Nguyen
- Key laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Klier U, Maletzki C, Kreikemeyer B, Klar E, Linnebacher M. Combining bacterial-immunotherapy with therapeutic antibodies: a novel therapeutic concept. Vaccine 2012; 30:2786-94. [PMID: 22342917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies become more and more important for cancer treatment. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) like Panitumumab binding and blocking the EGF-receptor are in routine clinical use for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Also, bacterial therapy proved beneficial for experimental treatment of different tumor entities. The latter has been attributed to an activation of the immune system. Here, we describe a combination of both immunotherapeutic approaches in order to develop a novel targeted therapy for CRC. The therapeutic mAbs Trastuzumab and Panitumumab were conjugated to heat-inactivated bacteria expressing protein A or protein G. The potential of the conjugates was tested in comparison to the single components both in vitro and in vivo using a panel of patient-derived CRC cell lines. Antitumoral effects observed in vitro were strictly dependent on the presence of bacteria. Generally, effects could be enhanced by the addition of human lymphocytes. Detailed analysis of effector cells in autologous and allogeneic long-term stimulated lymphocyte cultures revealed the predominance of NK-cell-like cytolytic effectors. Reactivity was observed both against CRC target cells but also against the NK cell target K562. Similarly, in a subsequent in vivo study we observed substantial tumor growth delay accompanied by an increase in circulating NK cells. Contrary to this, the monotherapy with mAb alone caused only marginal effects and the treatment with bacteria was comparable to the mock-treated control. These data demonstrate successful targeting of CRC by bacteria/mAb conjugates. This novel concept may be interesting for future clinical approaches. Additionally, it illustrates the effectiveness of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Klier
- Department of General, Vascular, Thoracic and Transplantation Surgery, Section of Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Linnebacher M, Maletzki C, Klier U, Klar E. Bacterial immunotherapy of gastrointestinal tumors. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 397:557-68. [PMID: 22189906 PMCID: PMC3314826 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer immunotherapy using bacteria dates back over 150 years. The deeper understanding on how the immune system interferes with the tumor microenvironment has led to the re-emergence of bacteria or their related products in immunotherapeutic concepts. In this review, we discuss recent approaches on experimental bacteriolytic therapy, emphasizing the specific interplay between bacteria, immune cells and tumor cells to break the tumor-induced tolerance. Results Experimental research during the last decades demonstrated beneficial but also adverse influence of bacteria on tumor growth. There is a strong correlation between chronic infections and tumor incidence. However, acute bacterial infections have favourable effects on tumor growth often contributing to complete remission. Tumor regression is usually attributable to both direct tumor cell killing (via apoptosis and/or necrosis, depending on the applied bacteria) and indirect immune stimulation. This includes (I) elimination of immunosuppressive immune cells (i.e. tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor, and regulatory T cells), (II) suppression of Th2-directed cytokine secretion (TGFα, IL10), (III) providing a pro-inflammatory micro-milieu (tumor infiltrating neutrophils) and (IV) supporting the influx of cytotoxic T cells into tumors. This finally forces the development of an immunological memory and may provide long-term protection against cancer. Conclusion Immunotherapy using bacteria is still a double-edged sword. Experiences from the last years have substantially contributed to when bacteria and defined components thereof might be integrated into immunotherapeutic concepts. Attempts in transferring this approach into the clinics are on their way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General, Vascular, Thoracic and Transplantation Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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