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Yetkin E, Ozturk S, Cuglan B, Turhan H. Symptoms in Dilating Venous Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2020; 16:164-172. [PMID: 32164514 PMCID: PMC7536814 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x16666200312101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity venous diseases or insufficiency include clinically deteriorating conditions with morphological and functional alterations of the venous system, including venous hypertension, vascular wall structural abnormality, and venous valvar incompetency in association with an inflammatory process. In fact, the same pathophysiological processes are the main underlying mechanisms of other venous insufficiencies in different vascular territories such as Peripheral Varicose Vein (PVV), varicocele, Pelvic Varicosities or Congestion Syndrome (PCS) and Hemorrhoidal Disease (HD). Regarding the anatomical continuity of lower extremity venous system, urogenital system (pampiniform plexus in male and broad ligament and ovarian veins in female) and anorectal venous system, it is reasonable to expect common symptoms such as pain, burning sensation, pruritis, swelling, which arise directly from the involved tissue itself. High coexistence rate of PVV, varicocele/PCS and HD between each other underlines not only the same vascular wall abnormality as an underlying etiology but also the existence of common symptoms originating from the involved tissue in dilating venous disease. Accordingly, it might be reasonable to query the common symptoms of venous dilating disease in other venous vascular regions in patients with complaints of any particular venous territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Yetkin
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Cardiology, Istinye University Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Tel: +90 532 713 6721; E-mail:
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Aslan R, Erbin A, Celik S, Ucpinar B, Sahinalp S, Yıldızhan M, Eryilmaz R, Taken K. Evaluation of hemorrhoidal disease and lower extremity venous insufficiency in primary adult varicocele: A prospective controlled study. Phlebology 2019; 34:621-626. [PMID: 30836835 DOI: 10.1177/0268355519834426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The study investigated the association between varicocele, lower extremity venous insufficiency and hemorrhoidal disease. Methods The study included 62 patients with varicocele and 60 voluntary subjects with no varicocele. Patients who were diagnosed as having varicocele on physical examination and Doppler ultrasonography were included in the study group. Examination of lower extremity venous insufficiency was performed by physical examination and Doppler ultrasonography. Examination of hemorrhoidal disease was performed by a general surgery specialist. Results The patients with varicocele had a statistically significant ( p < 0.05) higher rates of venous insufficiency of the lower extremities and had a borderline significant difference of higher hemorrhoidal disease rates ( p = 0.05). Therewithal incidences of hemorrhoidal disease and lower extremity venous insufficiency were significantly higher in body mass index > 25 and age > 30 years of varicocele patients. Conclusion There is a statistically significant relation between varicocele, lower extremity venous insufficiency, and hemorrhoidal disease. In particular, varicocele patients who are aged over 30 years and overweight are at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Aslan
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Akif Erbin
- Department of Urology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sebahattin Celik
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Burak Ucpinar
- Department of Urology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sahin Sahinalp
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Murat Yıldızhan
- Department of Radiology, Viransehir Medical Center, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Recep Eryilmaz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Kerem Taken
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Ozturk S, Akbaba KT, Kılıc S, Cıcek T, Peskırcıoglu L, Tandogan I, Gurlek A, Aydemır O, Ilerı M, Yetkın E. Venous leg symptoms in patients with varicocele: A multicenter assessment study (VEIN-TURKEY study). Phlebology 2018; 34:128-136. [PMID: 29793400 DOI: 10.1177/0268355518777110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate chronic venous disease symptoms by using the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study-Quality of Life/Symptoms (VEINES-QoL/Sym) questionnaire in varicocele patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was designed as a prospective, case controlled study and conducted in four hospitals from Turkey. A total of 600 patients who admitted to urology outpatient clinic were enrolled to the study. After the exclusion of 44 patients who do not match the inclusion criteria, the remaining 556 patients were examined for the presence and grade of varicocele and subsequently examined clinically for the presence of chronic venous disease findings. Finally, patients were asked to answer the VEINES-Sym questionnaire consisting of 10 items. All patients' demographic parameters, cardiovascular risk factors, other co-morbid diseases and drug usage were noted. RESULTS Patients were classified into two groups: varicocele (+) group ( n = 269) and varicocele (-) group ( n = 287). VEINES-Sym scores of varicocele patients were lower compared to patients without varicocele (41.41 ± 5.21, 43.19 ± 3.22, respectively, p < 0.001). Grades of varicocele significantly but inversely correlated with VEINES-Sym score ( r = 0, -206, p = 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that presence of varicocele irrespective of grading significantly and independently associated with the presence of aching (odds ratio: 2.054, 95% confidence interval: 1.265-3.338, p = 0.004) and throbbing (odds ratio: 2.586, 95% confidence interval: 1.353-4.943, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Varicocele patients have lower VEINES-Sym scores compared to patients without varicocele and this finding is inversely correlated with the degree of the varicocele. This association supports the hypothesis that there may be a systemic vessel wall abnormality in venous disease patients. Patients with symptoms related to vascular dilatation in any territory may deserve to be assessed systematically with the support of further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcuk Ozturk
- 1 Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Suleyman Kılıc
- 3 Batman Private Dünya Hospital, Urology Clinic, Batman, Turkey.,4 İstinye University, Department of Urology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tufan Cıcek
- 5 Baskent University Konya Education and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Levent Peskırcıoglu
- 6 Baskent University Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Izzet Tandogan
- 7 Private Malatya Gozde Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gurlek
- 7 Private Malatya Gozde Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ozbay Aydemır
- 8 Private Malatya Gozde Hospital, Department of Urology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ilerı
- 9 Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ertan Yetkın
- 10 Private Yenisehir Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Mersin, Turkey
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Ur Rehman K, Qureshi AB, Numan A, Zaneb H, Yousaf MS, Rabbani I, Rehman H. Pressure flow pattern of varicocele veins and its correlation with testicular blood flow and semen parameters. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28766734 DOI: 10.1111/and.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pressure pattern in varicocele veins of infertile patients and its correlation with semen quality and testicular blood flow was determined. Consecutive patients at andro-urology clinic of a teaching hospital undergoing microsurgical varicocelectomy were included. Their semen quality and testicular blood flow were determined. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and resistive index (RI) of subcapsular and intraparenchymal branches of testicular artery were noted by colour Doppler ultrasonography. During surgery before ligation of varicocele veins, intravenous pressures of internal spermatic (ISV) and external spermatic (ESV) veins were determined at baseline and after Valsalva manoeuvre. Thirty patients, 20-45 years old, were evaluated. Baseline pressure for maximum dilated ISV (A), less dilated ISV (B) and ESV was 15.93 ± 6.34, 12.38 ± 4.60 and 12.92 ± 5.65 mm. Hg, respectively, which increased after Valsalva by 104.4%, 116.2% and 38.22% respectively. Correlation (r = -.71; p < .05) was appreciated between percentage increase in pressure of ISV B with PSV of intraparenchymal testicular arteries and progressive motility (r = -.759; p < .05), nonprogressive motility (r = -.738; p < .05) and morphology (r = -.653; p = .07) of spermatozoa. In conclusion, ISV develops higher pressure on Valsalva as compared to ESV and has correlation with semen quality and testicular blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ur Rehman
- FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A B Qureshi
- Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Numan
- Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H Zaneb
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M S Yousaf
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Rabbani
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H Rehman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Yetkin E, Ileri M. Dilating venous disease: Pathophysiology and a systematic aspect to different vascular territories. Med Hypotheses 2016; 91:73-76. [PMID: 27142148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Venous disease is a common but overlooked clinical problem and is an important mortality and morbidity factor depending on the effected vascular territory. Different contributing factors play role on the clinical manifestation of the disease. Peripheral varices of lower extremities, hemorrhoids, varicoceles, pelvic varicose veins are the vasculopathy of veins running toward heart but against gravity. We hypothesize that all these clinical entities share common pathophysiologic steps in terms of vascular wall remodeling and vessel wall damage. A systematic approaches to both arterial and venous dilating disease in further studies and research would increase our understanding on the pathophysiology of dilating vascular disease and would provoke to find out new treatment modalities. Varicose remodeling of veins occurs by a complex interplay of various factors including both physical forces and extracellular matrix remodeling mechanisms. This article focuses on the systematic aspects of dilating venous disease with a focus on pathophysiology under the term of "Dilating Venous Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Yetkin
- Yenisehir Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Ileri
- Numune Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey
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ur Rehman K, Zaman MQ, ur Rehman H, Zaneb H. Varicocele and infertility: Role of pressure flow dynamics. World J Clin Urol 2014; 3:340-343. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v3.i3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicocele is prevalent in infertile individuals as well as in normal adolescents and adults. It has an increasing trend with growing age. Infertile individuals with varicocele, develop varying degrees of sperm abnormalities that range from mild to severe semen abnormalities, even azoospermia may develop. The main proposed features of these abnormalities are incompetence of one-way valves of the draining veins of testes, that allow backflow of blood into testes. This backflow produces abnormally high intra-testicular pressure and temperature, that has been confirmed by thermography and pressure estimation in various studies. Microsurgical varicocelectomy may reverse the pathologic effects on spermatogenesis in most patients, which points towards the cause and effect relationship of varicocele with testicular damage. We propose that the prolonged effect of gravity might or may not be the initiating factor for varicocele, as in our experience, around 1/4th of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients who had no varicocele before treatment, developed varicocele within 3 to 6 mo of treatment with gonadotropins. Occasionally varicocele is produced by “Nutcracker phenomenon”, which is compression of left renal vein between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery. The deleterious effects of varicocele may develop slowly, causing delayed secondary infertility or rapidly, leading to azoospermia or individual may be spared of damage due to unknown factors that need further research.
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Nellesen D, Chawla A, Oh DL, Weissman T, Lavins BJ, Murray CW. Comorbidities in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation or chronic idiopathic constipation: a review of the literature from the past decade. Postgrad Med 2013; 125:40-50. [PMID: 23816770 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2013.03.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) are common functional bowel disorders. Patients with IBS-C or CIC often present with ≥ 1 comorbidity that coincides with either of these conditions. These comorbidities may make underappreciated contributions to the patient's overall disease burden. OBJECTIVE To identify the comorbidities that are the most frequently reported in patients with IBS-C or CIC in the medical literature. METHODS A literature search (January 2001-March 2012) was performed using the Medline and Medline In-Process databases. Studies of adult patients with IBS-C or CIC were selected, and the prevalence rates of the comorbidities were extracted and analyzed according to the body system affected. RESULTS A total of 70 distinct comorbidities were identified from 35 published studies. These comorbidities involved several body systems, including the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, psychiatric, endocrine, and allergic or immunologic systems. Functional dyspepsia and depression were the most common comorbidities in patients with IBS-C, whereas functional dyspepsia, diabetes, and depression were the most common comorbidities in patients with CIC. CONCLUSION Patients with IBS-C or CIC frequently experience a wide range of comorbidities that contribute to their disease burden. Thus, we believe that medical professionals should consider common comorbidities when diagnosing and treating patients with IBS-C or CIC.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Urol 2012; 22:521-8. [PMID: 23034511 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e3283599868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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