Assessment of participant satisfaction with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in South Korea

Causative factors of discomfort in esophagogastroduodenoscopy: A large-scale cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

It is important to reduce patient discomfort in esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Remedial measures can be taken to alleviate discomfort if the causative factors are determined; however, all the factors have not been elucidated yet.

AIM

To clearly determine the factors influencing discomfort in transoral esophagogastroduodenoscopy using a large-size cross-sectional study with readily available data.

METHODS

Consecutive patients who underwent screening transoral esophagogastroduodenoscopy consecutively between August 2017 and October 2017 at a health check-up center were included. Discomfort was evaluated using a face scale between 0 and 10 with a 6-level questionnaire. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate the factors related to the discomfort in esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Univariate analysis was performed in both the unsedated and sedated study groups. Age, sex, height, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, hiatal hernia, history of gastrectomy, biopsy during examination, Lugol’s solution usage, administration of butylscopolamine with/without a sedative (pethidine, midazolam, or both), endoscope model, history of endoscopy, and endoscopists were considered as possible factors of discomfort.

RESULTS

Finally, 1715 patients were enrolled in this study. Overall, the median discomfort score was 2 and the interquartile range was 2-4. High discomfort (score ≥ 6) was recorded in 18% of the participants. According to univariate analysis, in the unsedated group, young age (P < 0.001), female sex (P < 0.001), and no history of endoscopy (P < 0.001) were factors associated with increased discomfort. Significant differences were also noted for height (P = 0.007), smoking status (P = 0.003), and endoscopists (P < 0.001). In the sedation group, young age (P < 0.001), female sex (P < 0.001), and no history of endoscopy (P = 0.004) were associated with increased discomfort; additionally, significant differences were found in smoking status (P < 0.001), type of sedation (P < 0.001), and endoscopists (P = 0.027). There was also a marginal difference due to alcohol intake (P = 0.055). Based on multiple regression analysis, young age, female sex, less height, current smoking status, and presence of hiatal hernia [regression coefficients of 0.08, P < 0.001 (for -1 years); 0.45, P = 0.013; 0.02, P = 0.024 (for -1 cm); 0.35, P = 0.036; and 0.34, P = 0.003, respectively] were factors that significantly increased discomfort in esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Alternatively, sedation significantly reduced discomfort and pethidine (regression coefficient: -1.47, P < 0.001) and midazolam (regression coefficient: -1.63, P = 0.001) significantly reduced the discomfort both individually and in combination (regression coefficient: -2.92, P < 0.001). A difference in the endoscopist performing the procedure was also associated with discomfort.

CONCLUSION

Young age, female sex, and smoking are associated with esophagogastroduodenoscopy discomfort. Additionally, heavy alcohol consumption diminished the effects of sedation. These factors are easily obtained and are thus useful.

Cost-effectiveness of Korea's National Cervical Cancer Screening Program

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer, which is common in developing countries, is also a major health issue in Korea. Our aim was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Korea's National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP), implemented in 1999.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The target population was Korean women 30 years or over who were invited to take part in the NCSP in 2002-2007. By merging NCSP records with Korean Central Cancer Registry data, patients diagnosed with cervical cancer who had been screened were assigned to a "screened group, " while patients diagnosed elsewhere were assigned to a "non-screened group. " Clinical outcomes were measured in terms of life-years saved (LYS), derived from 5-year mortality rates supplied by the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation and National Statistical Office. Direct and travel costs associated with screening were evaluated from the perspective of the payer, the NCSP.

RESULTS

A diagnosis via screening was associated with 2.30 LYS, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) estimate for screening was 7,581,679 KW/LYS (6,727 USD/LYS). ICER estimates were lower for older patients (≥ 50 years) than younger patients (4,047,033 KW/ LYS vs 5,680,793 KW/LYS). The proportion of early-stage cancers detected was 16.3% higher in the screened group.

CONCLUSIONS

In light of Korea's per capita gross domestic product (32,272 USD in 2012), the current NCSP's incremental cost per LYS appears acceptable.

Cost-effectiveness outcomes of the national gastric cancer screening program in South Korea

BACKGROUND

Although screening is necessary where gastric cancer is particularly common in Asia, the performance outcomes of mass screening programs have remained unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate cost-effectiveness outcomes of the national cancer screening program (NCSP) for gastric cancer in South Korea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

People aged 40 years or over during 2002-2003 (baseline) were the target population. Screening recipients and patients diagnosed with gastric cancers were identified using the NCSP and Korea Central Cancer Registry databases. Clinical outcomes were measured in terms of mortality and life-years saved (LYS) of gastric cancer patients during 7 years based on merged data from the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation and National Statistical Office. We considered direct, indirect, and productivity-loss costs associated with screening attendance. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) estimates were produced according to screening method, sex, and age group compared to non-screening.

RESULTS

The age-adjusted ICER for survival was 260,201,000-371,011,000 Korean Won (KW; 1USD=1,088 KW) for the upper-gastrointestinal (UGI) tract over non-screening. Endoscopy ICERs were lower (119,099,000-178,700,000 KW/survival) than UGI. To increase 1 life-year, additional costs of approximately 14,466,000-15,014,000 KW and 8,817,000-9,755,000 KW were required for UGI and endoscopy, respectively. Endoscopy was the most cost-effective strategy for males and females. With regard to sensitivity analyses varying based on the upper age limit, endoscopy NCSP was dominant for both males and females. For males, an upper limit of age 75 or 80 years could be considered. ICER estimates for LYS indicate that the gastric cancer screening program in Korea is cost-effective.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopy should be recommended as a first-line method in Korea because it is beneficial among the Korean population.