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Ji XD, Yang D, Cui XY, Lou LX, Nie B, Zhao JL, Zhao MJ, Wu AM. Mechanism of Qili Qiangxin Capsule for Heart Failure Based on miR133a-Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Chin J Integr Med 2024; 30:398-407. [PMID: 38386253 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-024-3654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacological mechanism of Qili Qiangxin Capsule (QLQX) improvement of heart failure (HF) based on miR133a-endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway. METHODS A left coronary artery ligation-induced HF after myocardial infarction model was used in this study. Rats were randomly assigned to the sham group, the model group, the QLQX group [0.32 g/(kg·d)], and the captopril group [2.25 mg/(kg·d)], 15 rats per group, followed by 4 weeks of medication. Cardiac function such as left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), the maximal rate of increase of left ventricular pressure (+dp/dt max), and the maximal rate of decrease of left ventricular pressure (-dp/dt max) were monitored by echocardiography and hemodynamics. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson stainings were used to visualize pathological changes in myocardial tissue. The mRNA expression of miR133a, glucose-regulated protein78 (GRP78), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), X-box binding protein1 (XBP1), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and Caspase 12 were detected by RT-PCR. The protein expression of GRP78, p-IRE1/IRE1 ratio, cleaved-ATF6, XBP1-s (the spliced form of XBP1), CHOP and Caspase 12 were detected by Western blot. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to detect the rate of apoptosis. RESULTS QLQX significantly improved cardiac function as evidenced by increased EF, FS, LVSP, +dp/dt max, -dp/dt max, and decreased LVEDP (P<0.05, P<0.01). HE staining showed that QLQX ameliorated cardiac pathologic damage to some extent. Masson staining indicated that QLQX significantly reduced collagen volume fraction in myocardial tissue (P<0.01). Results from RT-PCR and Western blot showed that QLQX significantly increased the expression of miR133a and inhibited the mRNA expressions of GRP78, IRE1, ATF6 and XBP1, as well as decreased the protein expressions of GRP78, cleaved-ATF6 and XBP1-s and decreased p-IRE1/IRE1 ratio (P<0.05, P<0.01). Further studies showed that QLQX significantly reduced the expression of CHOP and Caspase12, resulting in a significant reduction in apoptosis rate (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSION The pharmacological mechanism of QLQX in improving HF is partly attributed to its regulatory effect on the miR133a-IRE1/XBP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-di Ji
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xi-Yuan Cui
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li-Xia Lou
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bo Nie
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiu-Li Zhao
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ming-Jing Zhao
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ai-Ming Wu
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Li X, Wang J, Li Y, He W, Cheng QJ, Liu X, Xu DL, Jiang ZG, Xiao X, He YH. The gp130/STAT3-endoplasmic reticulum stress axis regulates hepatocyte necroptosis in acute liver injury. Croat Med J 2023; 64:149-163. [PMID: 37391912 PMCID: PMC10332293 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2023.64.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of the gp130/STAT3-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress axis on hepatocyte necroptosis during acute liver injury. METHODS ER stress and liver injury in LO2 cells were induced with thapsigargin, and in BALB/c mice with tunicamycin and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Glycoprotein 130 (gp130) expression, the degrees of ER stress, and hepatocyte necroptosis were assessed. RESULTS ER stress significantly upregulated gp130 expression in LO2 cells and mouse livers. The silencing of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), but not of ATF4, increased hepatocyte necroptosis and mitigated gp130 expression in LO2 cells and mice. Gp130 silencing reduced the phosphorylation of CCl4-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and aggravated ER stress, necroptosis, and liver injury in mice. CONCLUSION ATF6/gp130/STAT3 signaling attenuates necroptosis in hepatocytes through the negative regulation of ER stress during liver injury. Hepatocyte ATF6/gp130/STAT3 signaling may be used as a therapeutic target in acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi-Huai He
- Yi-Huai He, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No. 201 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China,
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Huang WG, Wang J, Liu YJ, Wang HX, Zhou SZ, Chen H, Yang FW, Li Y, Yi Y, He YH. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Increases Multidrug-resistance Protein 2 Expression and Mitigates Acute Liver Injury. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:548-557. [PMID: 31976833 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200124102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) 2 is a key membrane transporter that is expressed on hepatocytes and regulated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Interestingly, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is closely associated with liver injury and the activation of NF-κB signaling. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the impact of ER stress on MRP2 expression and the functional involvement of MRP2 in acute liver injury. METHODS ER stress, MRP2 expression, and hepatocyte injury were analyzed in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model of acute liver injury and in a thapsigargin (TG)-induced model of ER stress. RESULTS CCl4 and TG induced significant ER stress, MRP2 protein expression and NF- κB activation in mice and LO2 cells (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with ER stress inhibitor 4- phenyl butyric acid (PBA) significantly mitigated CCl4 and TG-induced ER stress and MRP2 protein expression (P < 0.05). Moreover, pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid (PDTC; NF-κB inhibitor) significantly inhibited CCl4-induced NF-κB activation and reduced MRP2 protein expression (1±0.097 vs. 0.623±0.054; P < 0.05). Furthermore, hepatic downregulation of MRP2 expression significantly increased CCl4- induced ER stress, apoptosis, and liver injury. CONCLUSION ER stress enhances intrahepatic MRP2 protein expression by activating NF-κB. This increase in MRP2 expression mitigates ER stress and acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ge Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu-Juan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Si-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang-Wan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi-Huai He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
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Inhibition of eIF2 α Dephosphorylation Protects Hepatocytes from Apoptosis by Alleviating ER Stress in Acute Liver Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2626090. [PMID: 32566674 PMCID: PMC7293739 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2626090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) is an important factor along the main pathways for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of eIF2α phosphorylation on hepatocyte apoptosis and the ER stress mechanisms in acute liver injury. Methods eIF2α phosphorylation and apoptosis under ER stress were monitored and measured in male BALB/c mice with acute liver injury and human hepatocyte line LO2 cells. Results Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration triggered ER stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, as well as eIF2α phosphorylation in mice. Inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation, as the pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (chemical chaperone, ER stress inhibitor), mitigated CCl4-induced intrahepatic ER stress, apoptosis, and liver injury. In an ER stress model of LO2 cells induced by thapsigargin (disrupting ER calcium balance), inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation reduced ER stress and apoptosis, while PERK knockdown reduced eIF2α phosphorylation and exacerbated ER stress and apoptosis. Conclusions eIF2α phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms employed by ER stress for restoring cellular homeostasis. Inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation mitigates hepatocyte apoptosis by alleviating ER stress in acute liver injuries.
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Xie RJ, Hu XX, Zheng L, Cai S, Chen YS, Yang Y, Yang T, Han B, Yang Q. Calpain-2 activity promotes aberrant endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis in hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1450-1462. [PMID: 32308346 PMCID: PMC7152521 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i13.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calpain-2 is a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease, and high calpain-2 activity can enhance apoptosis mediated by multiple triggers.
AIM To investigate whether calpain-2 can modulate aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptosis in rat hepatocyte BRL-3A cells.
METHODS BRL-3A cells were treated with varying doses of dithiothreitol (DTT), and their viability and apoptosis were quantified by 3-[4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide and flow cytometry. The expression of ER stress- and apoptosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot analysis. The protease activity of calpain-2 was determined using a fluorescent substrate, N-succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC. Intracellular Ca2+ content, and ER and calpain-2 co-localization were characterized by fluorescent microscopy. The impact of calpain-2 silencing by specific small interfering RNA on caspase-12 activation and apoptosis of BRL-3A cells was quantified.
RESULTS DTT exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against BRL-3A cells and treatment with 2 mmol/L DTT triggered BRL-3A cell apoptosis. DTT treatment significantly upregulated 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, activating transcription factor 4, C/EBP-homologous protein expression by >2-fold, and enhanced PRKR-like ER kinase phosphorylation, caspase-12 and caspase-3 cleavage in BRL-3A cells in a trend of time-dependence. DTT treatment also significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ content, calpain-2 expression, and activity by >2-fold in BRL-3A cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence revealed that DTT treatment promoted the ER accumulation of calpain-2. Moreover, calpain-2 silencing to decrease calpain-2 expression by 85% significantly mitigated DTT-enhanced calpain-2 expression, caspase-12 cleavage, and apoptosis in BRL-3A cells.
CONCLUSION The data indicated that Ca2+-dependent calpain-2 activity promoted the aberrant ER stress-related apoptosis of rat hepatocytes by activating caspase-12 in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jia Xie
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yu-Si Chen
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bing Han
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
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Cristofolini A, Merkis C, Fiorimanti M, Magnoli A, Caverzan M, Cavaglieri L. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 modulates the apoptotic pathways in rat livers treated with aflatoxin B1. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the effect of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 on the expression of apoptotic protein Bax, Bcl-2, DR4 and c-FLIP, in liver of rats exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Four treatments were applied to inbred male Wistar rats: uncontaminated feed control, S. cerevisiae RC016 control, contaminated feed with 100 μg/kg AFB1 and contaminated feed with 100 μg/kg AFB1 + daily oral dose 108 viable S. cerevisiae RC016 cells. Histological technique and high-resolution light microscopy (HRLM) were performed to the study of tissue morphology, the TUNEL assay was used to determine the apoptosis cellular and the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, DR4 and c-FLIP was determinate through immunohistochemistry. In liver the necrotic lesions observed with AFB1 treatment were reduced with the addition of yeast. The highest apoptotic index (IAp) was found in the yeast control, with AFB1 decrease significantly the IAp, while with the addition of yeast increase the IAp of liver cells. This was confirmed by HRLM. DR4 receptor was not present in any of the treatments. The immunolabeling of c-FLIP showed a statistically significant increase in the treatments with S. cerevisiae. The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis through the FAS-receptors would neither be active in the apoptotic process observed in rat livers in the treatments with yeast. Significant differences between proteins Bax and Bcl-2 and effect of treatments on the immunolabeling of Bax were determinate. The exposure to AFB1 decreased the IAp in the livers; while the addition of the yeast produced a significant statistically increase of IAp. In this study it was determined that the apoptosis in liver would be induced by the intrinsic pathway through Bax. These suggest that the incorporation of the autocrine strain S. cerevisiae RC016 increases the apoptosis in liver, counteracting the adverse effect of aflatoxin B1 and favouring the tissue remodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cristofolini
- Área de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C. Merkis
- Área de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Fiorimanti
- Área de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Magnoli
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Caverzan
- Área de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L. Cavaglieri
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Yu Y, Yu R, Men W, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Song L, Zhou K. Psoralen induces hepatic toxicity through PERK and ATF6 related ER stress pathways in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:39-47. [PMID: 31364909 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1650150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psoralen has potential hepatotoxicity and has a certain promoting effect on the clinical liver injury of Psoralea corylifolia L (Fructus Psoraleae). This study investigated the underlying mechanisms of psoralen-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with psoralen for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h, and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-specific inhibitor, 4-PBA, was employed to investigate the mechanism of psoralen on ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). Cell viability was tested by MTT assay, ATP assay, and cell death by LDH. The apoptosis was reflected by the flow cytometry, caspase-8, and caspase-3 activates. The expression of ER stress-related markers was determined by RT-PCR and western blot. We found that psoralen significantly decreased cell viability, increased activities of caspase-8 and caspase-3, and upregulated expression of CHOP and BAX in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, psoralen significantly increased the expression and transcription levels of ER stress-related markers, including Grp78, PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, and ATF6, while IRE1α was not significantly affected. And 4-PBA could effectively inhibit psoralen-induced cell death and apoptosis along with the inhibition of ER stress responses. These results suggested that psoralen causes liver injury due to the induction of the ER stress-mediated apoptosis via PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP and ATF6-CHOP related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruili Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijie Men
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Panyang Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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