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Gandhi R, Chopade N, Deshmukh PK, Ingle RG, Harde M, Lakade S, More MP, Tade RS, Bhadane MS. Unveiling cyclodextrin conjugation as multidentate excipients: An exploratory journey across industries. Carbohydr Res 2025; 549:109357. [PMID: 39708386 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 11/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of branched molecules like dextrin by Schardinger in 1903 marked the inception of cyclodextrin (CD) utilization, catalyzing its journey from laboratory experimentation to widespread commercialization within the pharmaceutical industry. CD, a cyclic oligosaccharide containing glucopyranose units, acts as a versatile guest molecule, forming inclusion complexes (ICs) with various host molecules. Computational studies have become instrumental in elucidating the intricate interactions between β-CD and guest molecules, enabling the prediction of binding energy, forces, affinity, and complex stability. The computational approach has established robust correlations with experimental outcomes, enhancing our understanding of CD-mediated complexation phenomena. This comprehensive review delves into the CD based Inclusion complex (CDIC) formation and a myriad of components, including drug molecules, amino acids, vitamins, and volatile oils. These complexes find applications across diverse industries, ranging from pharmaceuticals to nutraceuticals, food, fragrance, and beyond. In the pharmaceutical realm, β- CDICs offer innovative solutions for enhancing drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, thus overcoming formulation challenges associated with poorly water-soluble drugs. Furthermore, the versatility of CDs extends beyond pharmaceuticals, with applications in the encapsulation of phytoactive compounds in nutraceuticals and the enhancing flavor, aroma in food and fragrance industries. This review underscores the pivotal role of CDs conjugation in modern drug delivery systems, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate computational modeling with experimental validation. As the pharmaceutical landscape continues to evolve, CDs-based formulations stand poised to drive innovation and address the ever-growing demand for efficacious and patient-friendly drug delivery solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Laddhad College of Pharmacy, Dist-Buldhana, M.S. 443 001, India
| | - Nishant Chopade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, Dist-Buldhana, M.S. 443 101, India
| | - Prashant K Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, Dist-Buldhana, M.S. 443 101, India
| | - Rahul G Ingle
- Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) Sawangi, Wardha, M.S. 442004, India
| | - Minal Harde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, PES's Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi, Pune, 411044, India
| | - Sameer Lakade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rasiklal M. Dhariwal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chinchwad, Pune, 411019, India
| | | | - Rahul S Tade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist - Dhule, M.S. 425405, India
| | - Mahesh S Bhadane
- Department of Physics, Rayat Shikshan Sanstha's Dada Patil Mahavidyalaya, Karjat, Dist - Ahemadnagar, M.S. 414 402, India
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De Gaetano F, Scala A, Celesti C, Lambertsen Larsen K, Genovese F, Bongiorno C, Leggio L, Iraci N, Iraci N, Mazzaglia A, Ventura CA. Amphiphilic Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles as Delivery System for Idebenone: A Preformulation Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073023. [PMID: 37049785 PMCID: PMC10096402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Idebenone (IDE), a synthetic short-chain analogue of coenzyme Q10, is a potent antioxidant able to prevent lipid peroxidation and stimulate nerve growth factor. Due to these properties, IDE could potentially be active towards cerebral disorders, but its poor water solubility limits its clinical application. Octanoyl-β-cyclodextrin is an amphiphilic cyclodextrin (ACyD8) bearing, on average, ten octanoyl substituents able to self-assemble in aqueous solutions, forming various typologies of supramolecular nanoassemblies. Here, we developed nanoparticles based on ACyD8 (ACyD8-NPs) for the potential intranasal administration of IDE to treat neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease. Nanoparticles were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method and were characterized for their size, zeta potential and morphology. STEM images showed spherical particles, with smooth surfaces and sizes of about 100 nm, suitable for the proposed therapeutical aim. The ACyD8-NPs effectively loaded IDE, showing a high encapsulation efficiency and drug loading percentage. To evaluate the host/guest interaction, UV-vis titration, mono- and two-dimensional NMR analyses, and molecular modeling studies were performed. IDE showed a high affinity for the ACyD8 cavity, forming a 1:1 inclusion complex with a high association constant. A biphasic and sustained release of IDE was observed from the ACyD8-NPs, and, after a burst effect of about 40%, the release was prolonged over 10 days. In vitro studies confirmed the lack of toxicity of the IDE/ACyD8-NPs on neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, and they demonstrated their antioxidant effect upon H2O2 exposure, as a general source of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Gaetano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Scala
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Consuelo Celesti
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Kim Lambertsen Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Fabio Genovese
- Technical, Economic and Technological Institute “Girolamo Caruso”, Via John Fitzgerald Kennedy 2, 91011 Alcamo, Italy
| | - Corrado Bongiorno
- National Council of Research, Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII n. 5-Zona Industriale, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Loredana Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (A.M.); (C.A.V.)
| | - Antonino Mazzaglia
- National Council of Research, Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (CNR-ISMN), URT of Messina c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences of the University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (A.M.); (C.A.V.)
| | - Cinzia Anna Ventura
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (A.M.); (C.A.V.)
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L-Arginine-Derived Polyamidoamine Oligomers Bearing at Both Ends β-Cyclodextrin Units as pH-Sensitive Curcumin Carriers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153193. [PMID: 35956707 PMCID: PMC9371169 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aza-Michael polyaddition of L-arginine and N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide gives the biocompatible and easily cell-internalized polyamidoamine ARGO7. By controlled synthesis, two ARGO7 oligomers, namely a trimer and a pentamer, bearing acrylamide terminal units, were obtained as precursors of the β-cyclodextrin-end-terminated oligomers P3 and P5, which have been shown to encapsulate curcumin at both pH 7.4 and 4.5. After lyophilization, P3- and P5-curcumin complexes gave stable water solutions. The apparent solubility of encapsulated curcumin was in the range 20–51 μg mL−1, that is, three orders of magnitude higher than the water solubility of free curcumin (0.011 μg mL−1). The drug release profiles showed induction periods both at pH levels 4.5 and 7.4, suggesting a diffusive release mechanism, as confirmed by kinetic studies. The release rate of curcumin was higher at pH 7.4 than at pH 4.5 and, in both cases, it was higher for the P5 complex. Encapsulated curcumin was more photostable than the free drug. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations explain at atomistic level the formation of aggregates due to favorable van der Waals interactions. The drug molecules interact with the external surface of carriers or form inclusion complexes with the β-cyclodextrin cavities. The aggregate stability is higher at pH 4.5.
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Raffaini G, Catauro M. Surface Interactions between Ketoprofen and Silica-Based Biomaterials as Drug Delivery System Synthesized via Sol–Gel: A Molecular Dynamics Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082759. [PMID: 35454451 PMCID: PMC9028380 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial-based drug delivery systems for a controlled drug release are drawing increasing attention thanks to their possible pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. It is important to control the local administration of drugs, especially when the drug exhibits problems diffusing across biological barriers. Thus, in an appropriate concentration, it would be released in situ, reducing side effects due to interactions with the biological environment after implantation. A theoretical study based on Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics methods is performed to investigate possible surface interactions between the amorphous SiO2 surface and the ketoprofen molecules, an anti-inflammatory drug, considering the role of drug concentration. These theoretical results are compared with experimental data obtained by analyzing, through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the interaction between the SiO2 amorphous surface and two percentages of the ketoprofen drug entrapped in a silica matrix obtained via the sol–gel method and dried materials. The loaded drug in these amorphous bioactive material forms hydrogen bonds with the silica surface, as found in this theoretical study. The surface interactions are essential to have a new generation of biomaterials not only important for biocompatibility, with specific structural and functional properties, but also able to incorporate anti-inflammatory agents for release into the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Raffaini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering ‘‘Giulio Natta’’, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20131 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Michelina Catauro
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (M.C.)
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Raffaini G, Mele A, Caronna T. Adsorption of Chiral [5]-Aza[5]helicenes on DNA Can Modify Its Hydrophilicity and Affect Its Chiral Architecture: A Molecular Dynamics Study. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13215031. [PMID: 33171884 PMCID: PMC7664699 DOI: 10.3390/ma13215031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Helicenes are interesting chiral molecules without asymmetric carbon atoms but with intrinsic chirality. Functionalized 5-Aza[5]helicenes can form non-covalent complexes with anticancer drugs and therefore be potential carriers. The paper highlights the different structural selectivity for DNA binding for two enantiopure compounds and the influence of concentration on their adsorption and self-aggregation process. In this theoretical study based on atomistic molecular dynamics simulations the interaction between (M)- and (P)-5-Aza[5]helicenes with double helix B-DNA is investigated. At first the interaction of single pure enantiomer with DNA is studied, in order to find the preferred site of interaction at the major or minor groove. Afterwards, the interaction of the enantiomers at different concentrations was investigated considering both competitive adsorption on DNA and possible helicenes self-aggregation. Therefore, racemic mixtures were studied. The helicenes studied are able to bind DNA modulating or locally modifying its hydrophilic surface into hydrophobic after adsorption of the first helicene layer partially covering the negative charge of DNA at high concentration. The (P)-enantiomer shows a preferential binding affinity of DNA helical structure even during competitive adsorption in the racemic mixtures. These DNA/helicenes non-covalent complexes exhibit a more hydrophobic exposed surface and after self-aggregation a partially hidden DNA chiral architecture to the biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Raffaini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20131 Milano, Italy;
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20131 Milano, Italy;
| | - Tullio Caronna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, 24044 Bergamo, Italy;
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Raffaini G, Ganazzoli F. Understanding Surface Interaction and Inclusion Complexes between Piroxicam and Native or Crosslinked β-Cyclodextrins: The Role of Drug Concentration. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122848. [PMID: 32575617 PMCID: PMC7355541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug concentration plays an important role in the interaction with drug carriers affecting the kinetics of release process and toxicology effects. Cyclodextrins (CDs) can solubilize hydrophobic drugs in water enhancing their bioavailability. In this theoretical study based on molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics methods, the interactions between β-cyclodextrin and piroxicam, an important nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, were investigated. At first, both host–guest complexes with native β-CD in the 1:1 and in 2:1 stoichiometry were considered without assuming any initial a priori inclusion: the resulting inclusion complexes were in good agreement with literature NMR data. The interaction between piroxicam and a β-CD nanosponge (NS) was then modeled at different concentrations. Two inclusion mechanisms were found. Moreover, piroxicam can interact with the external NS surface or with its crosslinkers, also forming one nanopore. At larger concentration, a nucleation process of drug aggregation induced by the first layer of adsorbed piroxicam molecules is observed. The flexibility of crosslinked β-CDs, which may be swollen or quite compact, changing the surface area accessible to drug molecules, and the dimension of the aggregate nucleated on the NS surface are important factors possibly affecting the kinetics of release, which shall be theoretically studied in more detail at specific concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Raffaini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20131 Milano, Italy;
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-23993068
| | - Fabio Ganazzoli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20131 Milano, Italy;
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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7
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Chen G, Huang K, Miao M, Feng B, Campanella OH. Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Mechanism Elucidation of Food Processing and Safety: State of the Art. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:243-263. [PMID: 33337012 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a useful technique to study the interaction between molecules and how they are affected by various processes and processing conditions. This review summarizes the application of MD simulations in food processing and safety, with an emphasis on the effects that emerging nonthermal technologies (for example, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field) have on the molecular and structural characteristics of foods and biomaterials. The advances and potential projection of MD simulations in the science and engineering aspects of food materials are discussed and focused on research work conducted to study the effects of emerging technologies on food components. It is expected by showing key case studies that it will stir novel developments as a valuable tool to study the effects of emerging food technologies on biomaterials. This review is useful to food researchers and the food industry, as well as researchers and practitioners working on flavor and nutraceutical encapsulations, dietary carbohydrate product developments, modified starches, protein engineering, and other novel food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan Univ. of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Ave., Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Ave., Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Ave., Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Biao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Ave., Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Osvaldo H Campanella
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Ave., Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Dept. of Food Science, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue Univ., 745 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, U.S.A
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Zhang X, Patel LA, Beckwith O, Schneider R, Weeden CJ, Kindt JT. Extracting Aggregation Free Energies of Mixed Clusters from Simulations of Small Systems: Application to Ionic Surfactant Micelles. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:5195-5206. [PMID: 28942641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Micelle cluster distributions from molecular dynamics simulations of a solvent-free coarse-grained model of sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) were analyzed using an improved method to extract equilibrium association constants from small-system simulations containing one or two micelle clusters at equilibrium with free surfactants and counterions. The statistical-thermodynamic and mathematical foundations of this partition-enabled analysis of cluster histograms (PEACH) approach are presented. A dramatic reduction in computational time for analysis was achieved through a strategy similar to the selector variable method to circumvent the need for exhaustive enumeration of the possible partitions of surfactants and counterions into clusters. Using statistics from a set of small-system (up to 60 SOS molecules) simulations as input, equilibrium association constants for micelle clusters were obtained as a function of both number of surfactants and number of associated counterions through a global fitting procedure. The resulting free energies were able to accurately predict micelle size and charge distributions in a large (560 molecule) system. The evolution of micelle size and charge with SOS concentration as predicted by the PEACH-derived free energies and by a phenomenological four-parameter model fit, along with the sensitivity of these predictions to variations in cluster definitions, are analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - L A Patel
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - O Beckwith
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - C J Weeden
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - J T Kindt
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Putaux JL, Lancelon-Pin C, Legrand FX, Pastrello M, Choisnard L, Gèze A, Rochas C, Wouessidjewe D. Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Biotransesterified β-Cyclodextrins: Supramolecular Structure of Nanoparticles and Surface Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7917-7928. [PMID: 28492333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) amphiphilic derivatives with varying degrees of substitution were prepared by acylating βCDs on their secondary face using thermolysin to catalyze the transesterification. After dissolution in acetone, the βCD-Cn derivatives (n = 8, 10, 12, 14) were nanoprecipitated in water, where they self-organized into structured particles that were characterized using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) images and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. Two types of morphologies and ultrastructures were observed depending on the total degree of substitution (TDS) of the parent derivative. The molecules with TDS < 5 formed nanospheres with a multilamellar organization, whereas those with TDS > 5 self-assembled into barrel-like (n = 8, 10, 12) or more tortuous (n = 14) particles with a columnar inverse hexagonal structure. In particular, faceted βCD-C14 particles (TDS = 7) appeared to be composed of several domains with different orientations that were separated by sharp interfaces. Ultrastructural models were proposed on the basis of cryo-TEM images and the analysis of the contrast distribution in different projections of the lattice. Complementary compression isotherm experiments carried out at the air-water interface also suggested that differences in the molecular conformation of the series of derivatives existed depending on whether TDS was lower or higher than 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - François-Xavier Legrand
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay , 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Raffaini G, Ganazzoli F, Mazzaglia A. Aggregation behavior of amphiphilic cyclodextrins in a nonpolar solvent: evidence of large-scale structures by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and solution studies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:73-80. [PMID: 26877809 PMCID: PMC4734359 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically modified cyclodextrins carrying both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substituents may form supramolecular aggregates or nanostructures of great interest. These systems have been usually investigated and characterized in water for their potential use as nanocarriers for drug delivery, but they can also aggregate in apolar solvents, as shown in the present paper through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and dynamic light scattering measurements. The simulations, carried out with a large number of molecules in vacuo adopting an unbiased bottom-up approach, suggest the formation of bidimensional structures with characteristic length scales of the order of 10 nm, although some of these sizes are possibly affected by the assumed periodicity of the simulation cell, in particular at longer lengths. In any case, these nanostructures are stable at least from the kinetic viewpoint for relatively long times thanks to the large number of intermolecular interactions of dipolar and dispersive nature. The dynamic light scattering experiments indicate the presence of aggregates with a hydrodynamic radius of the order of 80 nm and a relatively modest polydispersity, even though smaller nanometer-sized aggregates cannot be fully ruled out. Taken together, these simulation and experimental results indicate that amphiphilically modified cyclodextrins do also form large-scale nanoaggregates even in apolar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Raffaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ganazzoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Mazzaglia
- CNR-ISMN Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali dell'Università di Messina, V. le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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