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Matin P, Hanee U, Alam MS, Jeong JE, Matin MM, Rahman MR, Mahmud S, Alshahrani MM, Kim B. Novel Galactopyranoside Esters: Synthesis, Mechanism, In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134125. [PMID: 35807371 PMCID: PMC9268324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One-step direct unimolar valeroylation of methyl α-D-galactopyranoside (MDG) mainly furnished the corresponding 6-O-valeroate. However, DMAP catalyzed a similar reaction that produced 2,6-di-O-valeroate and 6-O-valeroate, with the reactivity sequence as 6-OH > 2-OH > 3-OH,4-OH. To obtain novel antimicrobial agents, 6-O- and 2,6-di-O-valeroate were converted into several 2,3,4-tri-O- and 3,4-di-O-acyl esters, respectively, with other acylating agents in good yields. The PASS activity spectra along with in vitro antimicrobial evaluation clearly indicated that these MDG esters had better antifungal activities than antibacterial agents. To rationalize higher antifungal potentiality, molecular docking was conducted with sterol 14α-demethylase (PDB ID: 4UYL, Aspergillus fumigatus), which clearly supported the in vitro antifungal results. In particular, MDG ester 7−12 showed higher binding energy than the antifungal drug, fluconazole. Additionally, these compounds were found to have more promising binding energy with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (6LU7) than tetracycline, fluconazole, and native inhibitor N3. Detailed investigation of Ki values, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), and the drug-likeness profile indicated that most of these compounds satisfy the drug-likeness evaluation, bioavailability, and safety tests, and hence, these synthetic novel MDG esters could be new antifungal and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Matin
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (P.M.); (U.H.)
| | - Umme Hanee
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (P.M.); (U.H.)
| | - Muhammad Shaiful Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong 4202, Bangladesh;
| | - Jae Eon Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Mohammed Mahbubul Matin
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (P.M.); (U.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (B.K.); Tel.: +880-1716-839689 (M.M.M.)
| | - Md. Rezaur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia;
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Shine-Dalgarno Centre for RNA Innovation, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (B.K.); Tel.: +880-1716-839689 (M.M.M.)
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Abstract
Saponins, as secondary metabolites in terrestrial plants and marine invertebrate, constitute one of the largest families of natural products. The long history of folk medicinal applications of saponins makes them attractive candidates for innovative drug design and development. Chemical synthesis has become a practical alternative to the availability of the natural saponins and their modified analogs, so as to facilitate SAR studies and the discovery of optimal structures for clinical applications. The recent achievements in the synthesis of these complex saponins reflect the advancements of both steroid/triterpene chemistry and carbohydrate chemistry. This chapter provides an updated review on the chemical synthesis of natural saponins, covering the literature from 2014 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Synthesis, Modification and Biological Activity of Diosgenyl β-d-Glycosaminosides: An Overview. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25225433. [PMID: 33233558 PMCID: PMC7699689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a structurally diverse class of natural glycosides that possess a broad spectrum of biological activities. They are composed of hydrophilic carbohydrate moiety and hydrophobic triterpenoid or steroid aglycon. Naturally occurring diosgenyl glycosides are the most abundant steroid saponins, and many of them exhibit various pharmacological properties. Herein, we present an overview of semisynthetic saponins syntheses-diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides (d-gluco and d-galacto). These glycosides possess a 2-amino group, which creates great possibilities for further modifications. A wide group of glycosyl donors, different N-protecting groups and various reaction conditions used for their synthesis are presented. In addition, this paper demonstrates the possibilities of chemical modifications of diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides, associated with functionalisation of the amino group. These provide N-acyl, N-alkyl, N,N-dialkyl, N-cinnamoyl, 2-ureido and 2-thiosemicarbazonyl derivatives of diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides, for which the results of biological activity tests (antifungal, antibacterial, anti-cancer and hemolytic) are presented.
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Juang YP, Liang PH. Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Saponins. Molecules 2020; 25:E4974. [PMID: 33121124 PMCID: PMC7663351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are amphiphilic molecules consisting of carbohydrate and either triterpenoid or steroid aglycone moieties and are noted for their multiple biological activities-Fungicidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects have all been observed. Saponins from natural sources have long been used in herbal and traditional medicines; however, the isolation of complexed saponins from nature is difficult and laborious, due to the scarce amount and structure heterogeneity. Chemical synthesis is considered a powerful tool to expand the structural diversity of saponin, leading to the discovery of promising compounds. This review focuses on recent developments in the structure optimization and biological evaluation of synthetic triterpenoid and steroid saponin derivatives. By summarizing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) results, we hope to provide the direction for future development of saponin-based bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of betulin-3-yl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glycopyranosides. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103568. [PMID: 31972464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Betulin is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, possessing a lupane-structure, with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Its weak hydrosolubility hinders the biological activity of the compound and its derivatives. To circumvent this problem, we synthesized and tested in vitro three d-glycosaminosides of betulin. The structure of betulin was modified by incorporation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-gluco- and -d-galactopyranosyl moieties to its C-3 position. So far betulinyl glycosides containing these amino-sugars have not been reported in the literature. The structure of the studied derivatives was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. The 28-O-acetylbetulin-3-yl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside and betulin-3-yl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-gluco- and β-d-galactopyranoside were tested against the human pathogenic fungi and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the MTT assay of their cytotoxicity was performed on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and on the HDFa, human dermal fibroblasts. The Ames test on mutagenic properties completed our biological assays.
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Janeczko M, Kubiński K, Martyna A, Muzyczka A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Czernik S, Tokarska-Rodak M, Chwedczuk M, Demchuk OM, Golczyk H, Masłyk M. 1,4-Naphthoquinone derivatives potently suppress Candida albicans growth, inhibit formation of hyphae and show no toxicity toward zebrafish embryos. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:598-609. [PMID: 29461185 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we applied various assays to find new activities of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives for potential anti-Candida albicans applications. METHODOLOGY These assays determined (a) the antimicrobial effect on growth/cell multiplication in fungal cultures, (b) the effect on formation of hyphae and biofilm, (c) the influence on cell membrane integrity, (d) the effect on cell morphology using atomic force microscopy, and (e) toxicity against zebrafish embryos. We have demonstrated the activity of these compounds against different Candida species and clinical isolates of C. albicans. KEY FINDINGS 1,4-Naphthoquinones significantly affected fungal strains at 8-250 mg l-1 of MIC. Interestingly, at concentrations below MICs, the chemicals showed effectiveness in inhibition of hyphal formation and cell aggregation in Candida. Of note, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed an influence of the compounds on cell morphological properties. However, at low concentrations (0.8-31.2 mg l-1), it did not exert any evident toxic effects on zebrafish embryos. CONCLUSIONS Our research has evidenced the effectiveness of 1,4-naphthoquinones as potential anti-Candida agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janeczko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Martyna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Angelika Muzyczka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 4A, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Czernik
- Innovation Research Centre, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Sidorska 95/97, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tokarska-Rodak
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Sidorska 95/97, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Marta Chwedczuk
- Innovation Research Centre, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Sidorska 95/97, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Oleg M Demchuk
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hieronim Golczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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Zeng J, Wang R, Yao W, Zhang S, Sun G, Liao Z, Meng L, Wan Q. Diversified synthesis and α-selective glycosylation of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy sugars. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quick access to various unnatural 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy sugars was achieved by sequential functionalization of a glycal intermediate. This strategy and the further glycosylation method allowed the efficient late-stage modification of bioactive natural products and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Ruobin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Wang Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Guangfei Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zhiwen Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Lingkui Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
- Institute of Brain Research
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