Spectral and DFT studies of anion bound organic receptors: Time dependent studies and logic gate applications

Design and synthesis of malonohydrazide based colorimetric receptors for discrimination of maleate over fumarate and detection of F-, AcO- and AsO2- ions

In this study, we have designed and synthesized two new organic receptors R1 and R2 based on malonohydrazide for the recognition of biologically important anions. The receptor R1 capable of colorimetric discrimination of maleate over fumarate ion, exhibit significant color change from pale yellow to wine red due to intermolecular hydrogen bond between the R1 and maleate ion, supported by ¹HNMR titration, where the peak at δ12.0 ppm attributed to the NH proton experiences a downfield shift upon binding with maleate ion. Receptor R1, equipped with two electron-withdrawing NO₂ moieties as the chromogenic signaling unit enhance the hydrogen bonding tendency and acidity, and thus when comparing with receptor R2, R1 displayed substantial higher redshift (∆λ_max) of 148 nm, 143 nm, and 140 nm towards F^-, AcO^-, and maleate anion in the DMSO. In addition, the synthesized receptors R1 and R2 are able to detect F^-, AcO^-, and AsO₂^- ions as their sodium salts in an aqueous solution with visual color change. Receptor R1 exhibit electrochemical response towards F^- and AcO^- ions. The receptors R1 and R2 are successfully applied for quantitative detection of F^- ion in the toothpaste solution in an aqueous medium. Additionally, R1 and R2 exhibit fluorescence enhancement towards F^- and AcO^- ions in the DMSO. As well, R1 and R2 demonstrate to be potentially useful colorimetric chemosensor for sensing maleate ion using the test strip. The theoretical calculation based on TD-DFT corroborates well with the experimental results of the receptors R1 and R2 with fluoride, acetate and maleate.

Design and synthesis new colorimetric receptors for naked-eye detection of biologically important fluoride and acetate anions in organic and arsenite in aqueous medium based on ICT mechanism: DFT study and test strip application

Novel three colorimetric anion receptors R1, R2 and R3 have been designed and synthesized via condensation reaction and characterized using IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Anion sensing properties were studied using colorimetric, UV-vis titration, ¹H NMR titration, and Cyclic Voltammetric Studies. Comparing the UV-visible titration data of the receptors R1 and R2, R2 showed high redshift (∆λ_max) in the mixed competitive solution (DMSO: H₂O, 9: 1; v/v) of about 155 nm, 157 nm, 169 nm for Na⁺F^-, Na⁺AcO^-, and Na⁺AsO₂^- ions with LOD of 0.23 ppm, 0.18 ppm, and 0.30 ppm, respectively. The observed spectral change of receptor R2 is due to the anion-induced deprotonation of the OH proton, which is confirmed by UV-vis titration, ¹HNMR titration, and cyclic voltammetric studies. Theoretical studies via DFT calculation were carried for R1 and R2 to optimize the structure and to explain the anion-binding mechanism. The application of designed receptor R2 was successfully demonstrated for the detection of F^- and AsO₂^- ions using a test strip. The receptors R1 and R2 proved itself to be potentially useful for real-life application by sensing F^- and AcO^- ions in real samples like toothpaste, mouthwash, vinegar and seawater in a complete aqueous medium.

Colorimetric anion sensors based on positional effect of nitro group for recognition of biologically relevant anions in organic and aqueous medium, insight real-life application and DFT studies

A new six colorimetric receptors A1-A6 were designed and synthesized, characterized by typical common spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, UV-Visible, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and ESI-MS. The receptor A1 and A2 exhibit a significant naked-eye response towards F^- and AcO^- ions in DMSO. Due to presences of the NO₂ group at para and ortho position with extended π-conjugation of naphthyl group carrying OH as a binding site. Compared to receptor A2, A1 is extremely capable of detecting F^- and AcO^- ions present in the form of sodium salts in an aqueous medium. This is owed to the occurrence of NO₂ group at para position induced in increasing the acidity of OH proton. Consequently, it easily gets deprotonated in aqueous media. The detection limit of receptor A1 was turned out to be 0.40 and 0.35ppm for F^- and AcO^- ions which is beneath WHO permission level (1.0ppm). Receptor A1 shows a solitary property of solvatochromism in different aprotic solvents in presence of AcO^- ion. Receptor A1 depicts high selectivity towards AcO^- ion in DMSO: HEPES buffer (9:1, v/v). Receptor A1 proved itself for real life application by detecting anion in solution and solid state. The binding mechanism of receptor A1 with AcO^- and F^- ions was monitored from ¹HNMR titration and DFT study.