1
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Robinson AD, Hill-Casey F, Duckett SB, Halse ME. Quantitative reaction monitoring using parahydrogen-enhanced benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14317-14328. [PMID: 38695736 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The parahydrogen-induced polarisation (PHIP) NMR signal enhancement technique is used to study H2 addition to Vaska's complex (trans-[IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2]) with both standard high-field (9.4 T) NMR and benchtop (1 T) NMR detection. Accurate and repeatable rate constants of (0.84 ± 0.03) dm3 mol-1 s-1 and (0.89 ± 0.03) dm3 mol-1 s-1 were obtained for this model system using standard high-field and benchtop NMR, respectively. The high-field NMR approach is shown to be susceptible to systematic errors associated with interference from non-hyperpolarised signals, which can be overcome through a multiple-quantum filtered acquisition scheme. This challenge is avoided when using benchtop NMR detection because the non-hyperpolarised signals are much weaker due to the lower magnetic field, enabling the use of a simpler and more efficient single RF pulse detection scheme. Method validation against several experimental parameters (NMR relaxation, %pH2 enrichment and temperature) demonstrates the robustness of the benchtop NMR approach but also highlights the need for sample temperature control throughout reaction monitoring. A simple temperature equilibration protocol, coupled with use of an insulated sample holder while manipulating the sample outside the spectrometer, is found to provide sufficient temperature stabilisation to ensure that accurate and repeatable rate constants are obtained. Finally, the benchtop NMR reaction monitoring protocol is applied to the analysis of a complex mixture, where multiple reaction products form simultaneously. H2 addition to a mixture of three Vaska's complex derivatives was monitored, revealing the presence of competitive reaction pathways within the mixture.
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2
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Herold D, Brauser M, Kind J, Thiele CM. Evolution of a Combined UV/Vis and NMR Setup with Fixed Pathlengths for Mass-limited Samples. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304016. [PMID: 38360972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of reaction mechanisms is a complex task that usually requires the use of several techniques. To obtain as much information as possible on the reaction and any intermediates - possibly invisible to one technique - the combination of techniques is a solution. In this work we present a new setup for combined UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy and compare it to an established alternative. The presented approach allows a versatile usage of different commercially-available components like mirrors and fiber bundles as well as different fixed pathlengths according to double transmission or single transmission measurements. While a previous approach is based on a dip-probe setup for conventional NMR probes, the new one is based on a micro-Helmholtz coil array (LiquidVoxel™). This makes the use of rectangular cuvettes possible, which ensure well-defined pathlengths allowing for quantification of species. Additionally, very low quantities of compound can be analyzed due to the microfabrication and small cuvette size used. As proof-of-principle this new setup for combined UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy is used to examine a well-studied photochromic system of the dithienylethene compound class. A thorough comparison of the pros and cons of the two setups for combined UV/Vis and NMR measurements is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Herold
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Matthias Brauser
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Jonas Kind
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Christina M Thiele
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
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3
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Lhoste C, Bazzoni M, Bonnet J, Bernard A, Felpin FX, Giraudeau P, Dumez JN. Broadband ultrafast 2D NMR spectroscopy for online monitoring in continuous flow. Analyst 2023; 148:5255-5261. [PMID: 37740277 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Flow NMR is a powerful tool to monitor chemical reactions under realistic conditions. Here, we describe ultrafast (UF) 2D NMR schemes that make it possible to acquire broadband homonuclear 2D NMR spectra in 90 seconds or less for a continuously flowing sample. An interleaved acquisition strategy is used to address the spectral width limitation of UF 2D NMR. We show how, for a flowing sample, the use of a transverse axis for spatial encoding makes it possible to achieve the very high scan-to-scan stability required for interleaved acquisition. We also describe an optimised solvent suppression strategy that is effective for interleaved acquisition in continuous flow. These developments open the way to online monitoring with flow 2D NMR at high time resolution, as we illustrate with the monitoring of an organocatalysed condensation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lhoste
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Justine Bonnet
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Aurélie Bernard
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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4
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Dunlap JH, Ethier JG, Putnam-Neeb AA, Iyer S, Luo SXL, Feng H, Garrido Torres JA, Doyle AG, Swager TM, Vaia RA, Mirau P, Crouse CA, Baldwin LA. Continuous flow synthesis of pyridinium salts accelerated by multi-objective Bayesian optimization with active learning. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8061-8069. [PMID: 37538827 PMCID: PMC10395269 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01303k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a human-in-the-loop implementation of the multi-objective experimental design via a Bayesian optimization platform (EDBO+) towards the optimization of butylpyridinium bromide synthesis under continuous flow conditions. The algorithm simultaneously optimized reaction yield and production rate (or space-time yield) and generated a well defined Pareto front. The versatility of EDBO+ was demonstrated by expanding the reaction space mid-campaign by increasing the upper temperature limit. Incorporation of continuous flow techniques enabled improved control over reaction parameters compared to common batch chemistry processes, while providing a route towards future automated syntheses and improved scalability. To that end, we applied the open-source Python module, nmrglue, for semi-automated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis, and compared the acquired outputs against those obtained through manual processing methods from spectra collected on both low-field (60 MHz) and high-field (400 MHz) NMR spectrometers. The EDBO+ based model was retrained with these four different datasets and the resulting Pareto front predictions provided insight into the effect of data analysis on model predictions. Finally, quaternization of poly(4-vinylpyridine) with bromobutane illustrated the extension of continuous flow chemistry to synthesize functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Dunlap
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc. Dayton OH 45431 USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ethier
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc. Dayton OH 45431 USA
| | - Amelia A Putnam-Neeb
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
- National Research Council Research Associate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Sanjay Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Haosheng Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | | | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Peter Mirau
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Christopher A Crouse
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Luke A Baldwin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
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5
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Gomez MV, Baas S, Velders AH. Multinuclear 1D and 2D NMR with 19F-Photo-CIDNP hyperpolarization in a microfluidic chip with untuned microcoil. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3885. [PMID: 37391397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a most powerful molecular characterization and quantification technique, yet two major persistent factors limit its more wide-spread applications: poor sensitivity, and intricate complex and expensive hardware required for sophisticated experiments. Here we show NMR with a single planar-spiral microcoil in an untuned circuit with hyperpolarization option and capability to execute complex experiments addressing simultaneously up to three different nuclides. A microfluidic NMR-chip in which the 25 nL detection volume can be efficiently illuminated with laser-diode light enhances the sensitivity by orders of magnitude via photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP), allowing rapid detection of samples in the lower picomole range (normalized limit of detection at 600 MHz, nLODf,600, of 0.01 nmol Hz1/2). The chip is equipped with a single planar microcoil operating in an untuned circuit that allows different Larmor frequencies to be addressed simultaneously, permitting advanced hetero-, di- and trinuclear, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Here we show NMR chips with photo-CIDNP and broadband capabilities addressing two of the major limiting factors of NMR, by enhancing sensitivity as well as reducing cost and hardware complexity; the performance is compared to state-of-the-art instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Gomez
- IRICA, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Sander Baas
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, 6700 EK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- IRICA, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, 6700 EK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Chen R, Singh P, Su S, Kocalar S, Wang X, Mandava N, Venkatesan S, Ferguson A, Rao A, Le E, Rojas C, Njoo E. Benchtop 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Provides Mechanistic Insight into the Biginelli Condensation toward the Chemical Synthesis of Novel Trifluorinated Dihydro- and Tetrahydropyrimidinones as Antiproliferative Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10545-10554. [PMID: 36969393 PMCID: PMC10034998 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has enabled the monitoring and optimization of chemical transformations while simultaneously providing kinetic, mechanistic, and structural insight into reaction pathways with quantitative precision. Moreover, benchtop NMR proton lock capabilities further allow for rapid and convenient monitoring of various organic reactions in real time, as the use of deuterated solvents is not required. The complementary role of 19F NMR-based kinetic monitoring in the fluorination of bioactive compounds has many benefits in the drug discovery process since fluorinated motifs additionally improve drug pharmacology. In this study, 19F NMR spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the synthesis of novel trifluorinated analogs of monastrol, a small molecule dihydropyrimidinone kinesin-Eg5 inhibitor, and to probe the mechanism of the Biginelli cyclocondensation, a multicomponent reaction used to synthesize dihydropyrimidinone and tetrahydropyrimidinones through a Bronsted- or Lewis-acid catalyzed cyclocondensation between ethyl acetoacetate, thiourea, and an aryl aldehyde. In the present study, a trifluorinated ketoester serves a dual purpose as being the source of the trifluoromethyl group in our fluorinated dihydropyrimidinones and as a spectroscopic handle for real-time reaction monitoring and tracking of reactive intermediates by 19F NMR. Further, upon extending this workflow to a diverse array of 3- and 4-substituted aryl aldehydes, we were able to derive Hammett linear free energy relationships (LFER) to determine stereoelectronic effects of para- and meta-substituted aryl aldehydes to corresponding reaction rates and mechanistic routes. In addition, we used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to corroborate our experimental results through the thermodynamic values of key intermediates in each mechanism. Finally, these studies culminate in the synthesis of a novel trifluorinated analog of monastrol and its subsequent biological evaluation in vitro. More broadly, we show an application of benchtop 19F NMR spectroscopy as an analytical tool in the real-time investigation of a mechanistically and chemically complex multicomponent reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Chen
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Pratyush Singh
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Sarah Su
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Selin Kocalar
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Xina Wang
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Neha Mandava
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Srishti Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Adrienne Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Aishi Rao
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Emma Le
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Casey Rojas
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Edward Njoo
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
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7
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Bazzoni M, Lhoste C, Bonnet J, Konan KE, Bernard A, Giraudeau P, Felpin FX, Dumez JN. In-line Multidimensional NMR Monitoring of Photochemical Flow Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203240. [PMID: 36651473 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the in-line monitoring of a flow photochemical reaction using 1D and ultrafast 2D NMR methods at high magnetic field. The reaction mixture exiting the flow reactor is flown through the NMR spectrometer and directly analyzed. In the case of simple substrates, suitable information can be obtained through 1D 1 H spectra, but for molecules of higher complexity the use of 2D experiments is key to address signal overlaps and assignment issues. Here we show the usefulness of ultrafast 2D COSY experiments acquired in 70 s or less, for the in-line monitoring of photochemical reactions, and the possibility to obtain reliable quantitative information. This is a powerful framework to, for example, efficiently screen reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Célia Lhoste
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-4400, Nantes, France
| | - Justine Bonnet
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-4400, Nantes, France
| | | | - Aurélie Bernard
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-4400, Nantes, France
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8
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Wouters B, Miggiels P, Bezemer R, van der Cruijsen EA, van Leeuwen E, Gauvin J, Houben K, Babu Sai Sankar Gupta K, Zuijdwijk P, Harms A, Carvalho de Souza A, Hankemeier T. Automated Segmented-Flow Analysis – NMR with a Novel Fluoropolymer Flow Cell for High-Throughput Screening. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15350-15358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Wouters
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Miggiels
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Bezemer
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik van Leeuwen
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | - John Gauvin
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Klaartje Houben
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Zuijdwijk
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Foster SW, Xie X, Hellmig JM, Moura‐Letts G, West WR, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Online monitoring of small volume reactions using compact liquid chromatography instrumentation. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022; 5:213-219. [PMID: 37008988 PMCID: PMC10065474 DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of analytical techniques have been employed for monitoring chemical reactions, with online instrumentation providing additional benefits compared to offline analysis. A challenge in the past for online monitoring has been placement of the monitoring instrumentation as close as possible to the reaction vessel to maximize sampling temporal resolution and preserve sample composition integrity. Furthermore, the ability to sample very small volumes from bench-scale reactions allows the use of small reaction vessels and conservation of expensive reagents. In this study, a compact capillary LC instrument was used for online monitoring of as small as 1 mL total volume of a chemical reaction mixture, with automated sampling of nL-scale volumes directly from the reaction vessel used for analysis. Analyses to demonstrate short term (~2 h) and long term (~ 50 h) reactions were conducted using tandem on-capillary ultraviolet absorbance followed by in-line MS detection or ultraviolet absorbance detection alone, respectively. For both short term and long term reactions (10 and 250 injections, respectively), sampling approaches using syringe pumps minimized the overall sample loss to ~0.2% of the total reaction volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Jacob M. Hellmig
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Gustavo Moura‐Letts
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | | | - Milton L. Lee
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
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10
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Davy M, Dickson CL, Wei R, Uhrín D, Butts CP. Monitoring off-resonance signals with SHARPER NMR - the MR-SHARPER experiment. Analyst 2022; 147:1702-1708. [PMID: 35332898 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an extension to the SHARPER (Sensitive Homogenous and Refocussed Peaks in Real Time) NMR experiment which allows more than one signal to be monitored simultaneously, while still giving ultra-sharp, homo- and hetero-decoupled NMR signals. This is especially valuable in situations where magnetic field inhomogeneity would normally make NMR a problematic tool, for example when gas evolution is occurring during reaction monitoring. The originally reported SHARPER experiment only works for a single, on-resonance NMR signal, but here we demonstrate the Multiple Resonance SHARPER approach can be developed, which in principle can acquire multiple on-/off-resonance signals simultaneously while retaining the desirable properties of the parent sequence. In practice, the case of two resonances, e.g. those of a reactant and a product, will most of the time be considered for MR-SHARPER, as illustrated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Davy
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Claire L Dickson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Ran Wei
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Dusan Uhrín
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Craig P Butts
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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11
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Ben-Tal Y, Boaler PJ, Dale HJA, Dooley RE, Fohn NA, Gao Y, García-Domínguez A, Grant KM, Hall AMR, Hayes HLD, Kucharski MM, Wei R, Lloyd-Jones GC. Mechanistic analysis by NMR spectroscopy: A users guide. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 129:28-106. [PMID: 35292133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A 'principles and practice' tutorial-style review of the application of solution-phase NMR in the analysis of the mechanisms of homogeneous organic and organometallic reactions and processes. This review of 345 references summarises why solution-phase NMR spectroscopy is uniquely effective in such studies, allowing non-destructive, quantitative analysis of a wide range of nuclei common to organic and organometallic reactions, providing exquisite structural detail, and using instrumentation that is routinely available in most chemistry research facilities. The review is in two parts. The first comprises an introduction to general techniques and equipment, and guidelines for their selection and application. Topics include practical aspects of the reaction itself, reaction monitoring techniques, NMR data acquisition and processing, analysis of temporal concentration data, NMR titrations, DOSY, and the use of isotopes. The second part comprises a series of 15 Case Studies, each selected to illustrate specific techniques and approaches discussed in the first part, including in situ NMR (1/2H, 10/11B, 13C, 15N, 19F, 29Si, 31P), kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects, isotope entrainment, isotope shifts, isotopes at natural abundance, scalar coupling, kinetic analysis (VTNA, RPKA, simulation, steady-state), stopped-flow NMR, flow NMR, rapid injection NMR, pure shift NMR, dynamic nuclear polarisation, 1H/19F DOSY NMR, and in situ illumination NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Boaler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey J A Dale
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Dooley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom; Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole A Fohn
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés García-Domínguez
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katie M Grant
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M R Hall
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L D Hayes
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej M Kucharski
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ran Wei
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom.
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12
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Hammer AS, Leonov AI, Bell NL, Cronin L. Chemputation and the Standardization of Chemical Informatics. JACS AU 2021; 1:1572-1587. [PMID: 34723260 PMCID: PMC8549037 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The explosion in the use of machine learning for automated chemical reaction optimization is gathering pace. However, the lack of a standard architecture that connects the concept of chemical transformations universally to software and hardware provides a barrier to using the results of these optimizations and could cause the loss of relevant data and prevent reactions from being reproducible or unexpected findings verifiable or explainable. In this Perspective, we describe how the development of the field of digital chemistry or chemputation, that is the universal code-enabled control of chemical reactions using a standard language and ontology, will remove these barriers allowing users to focus on the chemistry and plug in algorithms according to the problem space to be explored or unit function to be optimized. We describe a standard hardware (the chemical processing programming architecture-the ChemPU) to encompass all chemical synthesis, an approach which unifies all chemistry automation strategies, from solid-phase peptide synthesis, to HTE flow chemistry platforms, while at the same time establishing a publication standard so that researchers can exchange chemical code (χDL) to ensure reproducibility and interoperability. Not only can a vast range of different chemistries be plugged into the hardware, but the ever-expanding developments in software and algorithms can also be accommodated. These technologies, when combined will allow chemistry, or chemputation, to follow computation-that is the running of code across many different types of capable hardware to get the same result every time with a low error rate.
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13
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Sato Y, Liu J, Kukor AJ, Culhane JC, Tucker JL, Kucera DJ, Cochran BM, Hein JE. Real-Time Monitoring of Solid-Liquid Slurries: Optimized Synthesis of Tetrabenazine. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14069-14078. [PMID: 34213349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid-liquid slurries are vital and increasingly prevalent in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Despite the importance of these heterogeneous systems, process control and optimization are fundamentally hindered by a lack of compatible real-time analytical techniques. We present herein an online HPLC monitoring platform enabling access to real-time compositional information on slurries. We demonstrate the system by investigating the heterogeneous synthesis reaction of tetrabenazine. Furthermore, we integrated our online HPLC platform with the orthogonal monitoring techniques of a pH probe and a microscopic imaging probe to provide additional mechanistic insight. These combined insights enable the optimization of tetrabenazine synthesis in terms of reaction time, byproduct formation, and diastereomeric purity of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andrew J Kukor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Culhane
- Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - John L Tucker
- Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - David J Kucera
- Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Brian M Cochran
- Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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15
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Dyga M, Oppel C, Gooßen LJ. RotoMate: An open-source, 3D printed autosampler for use with benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers. HARDWAREX 2021; 10:e00211. [PMID: 35607663 PMCID: PMC9123427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers are versatile analytic instruments with low acquisition and operation cost. However, in the basic version, samples must be manually measured one after the other. We herein describe the open-source autosampler RotoMate that allows the automated operation of such instruments. The hardware is easily assembled from 3D-printed and inexpensive off-the-shelf parts, and is controlled by an Arduino Uno. A software package interlinks the operation of the autosampler with the software of the NMR spectrometer and the software for the processing of the spectra. Experiments for up to 30 samples can be inserted into an interactive sample list. The autosampler automatically inserts and ejects the samples, initiates measurements on the spectrometer according to parameters specified in the sample list, and interacts with a common NMR software in the processing and visualization of the obtained spectroscopic raw data. If an internal standard is present, conversions and yields of chemical reactions are automatically calculated, enabling e.g. the monitoring of reactions. The device was fitted to a Magritek Spinsolve instrument and can interact with a free academic version of ACD NMR software to process the spectra, but can likely be adapted to similar instruments and spectroscopy software packages.
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16
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Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses small permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields and therefore offers the advantages of operational simplicity and reasonable cost, presenting a viable alternative to high-field NMR spectroscopy. In particular, the use of benchtop NMR spectroscopy for rapid in-field analysis, e.g., for quality control or forensic science purposes, has attracted considerable attention. As benchtop NMR spectrometers are sufficiently compact to be operated in a fume hood, they can be efficiently used for real-time reaction and process monitoring. This review introduces the recent applications of benchtop NMR spectroscopy in diverse fields, including food science, pharmaceuticals, process and reaction monitoring, metabolomics, and polymer materials.
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17
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Sagmeister P, Kaldre D, Sedelmeier J, Moessner C, Püntener K, Kummli D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Intensified Continuous Flow Synthesis and Workup of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazoles Enhanced by Real-Time Process Analytics. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dainis Kaldre
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Sedelmeier
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Moessner
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Püntener
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Kummli
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Rudszuck T, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Perspectives in process analytics using low field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106897. [PMID: 33518174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low field NMR is a powerful analytical tool which creates an enormous added value in process analytics. Based on specific applications in process analytics and perspectives for low field NMR in form of spectroscopy, relaxation, diffusion, and imaging in quality control, diverse applications and technical realizations like spectrometers, time domain NMR, mobile NMR sensors and MRI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Engler-Bunte Institut, Water Science and Technology, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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19
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Saib A, Bara-Estaún A, Harper OJ, Berry DBG, Thomlinson IA, Broomfield-Tagg R, Lowe JP, Lyall CL, Hintermair U. Engineering aspects of FlowNMR spectroscopy setups for online analysis of solution-phase processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article we review some fundamental engineering concepts and evaluate components and materials required to assemble and operate safe and effective FlowNMR setups that reliably generate meaningful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Saib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Alejandro Bara-Estaún
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Owen J. Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable & Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Daniel B. G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Isabel A. Thomlinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable & Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Rachael Broomfield-Tagg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Catherine L. Lyall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable & Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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20
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Lee WG, Zell MT, Ouchi T, Milton MJ. NMR spectroscopy goes mobile: Using NMR as process analytical technology at the fume hood. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1193-1202. [PMID: 32364631 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is potentially a very powerful process analytical technology (PAT) tool as it gives an atomic resolution picture of the reaction mixture without the need for chromatography. NMR is well suited for interrogating transient intermediates, providing kinetic information via NMR active nuclei, and most importantly provides universally quantitative information for all species in solution. This contrasts with commonly used PAT instruments, such as Raman or Flow-infrared (IR), which requires a separate calibration curve for every component of the reaction mixture. To date, the large footprint of high-field (≥400 MHz) NMR spectrometers and the immobility of superconducting magnets, coupled with strict requirements for the architecture for the room it is to be installed, have been a major obstacle to using this technology right next to fume hoods where chemists perform synthetic work. Here, we describe the use of a small, lightweight 60 MHz Benchtop NMR system (Nanalysis Pro-60) located on a mobile platform, that was used to monitor both small and intermediate scale Grignard formation and coupling reactions. We also show how low field NMR can provide a deceptively simple yes/no answer (for a system that would otherwise require laborious off-line testing) in the enrichment of one component versus another in a kilogram scale distillation. Benchtop NMR was also used to derive molecule specific information from Flow-IR, a technology found in most manufacturing sites, and compare the ease at which the concentrations of the reaction mixtures can be derived by NMR versus IR.
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21
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Sheng H, Corcoran EB, Dance ZEX, Smith JP, Lin Z, Ordsmith V, Hamilton S, Zhuang P. Quantitative Perspective on Online Flow Reaction Profiling Using a Miniature Mass Spectrometer. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Analytical Science, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Emily B. Corcoran
- Small Molecule Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zachary E. X. Dance
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joseph P. Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhihao Lin
- ACDS-PAT, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Simon Hamilton
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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22
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Herth MM, Ametamey S, Antuganov D, Bauman A, Berndt M, Brooks AF, Bormans G, Choe YS, Gillings N, Häfeli UO, James ML, Kopka K, Kramer V, Krasikova R, Madsen J, Mu L, Neumaier B, Piel M, Rösch F, Ross T, Schibli R, Scott PJH, Shalgunov V, Vasdev N, Wadsak W, Zeglis BM. On the consensus nomenclature rules for radiopharmaceutical chemistry - Reconsideration of radiochemical conversion. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 93:19-21. [PMID: 33232876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Radiochemical conversion is an important term to be included in the "Consensus nomenclature rules for radiopharmaceutical chemistry". Radiochemical conversion should be used to define reaction efficiency by measuring the transformation of components in a crude reaction mixture at a given time, whereas radiochemical yield is better suited to define the efficiency of an entire reaction process including, for example, separation, isolation, filtration, and formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Simon Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitrii Antuganov
- Almazov Northwest Federal Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - Andreas Bauman
- Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Berndt
- Life Molecular Imaging GmbH, Tegeler Str. 6-7, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 821, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yearn Seong Choe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Nic Gillings
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Radiology and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P-206, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasko Kramer
- Positronpharma SA, Providencia, 7500921 Santiago, Chile
| | - Raisa Krasikova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Radiochemistry, 9 Ak. Pavlova St., 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jacob Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Piel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto M5T-1R8, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Martinez-Moro M, Jenczyk J, Giussi JM, Jurga S, Moya SE. Kinetics of the thermal response of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide co methacrylic acid) hydrogel microparticles under different environmental stimuli: A time-lapse NMR study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 580:439-448. [PMID: 32711195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Hydrogels of N-isopropylacrylamide and methacrylic acid (P(NIPAm-co-MAA)) display pH sensitivity and complex positively charged molecules through carboxylate groups, while having a critical solution temperature at which they reduce in volume and dehydrate. We aimed to elucidate how the responsiveness of MAA to environmental changes alters PNIPAm hydrogels at the molecular level using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Time-lapse NMR allows us to follow the evolution of NMR signal under a temperature stimulus, providing unique information on conformational freedom of the hydrogel polymers. EXPERIMENTS We used time-lapse NMR to follow the evolution of the NMR signal with time over a temperature change from 25 to 40°C and to study the swelling/deswelling kinetics of P(NIPAm-co-MAA) microgels at different pH values and ionic strengths, and in the presence of positively charged molecules complexing carboxylate groups. FINDINGS At acid pH, hydrogel collapse is favored over neutral pH, and at basic pH the carboxylates remain steadily hydrated during temperature increase. Increasing ionic strength results in a faster, more effective collapse than decreasing pH. Complexation of medium-sized molecules with several charges (spermine, spermidine) causes a faster collapse than complexation with large molecular weight poly(allylamine) hydrochloride, but similar to the collapse effected by large poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride. This work opens new perspectives to using time-lapse NMR to study thermoresponsive systems that respond to multiple stimuli, with particular relevance in designing hydrogels for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martinez-Moro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182 C, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jacek Jenczyk
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Juan M Giussi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182 C, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
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A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Platform for Real-Time Metabolic Monitoring of Bioprocesses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204675. [PMID: 33066296 PMCID: PMC7587382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) compatible platform for the automated real-time monitoring of biochemical reactions using a flow shuttling configuration. This platform requires a working sample volume of ∼11 mL and it can circulate samples with a flow rate of 28 mL/min, which makes it suitable to be used for real-time monitoring of biochemical reactions. Another advantage of the proposed low-cost platform is the high spectral resolution. As a proof of concept, we acquire 1H NMR spectra of waste orange peel, bioprocessed using Trichoderma reesei fungus, and demonstrate the real-time measurement capability of the platform. The measurement is performed over more than 60 h, with a spectrum acquired every 7 min, such that over 510 data points are collected without user intervention. The designed system offers high resolution, automation, low user intervention, and, therefore, time-efficient measurement per sample.
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25
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Friebel A, Specht T, von Harbou E, Münnemann K, Hasse H. Prediction of flow effects in quantitative NMR measurements. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 312:106683. [PMID: 32014660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the prediction of the magnetization in flow NMR experiments is presented, which can be applied to mixtures. It enables a quantitative evaluation of NMR spectra of flowing liquid samples even in cases in which the magnetization is limited by the flow. A transport model of the nuclei's magnetization, which is based on the Bloch-equations, is introduced into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. This code predicts the velocity field and relative magnetization of different nuclei for any chosen flow cell geometry, fluid and flow rate. The prediction of relative magnetization is used to correct the observed reduction of signal intensity caused by incomplete premagnetization in fast flowing liquids. By means of the model, quantitative NMR measurements at high flow rates are possible. The method is predictive and enables calculating correction factors for any flow cell design and operating condition based on simple static T1 time measurements. This makes time-consuming calibration measurements for assessing the influence of flow effects obsolete, which otherwise would have to be carried out for each studied condition. The new method is especially interesting for flow measurements with compact medium field NMR spectrometers, which have small premagnetization volumes. In the present work, experiments with three different flow cells in a medium field NMR spectrometer were carried out. Acetonitrile, water, and mixtures of these components were used as model fluids. The experimental results for the magnetization were compared to the predictions from the CFD model and good agreement was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Friebel
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Specht
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erik von Harbou
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
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26
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Gioiello A, Piccinno A, Lozza AM, Cerra B. The Medicinal Chemistry in the Era of Machines and Automation: Recent Advances in Continuous Flow Technology. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6624-6647. [PMID: 32049517 PMCID: PMC7997576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Medicinal
chemistry plays a fundamental and underlying role in
chemical biology, pharmacology, and medicine to discover safe and
efficacious drugs. Small molecule medicinal chemistry relies on iterative
learning cycles composed of compound design, synthesis, testing, and
data analysis to provide new chemical probes and lead compounds for
novel and druggable targets. Using traditional approaches, the time
from hypothesis to obtaining the results can be protracted, thus limiting
the number of compounds that can be advanced into clinical studies.
This challenge can be tackled with the recourse of enabling technologies
that are showing great potential in improving the drug discovery process.
In this Perspective, we highlight recent developments toward innovative
medicinal chemistry strategies based on continuous flow systems coupled
with automation and bioassays. After a discussion of the aims and
concepts, we describe equipment and representative examples of automated
flow systems and end-to-end prototypes realized to expedite medicinal
chemistry discovery cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Gioiello
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccinno
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Lozza
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry (Lab MASC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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27
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Claaßen C, Mack K, Rother D. Benchtop NMR for Online Reaction Monitoring of the Biocatalytic Synthesis of Aromatic Amino Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:1190-1199. [PMID: 32194875 PMCID: PMC7074048 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Online analytics provides insights into the progress of an ongoing reaction without the need for extensive sampling and offline analysis. In this study, we investigated benchtop NMR as an online reaction monitoring tool for complex enzyme cascade reactions. Online NMR was used to monitor a two-step cascade beginning with an aromatic aldehyde and leading to an aromatic amino alcohol as the final product, applying two different enzymes and a variety of co-substrates and intermediates. Benchtop NMR enabled the concentration of the reaction components to be detected in buffered systems in the single-digit mM range without using deuterated solvent. The concentrations determined via NMR were correlated with offline samples analyzed via uHPLC and displayed a good correlation between the two methods. In summary, benchtop NMR proved to be a sensitive, selective and reliable method for online reaction monitoring in (multi-step) biosynthesis. In future, online analytic systems such as the benchtop NMR devices described might not only enable direct monitoring of the reaction, but may also form the basis for self-regulation in biocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Claaßen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
| | - K. Mack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - D. Rother
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
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28
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Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
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29
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Sagmeister P, Poms J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Multivariate analysis of inline benchtop NMR data enables rapid optimization of a complex nitration in flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multivariate analysis is applied to inline benchtop NMR data for a complex nitration in flow. This rapid quantification enables reaction optimization using advanced techniques in flow, such as design of experiments and dynamic experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Johannes Poms
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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30
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Knox ST, Warren NJ. Enabling technologies in polymer synthesis: accessing a new design space for advanced polymer materials. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how developments in laboratory technologies can push the boundaries of what is achievable using existing polymer synthesis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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31
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Tipping WJ, Lee M, Brunton VG, Lloyd-Jones GC, Hulme AN. Kinetic analysis of bioorthogonal reaction mechanisms using Raman microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2019; 220:71-85. [PMID: 31531436 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is well-suited to the study of bioorthogonal reaction processes because it is a non-destructive technique, which employs relatively low energy laser irradiation, and water is only very weakly scattered in the Raman spectrum enabling live cell imaging. In addition, Raman spectroscopy allows species-specific label-free visualisation; chemical contrast may be achieved when imaging a cell in its native environment without fixatives or stains. Combined with the rapid advances in the field of Raman imaging over the last decade, particularly in stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), this technique has the potential to revolutionise our mechanistic understanding of the biochemical and medicinal chemistry applications of bioorthogonal reactions. Current approaches to the kinetic analysis of bioorthogonal reactions (including heat flow calorimetry, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, IR, NMR and MS) have a number of practical shortcomings for intracellular applications. We highlight the advantages offered by Raman microscopy for reaction analysis in the context of both established and emerging bioorthogonal reactions, including the copper(i) catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction and Glaser-Hay coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Tipping
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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32
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Tijssen KCH, van Weerdenburg BJA, Zhang H, Janssen JWG, Feiters MC, van Bentum PJM, Kentgens APM. Monitoring Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions at Elevated Pressures Using In-Line Flow NMR. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12636-12643. [PMID: 31508941 PMCID: PMC6796828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel setup that can be used for the in-line monitoring of solid-catalyzed gas-liquid reactions. The method combines the high sensitivity and resolution of a stripline NMR detector with a microfluidic network that can withstand elevated pressures. In our setup we dissolve hydrogen gas in the solvent, then flow it with the added substrate through a catalyst cartridge, and finally flow the reaction mixture directly through the stripline NMR detector. The method is quantitative and can be used to determine the solubility of hydrogen gas in liquids; it allows in-line monitoring of hydrogenation reactions and can be used to determine the reaction kinetics of these reactions. In this work, as proof of concept we demonstrate the optimization of the Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions of styrene, phenylacetylene, cyclohexene, and hex-5-en-2-one in a microfluidic context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hainan Zhang
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
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33
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Nitschke P, Lokesh N, Gschwind RM. Combination of illumination and high resolution NMR spectroscopy: Key features and practical aspects, photochemical applications, and new concepts. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 114-115:86-134. [PMID: 31779887 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, photochemical and photocatalytic applications have developed into one of the dominant research fields in chemistry. However, mechanistic investigations to sustain this enormous progress are still relatively sparse and in high demand by the photochemistry community. UV/Vis spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy have been the main spectroscopic tools to study the mechanisms of photoreactions due to their higher time resolution and sensitivity. On the other hand, application of NMR in photosystems has been mainly restricted to photo-CIDNP, since the initial photoexcitation was thought to be the single key to understand photoinduced reactions. In 2015 the Gschwind group showcased the possibility that different reaction pathways could occur from the same photoexcited state depending on the reaction conditions by using in situ LED illumination NMR. This was the starting point to push the active participation of NMR in photosystems to its full potential, including reaction profiling, structure determination of intermediates, downstream mechanistic studies, dark pathways, intermediate sequencing with CEST etc. Following this, multiple studies using in situ illumination NMR have been reported focusing on mechanistic investigations in photocatalysis, photoswitches, and polymerizations. The recent increased popularity of this technique can be attributed to the simplicity of the experimental setup and the availability of low cost, high power LEDs. Here, we review the development of experimental design, applications and new concepts of illuminated NMR. In the first part, we describe the development of different designs of NMR illumination apparatus, illuminating from the bottom/side/top/inside, and discuss their pros and cons for specific applications. Furthermore, we address LASERs and LEDs as different light sources as well as special cases such as UVNMR(-illumination), FlowNMR, NMR on a Chip etc. To complete the discussion on experimental apparatus, the advantages and disadvantages of in situ LED illumination NMR versus ex situ illumination NMR are described. The second part of this review discusses different facets of applications of inside illumination experiments. It highlights newly revealed mechanistic and structural information and ideas in the fields of photocatalyis, photoswitches and photopolymerization. Finally, we present new concepts and methods based on the combination of NMR and illumination such as sensitivity enhancement, chemical pump probes, experimental access to transition state combinations and NMR actinometry. Overall this review presents NMR spectroscopy as a complementary tool to UV/Vis spectroscopy in mechanistic and structural investigations of photochemical processes. The review is presented in a way that is intended to assist the photochemistry and photocatalysis community in adopting and understanding this astonishingly powerful in situ LED illumination NMR method for their investigations on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Nitschke
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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34
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Bornemann M, Kern S, Jurtz N, Thiede T, Kraume M, Maiwald M. Design and Validation of an Additively Manufactured Flow Cell–Static Mixer Combination for Inline NMR Spectroscopy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bornemann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Fachgebiet Verfahrenstechnik, FH 6-1, Fraunhofer Straße 33−36, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Kern
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Jurtz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Fachgebiet Verfahrenstechnik, FH 6-1, Fraunhofer Straße 33−36, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Thiede
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Technische Universität Berlin, Fachgebiet Verfahrenstechnik, FH 6-1, Fraunhofer Straße 33−36, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Maiwald
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Friebel A, von Harbou E, Münnemann K, Hasse H. Reaction Monitoring by Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy Using a Novel Stationary Flow Reactor Setup. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Friebel
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erik von Harbou
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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36
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Fath V, Kockmann N, Röder T. In Situ Reaction Monitoring of Unstable Lithiated Intermediates through Inline FTIR Spectroscopy. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- TU Dortmund University, st>Emil-Figge-Strasse 70Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Mannheim University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Chemical Process Engineering Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10 68163 Mannheim Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- TU Dortmund University, st>Emil-Figge-Strasse 70Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Mannheim University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Chemical Process Engineering Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10 68163 Mannheim Germany
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37
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Oosthoek-de Vries AJ, Nieuwland PJ, Bart J, Koch K, Janssen JWG, van Bentum PJM, Rutjes FPJT, Gardeniers HJGE, Kentgens APM. Inline Reaction Monitoring of Amine-Catalyzed Acetylation of Benzyl Alcohol Using a Microfluidic Stripline Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Setup. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5369-5380. [PMID: 30864795 PMCID: PMC6449804 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We present an in-depth study of the acetylation of benzyl alcohol in the presence of N, N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring of the reaction from 1.5 s to several minutes. We have adapted the NMR setup to be compatible to microreactor technology, scaling down the typical sample volume of commercial NMR probes (500 μL) to a microfluidic stripline setup with 150 nL detection volume. Inline spectra are obtained to monitor the kinetics and unravel the reaction mechanism of this industrially relevant reaction. The experiments are combined with conventional 2D NMR measurements to identify the reaction products. In addition, we replace DIPEA with triethylamine and pyridine to validate the reaction mechanism for different amine catalysts. In all three acetylation reactions, we find that the acetyl ammonium ion is a key intermediate. The formation of ketene is observed during the first minutes of the reaction when tertiary amines were present. The pyridine-catalyzed reaction proceeds via a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter J. Nieuwland
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- FutureChemistry
Holding B.V., Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Bart
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspar Koch
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- FutureChemistry
Holding B.V., Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W. G. Janssen
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Jan M. van Bentum
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University
Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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38
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Baumann M. Integrating continuous flow synthesis with in-line analysis and data generation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5946-5954. [PMID: 30062354 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of fine chemicals has successfully advanced from an academic niche area to a rapidly growing field of its own that directly impacts developments and applications in industrial settings. Whilst the numerous advantages of flow over batch processing are widely recognised and have led to a wider uptake of continuous flow synthesis within the community, we have reached a point where continuous flow synthesis has to transition from a stand-alone enabling technology to a readily integrated synthesis concept. Thus it is paramount to embrace a multitude of in-line analysis and purification techniques to not only allow for efficiently telescoped multi-step sequences but ultimately generate bioactivity data concomitantly on newly synthesised entities. This short review summarises the state of the art in this field and presents both challenges and opportunities that arise from this ambitious endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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39
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Grootveld M, Percival B, Gibson M, Osman Y, Edgar M, Molinari M, Mather ML, Casanova F, Wilson PB. Progress in low-field benchtop NMR spectroscopy in chemical and biochemical analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1067:11-30. [PMID: 31047142 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The employment of spectroscopically-resolved NMR techniques as analytical probes have previously been both prohibitively expensive and logistically challenging in view of the large sizes of high-field facilities. However, with recent advances in the miniaturisation of magnetic resonance technology, low-field, cryogen-free "benchtop" NMR instruments are seeing wider use. Indeed, these miniaturised spectrometers are utilised in areas ranging from food and agricultural analyses, through to human biofluid assays and disease monitoring. Therefore, it is both intrinsically timely and important to highlight current applications of this analytical strategy, and also provide an outlook for the future, where this approach may be applied to a wider range of analytical problems, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grootveld
- Chemistry for Health/Bioanalytical Sciences Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Benita Percival
- Chemistry for Health/Bioanalytical Sciences Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Miles Gibson
- Chemistry for Health/Bioanalytical Sciences Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Yasan Osman
- Chemistry for Health/Bioanalytical Sciences Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mark Edgar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Loughborough, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Marco Molinari
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Melissa L Mather
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Philippe B Wilson
- Chemistry for Health/Bioanalytical Sciences Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
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40
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Rigamonti MG, Gatti FG, Patience GS. Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco G. Rigamonti
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079; Succ. CV Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano Italy
| | - Gregory S. Patience
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079; Succ. CV Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
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41
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Riley DL, Strydom I, Chikwamba R, Panayides JL. Landscape and opportunities for active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing in developing African economies. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review will highlight the opportunities that exist in the localization of cutting-edge manufacturing technologies within an African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Ian Strydom
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria
- South Africa
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42
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Sagmeister P, Williams JD, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Laboratory of the future: a modular flow platform with multiple integrated PAT tools for multistep reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of a modular microreactor platform, real-time inline analysis by IR and NMR, and online UPLC, leads to efficient optimization of a multistep organolithium transformation to a given product without the need for human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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43
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Knox ST, Parkinson S, Stone R, Warren NJ. Benchtop flow-NMR for rapid online monitoring of RAFT and free radical polymerisation in batch and continuous reactors. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A “Benchtop” NMR spectrometer is used for detailed monitoring of controlled and free radical polymerisations performed in batch and continuous reactors both offline and in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Sam Parkinson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Raphael Stone
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
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44
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Schotten C, Howard JL, Jenkins RL, Codina A, Browne DL. A continuous flow-batch hybrid reactor for commodity chemical synthesis enabled by inline NMR and temperature monitoring. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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45
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Kim H, Yonekura Y, Yoshida JI. A Catalyst-Free Amination of Functional Organolithium Reagents by Flow Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuya Yonekura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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46
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Kim H, Yonekura Y, Yoshida JI. A Catalyst-Free Amination of Functional Organolithium Reagents by Flow Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4063-4066. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuya Yonekura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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47
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Glotz G, Kappe CO. Design and construction of an open source-based photometer and its applications in flow chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive and easy to build photometer using a movable measuring cell for flow chemistry applications was designed with temporal resolution down to 1 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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48
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Abstract
A powerful pH-free multicomponent NMR titration method can measure relative acidities, even of closely related compounds, with excellent accuracy. The history of the method is presented, along with details of its implementation and a comparison with earlier NMR titrations using a pH electrode. Many of its areas of applicability are described, especially equilibrium isotope effects. The advantages of the method, some practical considerations, and potential pitfalls are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Perrin
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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49
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Li B, Guo W, Chi H, Kimura M, Ramsey ED. Monitoring the Progress of a Photochemical Reaction Performed in Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide Using a Continuously Stirred Reaction Cell Interfaced to On-Line SFC. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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