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Paulus J, Sewald N. Small molecule- and peptide-drug conjugates addressing integrins: A story of targeted cancer treatment. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3561. [PMID: 38382900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatment should avoid side effects and damage to healthy cells commonly encountered during traditional chemotherapy. By combining small molecule or peptidic ligands as homing devices with cytotoxic drugs connected by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) or small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), cancer cells and tumours can be selectively targeted. The development of highly affine, selective peptides and small molecules in recent years has allowed PDCs and SMDCs to increasingly compete with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Integrins represent an excellent target for conjugates because they are overexpressed by most cancer cells and because of the broad knowledge about native binding partners as well as the multitude of small-molecule and peptidic ligands that have been developed over the last 30 years. In particular, integrin αVβ3 has been addressed using a variety of different PDCs and SMDCs over the last two decades, following various strategies. This review summarises and describes integrin-addressing PDCs and SMDCs while highlighting points of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Paulus
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Hofmann S, Dombrowsky C, Happel D, Dessin C, Cermjani E, Cica M, Avrutina O, Sewald N, Neumann H, Kolmar H. Conditional Cell Penetration of Masked CPPs by an ADEPT-like Approach. ACS Chem Biol 2024. [PMID: 38733564 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of cargos via cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) holds significant promise as a drug delivery vehicle, but a major issue is their lack of cell type specificity, which can lead to detrimental off-target effects. We use an ADEPT-like concept to introduce conditional and selective activation of cellular uptake by using the lysine-rich, cationic, and amphiphilic L17E peptide as a model CPP. By masking the lysine residues of the L17E peptide with enzyme-cleavable acetyl protecting groups, the delivery of the covalently conjugated fluorophore TAMRA to HeLa cells was diminished. Recovery of cellular uptake could be achieved by deacetylation of the masked acetylated L17E peptide using the NAD-dependent sirtuin 2 (SirT2) deacetylase in vitro. Finally, trastuzumab-SirT2 and anti-B7H3-SirT2 antibody-enzyme conjugates were generated for the conditional and selective delivery of a cryptophycin cytotoxin by the L17E peptide. While the masked peptide still demonstrated some cytotoxicity, selective cell killing mediated by the antibody-enzyme conjugates was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hofmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carolin Dombrowsky
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominic Happel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Cedric Dessin
- Department of Chemistry/Organic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Centrum für Biotechnologie - CeBiTec, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Egzon Cermjani
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matijas Cica
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry/Organic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Centrum für Biotechnologie - CeBiTec, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Heinz Neumann
- Department of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
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Abstract
This review concentrates on success stories from the synthesis of approved medicines and drug candidates using epoxide chemistry in the development of robust and efficient syntheses at large scale. The focus is on those parts of each synthesis related to the substrate-controlled/diastereoselective and catalytic asymmetric synthesis of epoxide intermediates and their subsequent ring-opening reactions with various nucleophiles. These are described in the form of case studies of high profile pharmaceuticals spanning a diverse range of indications and molecular scaffolds such as heterocycles, terpenes, steroids, peptidomimetics, alkaloids and main stream small molecules. Representative examples include, but are not limited to the antihypertensive diltiazem, the antidepressant reboxetine, the HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir and indinavir, efinaconazole and related triazole antifungals, tasimelteon for sleep disorders, the anticancer agent carfilzomib, the anticoagulant rivaroxaban the antibiotic linezolid and the antiviral oseltamivir. Emphasis is given on aspects of catalytic asymmetric epoxidation employing metals with chiral ligands particularly with the Sharpless and Jacobsen–Katsuki methods as well as organocatalysts such as the chiral ketones of Shi and Yang, Pages’s chiral iminium salts and typical chiral phase transfer agents.
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Thuan NH, An TT, Shrestha A, Canh NX, Sohng JK, Dhakal D. Recent Advances in Exploration and Biotechnological Production of Bioactive Compounds in Three Cyanobacterial Genera: Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis. Front Chem 2019; 7:604. [PMID: 31552222 PMCID: PMC6734169 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, are only Gram-negative bacteria with the capacity of oxygenic photosynthesis, so termed as “Cyanophyta” or “blue-green algae.” Their habitat is ubiquitous, which includes the diverse environments, such as soil, water, rock and other organisms (symbiosis, commensalism, or parasitism, etc.,). They are characterized as prominent producers of numerous types of important compounds with anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Among the various cyanobacterial genera, members belonging to genera Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis possess greater attention. The major reason for that is the strains belonging to these genera produce the compounds with diverse activities/structures, including compounds in preclinical and/or clinical trials (cryptophycin and curacin), or the compounds retaining unique activities such as protease inhibitor (micropeptins and aeruginosins). Most of these compounds were tested for their efficacy and mechanism of action(MOA) through in vitro and/or in vivo studies. Recently, the advances in culture techniques of these cyanobacteria, and isolation, purification, and chromatographic analysis of their compounds have revealed insurmountable novel bioactive compounds from these cyanobacteria. This review provides comprehensive update on the origin, isolation and purification methods, chemical structures and biological activities of the major compounds from Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis. In addition, multi-omics approaches and biotechnological production of compounds from selected cyanobacterial genera have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Tran Tuan An
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Anil Shrestha
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Nguyen Xuan Canh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, South Korea.,Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Dipesh Dhakal
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, South Korea
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Borbély A, Figueras E, Martins A, Bodero L, Raposo Moreira Dias A, López Rivas P, Pina A, Arosio D, Gallinari P, Frese M, Steinkühler C, Gennari C, Piarulli U, Sewald N. Conjugates of Cryptophycin and RGD or isoDGR Peptidomimetics for Targeted Drug Delivery. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:737-742. [PMID: 31275795 PMCID: PMC6587324 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RGD-cryptophycin and isoDGR-cryptophycin conjugates were synthetized by combining peptidomimetic integrin ligands and cryptophycin, a highly potent tubulin-binding antimitotic agent across lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala or uncleavable linkers. The conjugates were able to effectively inhibit binding of biotinylated vitronectin to integrin αvβ3, showing a binding affinity in the same range as that of the free ligands. The antiproliferative activity of the novel conjugates was evaluated on human melanoma cells M21 and M21-L with different expression levels of integrin αvβ3, showing nanomolar potency of all four compounds against both cell lines. Conjugates containing uncleavable linker show reduced activity compared to the corresponding cleavable conjugates, indicating efficient intracellular drug release in the case of cryptophycin-based SMDCs. However, no significant correlation between the in vitro biological activity of the conjugates and the integrin αvβ3 expression level was observed, which is presumably due to a non-integrin-mediated uptake. This reveals the complexity of effective and selective αvβ3 integrin-mediated drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Borbély
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Ana Martins
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
- Exiris s.r.l. Via di Castel Romano 100 IT-00128 Rome Italy
| | - Lizeth Bodero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio, 11 IT-22100 Como Italy
| | | | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Arianna Pina
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM) CNR Via C. Golgi, 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | | | - Marcel Frese
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio, 11 IT-22100 Como Italy
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Octreotide Conjugates for Tumor Targeting and Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050220. [PMID: 31067748 PMCID: PMC6571972 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor targeting has emerged as an advantageous approach to improving the efficacy and safety of cytotoxic agents or radiolabeled ligands that do not preferentially accumulate in the tumor tissue. The somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and they are overexpressed in many neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). SSTRs can be efficiently targeted with octreotide, a cyclic octapeptide that is derived from native somatostatin. The conjugation of cargoes to octreotide represents an attractive approach for effective tumor targeting. In this study, we conjugated octreotide to cryptophycin, which is a highly cytotoxic depsipeptide, through the protease cleavable Val-Cit dipeptide linker using two different self-immolative moieties. The biological activity was investigated in vitro and the self-immolative part largely influenced the stability of the conjugates. Replacement of cryptophycin by the infrared cyanine dye Cy5.5 was exploited to elucidate the tumor targeting properties of the conjugates in vitro and in vivo. The compound efficiently and selectively internalized in cells overexpressing SSTR2 and accumulated in xenografts for a prolonged time. Our results on the in vivo properties indicate that octreotide may serve as an efficient delivery vehicle for tumor targeting.
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Borbély A, Figueras E, Martins A, Esposito S, Auciello G, Monteagudo E, Di Marco A, Summa V, Cordella P, Perego R, Kemker I, Frese M, Gallinari P, Steinkühler C, Sewald N. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of RGD⁻Cryptophycin Conjugates for Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E151. [PMID: 30939768 PMCID: PMC6523311 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptophycins are potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors with picomolar antiproliferative potency in vitro and activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells. Because of neurotoxic side effects and limited efficacy in vivo, cryptophycin-52 failed as a clinical candidate in cancer treatment. However, this class of compounds has emerged as attractive payloads for tumor-targeting applications. In this study, cryptophycin was conjugated to the cyclopeptide c(RGDfK), targeting integrin αvβ₃, across the protease-cleavable Val-Cit linker and two different self-immolative spacers. Plasma metabolic stability studies in vitro showed that our selected payload displays an improved stability compared to the parent compound, while the stability of the conjugates is strongly influenced by the self-immolative moiety. Cathepsin B cleavage assays revealed that modifications in the linker lead to different drug release profiles. Antiproliferative effects of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)⁻cryptophycin conjugates were evaluated on M21 and M21-L human melanoma cell lines. The low nanomolar in vitro activity of the novel conjugates was associated with inferior selectivity for cell lines with different integrin αvβ₃ expression levels. To elucidate the drug delivery process, cryptophycin was replaced by an infrared dye and the obtained conjugates were studied by confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Borbély
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, DE-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, DE-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Ana Martins
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, DE-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
- Exiris s.r.l., Via di Castel Romano 100, IT-00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Esposito
- IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km. 30,600, IT-00071 Pomezia (Rome), Italy.
| | - Giulio Auciello
- IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km. 30,600, IT-00071 Pomezia (Rome), Italy.
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km. 30,600, IT-00071 Pomezia (Rome), Italy.
| | | | - Vincenzo Summa
- IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km. 30,600, IT-00071 Pomezia (Rome), Italy.
| | - Paola Cordella
- Italfarmaco S.p.A., Via dei Lavoratori, 54, IT-20092 Cinisello Balsamo (Milano), Italy.
| | - Raffaella Perego
- Italfarmaco S.p.A., Via dei Lavoratori, 54, IT-20092 Cinisello Balsamo (Milano), Italy.
| | - Isabell Kemker
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, DE-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Marcel Frese
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, DE-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Paola Gallinari
- Exiris s.r.l., Via di Castel Romano 100, IT-00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Christian Steinkühler
- Exiris s.r.l., Via di Castel Romano 100, IT-00128 Rome, Italy.
- Italfarmaco S.p.A., Via dei Lavoratori, 54, IT-20092 Cinisello Balsamo (Milano), Italy.
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, DE-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Cazzamalli S, Figueras E, Pethő L, Borbély A, Steinkühler C, Neri D, Sewald N. In Vivo Antitumor Activity of a Novel Acetazolamide-Cryptophycin Conjugate for the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinomas. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14726-14731. [PMID: 30533574 PMCID: PMC6276201 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapeutics used in cancer therapy do not preferentially accumulate in tumor tissues. The conjugation to delivery vehicles like antibodies or small molecules has been proposed as a strategy to increase the tumor uptake and improve the therapeutic window of these drugs. Here, we report the synthesis and the biological evaluation of a novel small molecule-drug conjugate (SMDC) comprising a high-affinity bidentate acetazolamide derivative, targeting carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), and cryptophycin, a potent microtubule destabilizer. The biological activity of the novel SMDC was evaluated in vitro, measuring binding to the CAIX antigen by surface plasmon resonance and cytotoxicity against SKRC-52 cells. In vivo studies showed a delayed growth of tumors in nude mice bearing SKRC-52 renal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cazzamalli
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lilla Pethő
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- MTA-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adina Borbély
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Dario Neri
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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