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Di Terlizzi L, Nicchio L, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Visible photons as ideal reagents for the activation of coloured organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4926-4975. [PMID: 38596901 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the traceless nature of visible photons has been exploited for the development of efficient synthetic strategies for the photoconversion of colourless compounds, namely, photocatalysis, chromophore activation, and the formation of an electron donor/acceptor (EDA) complex. However, the use of photoreactive coloured organic compounds is the optimal strategy to boost visible photons as ideal reagents in synthetic protocols. In view of such premises, the present review aims to provide its readership with a collection of recent photochemical strategies facilitated via direct light absorption by coloured molecules. The protocols have been classified and presented according to the nature of the intermediate/excited state achieved during the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Nicchio
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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2
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Franceschi P, Cuadros S, Goti G, Dell'Amico L. Mechanisms and Synthetic Strategies in Visible Light-Driven [2+2]-Heterocycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217210. [PMID: 36576751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of four membered heterocycles usually requires multi-step procedures and prefunctionalized reactants. A straightforward alternative is the photochemical [2+2]-heterocycloaddition between an alkene and a carbonyl derivative, conventionally based on the photoexcitation of this latter. However, this approach is limited by the absorption profile of the carbonyl, requiring in most of the cases the use of high-energy UV-light, that often results in undesired side reactions and/or the degradation of the reaction components. The development of new and milder visible light-driven [2+2]-heterocycloadditions is, therefore, highly desirable. In this Review, we highlight the most relevant achievements in the development of [2+2]-heterocycloadditions promoted by visible light, with a particular emphasis on the involved reaction mechanisms. The open challenges will also be discussed, suggesting new possible evolutions, and stimulating new methodological developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Franceschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Cuadros
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Goti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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3
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Grosse S, Tahri A, Raboisson P, Houpis Y, Stoops B, Jacoby E, Neefs JM, Van Loock M, Goethals O, Geluykens P, Bonfanti JF, Jonckers THM. From Oxetane to Thietane: Extending the Antiviral Spectrum of 2′-Spirocyclic Uridines by Substituting Oxygen with Sulfur. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1879-1884. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Grosse
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Abdellah Tahri
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Yannis Houpis
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Edgar Jacoby
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Neefs
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marnix Van Loock
- Janssen Global Public Health, R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Olivia Goethals
- Janssen Global Public Health, R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peggy Geluykens
- Charles River, Discovery, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Tim H. M. Jonckers
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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4
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Lapuh MI, Cormier G, Chergui S, Aitken DJ, Boddaert T. Preparation of Thietane Derivatives through Domino Photochemical Norrish Type II/Thia-Paternò–Büchi Reactions. Org Lett 2022; 24:8375-8380. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Lapuh
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ICMMO, 91405 Orsay, France
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Song SM, Jin J, Choi JH, Chung WJ. Synthesis of cis-thiiranes as diastereoselective access to epoxide congeners via 4π-electrocyclization of thiocarbonyl ylides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4818. [PMID: 35974103 PMCID: PMC9381720 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organochalcogen heterocycles are ubiquitously present and widely utilized in various fields. Among them, oxirane has been extensively studied, and all of the stereoisomeric forms are readily available. In contrast, synthetic studies on thiirane were rarely reported, and thus the useful sulfur-congener of oxirane has been difficult to access in a stereodefined form. In this research, a general stereoselective synthesis of cis-thiiranes is accomplished by taking advantage of stereospecific electrocyclization of trans-thiocarbonyl ylides, which are generated in situ from readily available E,E-aldazine N-oxides upon treatment with Lawesson's reagent. This newly developed practical method provides a variety of cis-1,2-diarylthiiranes as essentially single diastereomers in high yields under mild reaction conditions. The intermediacy of trans-thiocarbonyl yilde is confirmed by mechanistic experiments, and the excellent stereocontrol is rationalized by DFT calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Song
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Jin Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Francisco KR, Ballatore C. Thietanes and derivatives thereof in medicinal chemistry. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1219-1234. [PMID: 35546768 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220511154228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the oxetane ring, which, as evidenced by numerous studies, is known to play an increasingly important role in medicinal chemistry, the thietane ring has thus far received comparatively limited attention. Nonetheless, a growing number of reports now indicate that this 4-membered ring heterocycle may provide opportunities in analog design. In the present review article, we discuss the possible use and utility of the thietane fragment in medicinal chemistry and provide an overview of its properties and recent applications with a focus on isosteric replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol R Francisco
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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7
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Belen’kii LI, Gazieva GA, Evdokimenkova YB, Soboleva NO. The literature of heterocyclic chemistry, Part XX, 2020. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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8
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Senatore R, Malik M, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. Consecutive and Selective Double Methylene Insertion of Lithium Carbenoids to Isothiocyanates: A Direct Assembly of Four-Membered Sulfur-Containing Cycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24854-24858. [PMID: 34534400 PMCID: PMC9293044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A formal CH2 -CH2 homologation conducted with C1 carbenoids on a carbon electrophile for the obtainment of a four-membered cycle is reported. The logic proposes the consecutive delivery of two single nucleophilic CH2 units to an isothiocyanate-as competent electrophilic partner-resulting in the assembling of a rare imino-thietane cluster. The single synthetic operation procedure documents genuine chemocontrol, as indicated by the tolerance to various reactive elements decorating the starting materials. Significantly, the double homologation protocol is accomplished directly on a carbon electrophile, thus not requiring the installation of heteroatom-centered manifolds (e.g. boron).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Senatore
- University of ViennaDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlthanstrasse, 14A-1090ViennaAustria
| | - Monika Malik
- University of ViennaDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlthanstrasse, 14A-1090ViennaAustria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of ViennaDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlthanstrasse, 14A-1090ViennaAustria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of ViennaDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlthanstrasse, 14A-1090ViennaAustria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of ViennaDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlthanstrasse, 14A-1090ViennaAustria
- University of TurinDepartment of ChemistryVia P. Giuria 710125TurinItaly
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9
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Senatore R, Malik M, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. Consecutive and Selective Double Methylene Insertion of Lithium Carbenoids to Isothiocyanates: A Direct Assembly of Four‐Membered Sulfur‐Containing Cycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Monika Malik
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
- University of Turin Department of Chemistry Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Turin Italy
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10
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Malarney KP, Kc S, Schmidt VA. Recent strategies used in the synthesis of saturated four-membered heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8425-8441. [PMID: 34546272 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00988e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance and prevalance of O-, N-, and S-atom containing saturated four-membered ring motifs in biologically active molecules and potential therapeutics continues to drive efforts in their efficient synthetic preparation. In this review, general and recent strategies for the synthesis of these heterocycles are presented. Due to the limited potential bond disconnections, retrosynthetic strategies are broadly limited to cyclizations and cycloadditions. Nonetheless, diverse approaches for accessing cyclization precursors have been developed, ranging from nucleophilic substitution to C-H functionalization. Innovative methods for substrate activation have been developed for cycloadditions under photochemical and thermal conditions. Advances in accessing oxetanes, azetidines, and thietanes remain active areas of research with continued breakthroughs anticipated to enable future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien P Malarney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92071, USA.
| | - Shekhar Kc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92071, USA.
| | - Valerie A Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92071, USA.
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11
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Kataev VA, Mesheryakova SA, Mesheryakova ES, Tyumkina TV, Khalilov LM, Lazarev VV, Kuznetsov VV. Synthesis, Structure, and Conformational Analysis of N-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-[6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-(thietan-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-1-yl]acetamide. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221050054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Kassir AF, Guillot R, Scherrmann MC, Boddaert T, Aitken DJ. Formation of Tetrahydrothiophenes via a Thia-Paternò-Büchi-Initiated Domino Photochemical Reaction. Org Lett 2020; 22:8522-8527. [PMID: 33108208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have established photochemical access to thietane or tetrahydrothiophene compounds from thiobenzophenone derivatives and acrylonitrile, wherein the product selectivity is controlled by a simple adjustment of the reagent concentration in solution. Small libraries of five-membered ring sulfur-containing compounds were prepared through a thia-Paternò-Büchi reaction, followed by a previously unknown regioselective photochemical ring enlargement reaction in a domino process or a stepwise fashion. A mechanism is proposed to rationalize this ring enlargement reaction via a carbene species provided from photoexcited thiocarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad F Kassir
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Christine Scherrmann
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Boddaert
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - David J Aitken
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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