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Discekici EH, Anastasaki A, Read de Alaniz J, Hawker CJ. Evolution and Future Directions of Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre H. Discekici
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Department, and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Department, and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Department, and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Department, and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Photo-induced ATRP of MMA under blue light irradiation in the presence of 3,4,9,10-tetra-(12-alkoxycarbonyl)-perylene as a photocatalyst. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-017-0583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ryan MD, Theriot JC, Lim CH, Yang H, Lockwood A, Garrison NG, Lincoln SR, Musgrave CB, Miyake GM. Solvent Effects on the Intramolecular Charge Transfer Character of N, N-Diaryl Dihydrophenazine Catalysts for Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2017; 55:3017-3027. [PMID: 28966439 PMCID: PMC5614505 DOI: 10.1002/pola.28574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nature of intramolecular charge transfer of N,N-diaryl dihydrophenazine photocatalysts (PCs) in different solvents is explored in context of their performance in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP). PCs having a computationally predicted lowest energy excited state exhibiting charge transfer (CT) character can operate a highly controlled O-ATRP in a wide range of solvent polarities, from non-polar hexanes to highly polar N,N-dimethylacetamide. For PCs having a computationally predicted lowest energy excited state not possessing CT character, their ability to operate a controlled O-ATRP is decreased. This study confirms the importance of CT character in the excited state for N,N-diaryl dihydrophenazine PCs, and a deeper understanding of the activity of CT PCs has enabled the synthesis of polymers of low dispersity ( < 1.10) in a controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jordan C. Theriot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Haishen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Andrew Lockwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Nathaniel G. Garrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sarah R. Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Charles B. Musgrave
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Theriot JC, McCarthy BG, Lim CH, Miyake GM. Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Perspectives on Catalyst Design and Performance. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38:10.1002/marc.201700040. [PMID: 28370656 PMCID: PMC5496779 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) represents a significant advancement in the field of controlled radical polymerizations. A number of classes of photoredox catalysts have been employed thus far in O-ATRP. Analysis of the proposed mechanism gives insight into the relevant photophysical and chemical properties that determine catalyst performance. Discussion of each of the classes of O-ATRP catalysts highlights their previous uses, their roles in the development of O-ATRP, and the distinctive properties that govern their polymerization behavior, leading to a set of design principles for O-ATRP catalysts. Remaining challenges for O-ATRP are presented, as well as prospects for further improvement in the application scope of O-ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Theriot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
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Theriot JC, Lim CH, Yang H, Ryan MD, Musgrave CB, Miyake GM. Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization driven by visible light. Science 2016; 352:1082-6. [PMID: 27033549 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become one of the most implemented methods for polymer synthesis, owing to impressive control over polymer composition and associated properties. However, contamination of the polymer by the metal catalyst remains a major limitation. Organic ATRP photoredox catalysts have been sought to address this difficult challenge but have not achieved the precision performance of metal catalysts. Here, we introduce diaryl dihydrophenazines, identified through computationally directed discovery, as a class of strongly reducing photoredox catalysts. These catalysts achieve high initiator efficiencies through activation by visible light to synthesize polymers with tunable molecular weights and low dispersities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Theriot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Haishen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matthew D Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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