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Afriyie DK, Adu LB, Dzradosi M, Amponsah SK, Ohene-Manu P, Manu-Ofei F. Comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against isolated uropathogens in Ghana: a pilot study. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 30:194. [PMID: 30455823 PMCID: PMC6235466 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.194.15457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies on urinary tract infections (UTIs) in West Africa from 1990 to 2012 have showed moderate to high antimicrobial resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Fluoroquinolones have been the main stay in the management of UTIs, but recent reports show emergence of resistance. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin still remain the commonest fluoroquinolones prescribed for UTIs in many settings. objective: this study sought to compare activity of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against clinical isolates obtained from patients with suspected UTI at the Ghana Police Hospital. METHODS Midstream urine samples from 153 suspected UTI patients who visited the Ghana Police Hospital from July 2016 to March 2017 were examined. Urine samples were cultured and isolates identified by standard biochemical and serological methods. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine susceptibility of isolates to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. RESULTS UTI prevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) higher among female patients (74.5%) than male patients (25.5%). Clinical uropathogens isolated from urine samples were Escherichia coli (28.1%), Coliform spp (43.2%), Klebsiella spp (26.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (2.6%). Overall sensitivity of the uropathogens to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were 77.1% and 62.8%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureusshowed greater resistance to levofloxacin (75%) compared to ciprofloxacin (25%). All Gram-negative isolates showed a higher sensitivity to ciprofloxacin compared to levofloxacin: Escherichia coli; 69.8% vrs 62.8%, Coliform spp; 80.3% vrs 65.2%, and Klebsiella spp; 80% vrs 62.5%. CONCLUSION This study revealed emergence of resistance of uropathogens to quinolones. The isolates showed higher sensitivity to ciprofloxacin compared to levofloxacin. Rational prescribing and use of these fluoroquinolones following local susceptibility data is thus recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Brakowaah Adu
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Central University, Accra, Ghana
| | - Marc Dzradosi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Central University, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth Kwabena Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Nisar M, Khan SA, Qayum M, Khan A, Farooq U, Jaafar HZE, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Ali R. Robust Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin-Capped Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Urease Inhibitory Assay. Molecules 2016; 21:411. [PMID: 27023506 PMCID: PMC6274037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug ciprofloxacin (cip) has been used to cap metallic (silver and gold) nanoparticles by a robust one pot synthetic method under optimized conditions, using NaBH4 as a mild reducing agent. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) showed constancy against variations in pH, table salt (NaCl) solution, and heat. Capping with metal ions (Ag/Au-cip) has significant implications for the solubility, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fluoroquinolone molecules. The metallic nanoparticles were characterized by several techniques such as ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods. The nanoparticles synthesized using silver and gold were subjected to energy dispersive X-ray tests in order to show their metallic composition. The NH moiety of the piperazine group capped the Ag/Au surfaces, as revealed by spectroscopic studies. The synthesized nanoparticles were also assessed for urease inhibition potential. Fascinatingly, both Ag-cip and Au-cip NPs exhibited significant urease enzyme inhibitory potential, with IC50 = 1.181 ± 0.02 µg/mL and 52.55 ± 2.3 µg/mL, compared to ciprofloxacin (IC50 = 82.95 ± 1.62 µg/mL). MNPs also exhibited significant antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nisar
- Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan.
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Mughal Qayum
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Hawa Z E Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq
- Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Rashid Ali
- Department of Physics, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan.
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Nisar M, Khan SA, Shah MR, Khan A, Farooq U, Uddin G, Ahmad B. Moxifloxacin-capped noble metal nanoparticles as potential urease inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01571e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluoroquinolone drug moxifloxacin (Mox) has been used to protect silver and gold nanoparticles. The nano-conjugates exhibited urease inhibition and antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nisar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- University of Peshawar
- Peshawar-25120
- Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- University of Peshawar
- Peshawar-25120
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi
- Karachi-75270
- Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
| | - Ghias Uddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- University of Peshawar
- Peshawar-25120
- Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology
- University of Peshawar
- Peshawar-25120
- Pakistan
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El-Gamel NEA. Silver(i) complexes as precursors to produce silver nanowires: structure characterization, antimicrobial activity and cell viability. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:9884-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt33092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yuan XY, Guo DS, Wang LL. Influence of Mg2+ and Cd2+ on the interaction between sparfloxacin and calf thymus DNA. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 69:1130-5. [PMID: 17660000 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mg(2+) and Cd(2+) have different binding capacity to sparfloxacin, and have different combination modes with calf thymus DNA. Selecting these two different metal ions, the influence of them on the binding constants between SPFX and calf thymus DNA, as well as the related mechanism have been studied by using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The result shows that Cd(2+) has weak binding capacity to SPFX in the SPFX-Cd(2+) binary system, but can decrease the binding between SPFX and DNA obviously in SPFX-DNA-Cd(2+) ternary system. Mg(2+) has strong binding capacity to SPFX. It can increase the binding between SPFX and DNA at concentrations <0.01 mM, and decrease the binding between them at concentrations >0.01 mM. Referring to the different modes of Mg(2+) and Cd(2+) binding to DNA, the mechanism of the influence of metal ions on the binding between SPFX and DNA has been proposed. SPFX can directly bind to DNA by chelating DNA base sites. If a metal ion at certain concentration mainly binds to DNA bases, it can decrease the binding constants between SPFX and DNA through competing with SPFX. While if a metal ion at certain concentration mainly binds to phosphate groups of DNA, it can increase the binding constants by building a bridge between SPFX and DNA. The influence direction of metal ions on the binding between quinolone and DNA relays on their binding ratio of affinity for bases to phosphate groups on DNA. Our result supports Palumbo's conclusion that the binding between SPFX and the phosphate groups is the precondition for the combination between SPFX and DNA, which is stabilized through stacking interactions between the condensed rings of SPFX and DNA bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Guo DS, Yuan XY, Wu JB. Influence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on the interaction between sparfloxacin and calf thymus DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:644-8. [PMID: 17275912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 12/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cr(III) and Cr(VI) have different binding capacity with sparfloxacin, and have different combination modes with calf thymus DNA. Selecting these two different metal ions, the influence of them on the binding constants between sparfloxacin (SPFX) and calf thymus DNA, as well as the related mechanism has been studied by using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The result shows that Cr(III) has weaker binding capacity to SPFX in the SPFX-Cr(III) binary system, but influences the binding between SPFX and DNA obviously in SPFX-DNA-Cr(III) ternary system. However, although Cr(VI) has a stronger binding capacity to SPFX, it has no effect on the binding between SPFX and DNA. Referring to the different modes of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) binding to DNA, the mechanism of the influence of metal ions on the binding between SPFX and DNA has been proposed. SPFX can directly bind to DNA by chelating DNA base sites. If a metal ion at certain concentration binds mainly to DNA bases, it can decrease the binding constants between SPFX and DNA through competing with SPFX. While if a metal ion at certain concentration mainly binds to phosphate groups of DNA, it can increase the binding constants by building a bridge between SPFX and DNA. If a metal ion at certain concentrations binds neither to bases nor phosphate groups in DNA, it will have no effect on the binding constant between SPFX and DNA. Our result supports Palumbo's conclusion that the binding between SPFX and the phosphata groups is the precondition for the combination between SPFX and DNA, which is stabilized through stacking interactions between the condensed rings of SPFX and DNA bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Guo
- College of Environment and Resources, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 580, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Efthimiadou EK, Sanakis Y, Raptopoulou CP, Karaliota A, Katsaros N, Psomas G. Crystal structure, spectroscopic, and biological study of the copper(II) complex with third-generation quinolone antibiotic sparfloxacin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3864-7. [PMID: 16697195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The neutral mononuclear copper(II) complex with the quinolone antibacterial drug sparfloxacin has been prepared and characterized with IR, UV-vis, and EPR spectroscopies and X-ray crystallography. The interaction of the complex with calf-thymus DNA has also been investigated and the antimicrobial activity has been evaluated against three different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni K Efthimiadou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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Abstract
Newer fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin and gemifloxacin have several attributes that make them excellent choices for the therapy of lower respiratory tract infections. In particular, they have excellent intrinsic activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and the atypical respiratory pathogens. Fluoroquinolones may be used as monotherapy to treat high-risk patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and for patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation, but not admission to intensive care. Overall, the newer fluoroquinolones often achieve clinical cure rates in > or =90% of these patients. However, rates may be lower in hospital-acquired pneumonia, and this infection should be treated on the basis of anticipated organisms and evaluation of risk factors for specific pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this setting, an antipseudomonal fluoroquinolone may be used in combination with an antipseudomonalbeta-lactam. Concerns are now being raised about the widespread use, and possibly misuse, of fluoroquinolones and the emergence of resistance among S. pneumoniae, Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa. A number of pharmacokinetic parameters such as the peak concentration of the antibacterial after a dose (C(max)), and the 24-hour area under the concentration-time curve (AUC24) and their relationship to pharmacodynamic parameters such as the minimum inhibitory and the mutant prevention concentrations (MIC and MPC, respectively) have been proposed to predict the effect of fluoroquinolones on bacterial killing and the emergence of resistance. Higher C(max)/MIC or AUC24/MIC and C(max)/MPC or AUC24/MPC ratios, either as a result of dose administration or the susceptibility of the organism, may lead to a better clinical outcome and decrease the emergence of resistance, respectively. Pharmacokinetic profiles that are optimised to target low-level resistant minor subpopulations of bacteria that often exist in infections may help preserve fluoroquinolones as a class. To this end, optimising the AUC24/MPC or C(max)/MPC ratios is important, particularly against S. pneumoniae, in the setting of lower respiratory tract infections. Agents such as moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin with high ratios against this organism are preferred, and agents such as ciprofloxacin with low ratios should be avoided. For agents such as levofloxacin and gatifloxacin, with intermediate ratios against S. pneumoniae, it may be worthwhile considering alternative dose administration strategies, such as using higher dosages, to eradicate low-level resistant variants. This must, of course, be balanced against the potential of toxicity. Innovative approaches to the use of fluoroquinolones are worth testing in further in vitro experiments as well as in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael E. Shams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Room MN 672, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee USA
| | - Martin E. Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Room MN 672, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
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Marrie TJ. Therapeutic implications of macrolide resistance in pneumococcal community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58:769-76. [PMID: 15372850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolide anti-bacterials are widely used for the empirical treatment of lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) due to their activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and other common respiratory pathogens and good safety/tolerability profile. However, the prevalence of macrolide resistance, particularly pneumococcal macrolide resistance, is increasing all around the world. The mechanisms underlying macrolide resistance include efflux pump, methylase activity and, less commonly, ribosomal mutation, which produce differing levels of resistance. Growth in macrolide resistance has been linked to the increased use of these agents, and several risk factors for the development of resistance have been identified. There are emerging data to suggest that in vitro macrolide resistance may increase the likelihood of treatment failure in patients with lower RTIs. However, at present, treatment failure is rare and randomised; intervention-based trials investigating the impact of anti-bacterial resistance on clinical outcomes are lacking. Strategies to promote appropriate use of macrolides and other anti-bacterials are needed, both to maximise therapeutic impact and to minimise the development of resistance. Furthermore, there is a need for alternative anti-bacterial agents which have high efficacy against respiratory pathogens (including resistant strains) and a low potential to induce resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Marrie
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, Edmonton, Canada.
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Waheed N, . TI, . MAS, . FHK. Renal Clearance of Endogenous Creatinine and Levofloxacin in Male Volunteers. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2002. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2002.145.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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