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Terrien S, Vergez C, de la Cuadra P, Fabre B. Experimental analysis of non-periodic sound regimes in flute-like musical instruments. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:2100. [PMID: 33810771 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-sustained musical instruments are complex nonlinear dynamical systems that are known to produce a wealth of dynamical regimes. This includes different kinds of non-periodic sounds, which are either played on purpose or avoided depending on the cultural and musical context. We investigate non-periodic sounds produced by two types of flute-like instruments, namely, an alto recorder and traditional pan-like flutes from Central Chile. We adopt a nonlinear dynamics point of view to characterize the multiphonics produced by the alto recorder and the sonidos rajados produced by the Chilean flutes. Our results unveil the common quasiperiodic nature of the two types of sound regimes and suggest that they result from a similar physical sound production mechanism. This paves the way for a better control of non-periodic sound regimes by the instrument makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Terrien
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d'Acoustique - Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Christophe Vergez
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA UMR7031, Marseille France
| | - Patricio de la Cuadra
- Escuela de Ingeniería-Instituto de Música, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benoît Fabre
- UMR 7190, LAM-Institut d'Alembert, Sorbonne Université - CNRS, 75252 Paris, France
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Colinot T, Guillemain P, Vergez C, Doc JB, Sanchez P. Multiple two-step oscillation regimes produced by the alto saxophone. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:2406. [PMID: 32359333 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A saxophone mouthpiece fitted with sensors is used to observe the oscillation of a saxophone reed, as well as the internal acoustic pressure, allowing to identify qualitatively different oscillating regimes. In addition to the standard two-step regime, where the reed channel successively opens and closes once during an oscillation cycle, the experimental results show regimes featuring two closures of the reed channel per cycle, as well as inverted regimes, where the reed closure episode is longer than the open episode. These regimes are well-known on bowed string instruments and some were already described on the Uilleann pipes. A simple saxophone model using measured input impedance is studied with the harmonic balance method, and is shown to reproduce the same two-step regimes. The experiment shows qualitative agreement with the simulation: in both cases, the various regimes appear in the same order as the blowing pressure is increased. Similar results are obtained with other values of the reed opening control parameter, as well as another fingering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Colinot
- Aix Marseille University, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Centrale Marseille, Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics, 4, Impasse Nikola Tesla, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Guillemain
- Aix Marseille University, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Centrale Marseille, Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics, 4, Impasse Nikola Tesla, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Vergez
- Aix Marseille University, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Centrale Marseille, Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics, 4, Impasse Nikola Tesla, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Doc
- Laboratoire de Mécanique des Structures et des Systèmes couplés, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin, F-75141 Paris Cedex 03, France
| | - Patrick Sanchez
- Aix Marseille University, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Centrale Marseille, Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics, 4, Impasse Nikola Tesla, 13013 Marseille, France
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Doc JB, Vergez C, Guillemain P, Kergomard J. Sound production on a "coaxial saxophone". THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:3917. [PMID: 27908093 DOI: 10.1121/1.4967368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sound production on a "coaxial saxophone" is investigated experimentally. The coaxial saxophone is a variant of the cylindrical saxophone made up of two tubes mounted in parallel, which can be seen as a low-frequency analogy of a truncated conical resonator with a mouthpiece. Initially developed for the purposes of theoretical analysis, an experimental verification of the analogy between conical and cylindrical saxophones has never been reported. The present paper explains why the volume of the cylindrical saxophone mouthpiece limits the achievement of a good playability. To limit the mouthpiece volume, a coaxial alignment of pipes is proposed and a prototype of coaxial saxophone is built. An impedance model of coaxial resonator is proposed and validated by comparison with experimental data. Sound production is also studied through experiments with a blowing machine. The playability of the prototype is then assessed and proven for several values of the blowing pressure, of the embouchure parameter, and of the instrument's geometrical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Doc
- Laboratoire de Mécanique des Structures et des Systèmes Couplés, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - C Vergez
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, 4 impasse Nikola Tesla, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - P Guillemain
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, 4 impasse Nikola Tesla, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - J Kergomard
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, 4 impasse Nikola Tesla, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France
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Velut L, Vergez C, Gilbert J. Measurements and time-domain simulations of multiphonics in the trombone. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:2876. [PMID: 27794338 DOI: 10.1121/1.4964634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiphonic sounds of brass instruments are studied in this article. They are produced by playing a note on a brass instrument while simultaneously singing another note in the mouthpiece. This results in a peculiar sound, heard as a chord or a cluster of more than two notes in most cases. This effect is used in different artistic contexts. Measurements of the mouth pressure, the pressure inside the mouthpiece, and the radiated sound are recorded while a trombone player performs a multiphonic, first by playing an F3 and singing a C4, then playing an F3 and singing a note with a decreasing pitch. Results highlight the quasi-periodic nature of the multiphonic sound and the appearance of combination tones due to intermodulation between the played and the sung sounds. To assess the ability of a given brass instrument physical model to reproduce the measured phenomenon, time-domain simulations of multiphonics are carried out. A trombone model consisting in an exciter and a resonator nonlinearly coupled is forced while self-oscillating to reproduce simultaneous singing and playing. Comparison between simulated and measured signals is discussed. Spectral content of the simulated pressure match very well with the measured one, at the cost of a high forcing pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Velut
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 7051, Aix Marseille Univ., Centrale Marseille, F-13453 Marseille cedex 13, France
| | - Christophe Vergez
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 7051, Aix Marseille Univ., Centrale Marseille, F-13453 Marseille cedex 13, France
| | - Joël Gilbert
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Maine, Unité Mixte de Recherche - 6613, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans cedex 9, France
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Kergomard J, Guillemain P, Silva F, Karkar S. Idealized digital models for conical reed instruments, with focus on the internal pressure waveform. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 139:927-937. [PMID: 26936573 DOI: 10.1121/1.4942185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two models for the generation of self-oscillations of reed conical woodwinds are presented. The models use the fewest parameters (of either the resonator or the exciter), whose influence can be quickly explored. The formulation extends iterated maps obtained for lossless cylindrical pipes without reed dynamics. It uses spherical wave variables in idealized resonators, with one parameter more than for cylinders: the missing length of the cone. The mouthpiece volume equals that of the missing part of the cone, and is implemented as either a cylindrical pipe (first model) or a lumped element (second model). Only the first model adds a length parameter for the mouthpiece and leads to the solving of an implicit equation. For the second model, any shape of nonlinear characteristic can be directly considered. The complex characteristic impedance for spherical waves requires sampling times smaller than a round trip in the resonator. The convergence of the two models is shown when the length of the cylindrical mouthpiece tends to zero. The waveform is in semi-quantitative agreement with experiment. It is concluded that the oscillations of the positive episode of the mouthpiece pressure are related to the length of the missing part, not to the reed dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kergomard
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique (LMA, Research Unit of CNRS 7051) Aix-Marseille University, Centrale Marseille, F-13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - P Guillemain
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique (LMA, Research Unit of CNRS 7051) Aix-Marseille University, Centrale Marseille, F-13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - F Silva
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique (LMA, Research Unit of CNRS 7051) Aix-Marseille University, Centrale Marseille, F-13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - S Karkar
- Laboratory of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 11 Route Cantonale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Doc JB, Vergez C. Oscillation regimes produced by an alto saxophone: Influence of the control parameters and the bore inharmonicity. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 137:1756-1765. [PMID: 25920828 DOI: 10.1121/1.4916197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to highlight experimentally how inharmonicity of the bore resonance frequencies of an alto saxophone influences the nature of the oscillation regimes. A variable volume branching from the neck of an alto sax at an appropriate position allows one to change the frequency of the first resonance independently from the second. A blowing machine with artificial lips is used to make the saxophone play while controlling independently the control parameters: the blowing pressure and an embouchure parameter. Values of these parameters are estimated experimentally through the measurement of the nonlinear characteristics linking the mean air flow blown into the instrument to the static pressure difference across the reed. Experiments with different values of the control parameters as well as of the inharmonicity produce different kinds of oscillation regimes. These regimes are categorized through the analysis of the pressure signal inside the mouthpiece. The resulting maps demonstrate that the emergence of quasi-periodic regimes, and their extent, depend on the level of inharmonicity, but also on the values of the control parameters. Periodic regimes playable by choosing appropriate values of the control parameters also differ according to the level of inharmonicity, a higher inharmonicity facilitating the emergence of the third register.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Doc
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Christophe Vergez
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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