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Fletcher LN, Cavalié T, Grassi D, Hueso R, Lara LM, Kaspi Y, Galanti E, Greathouse TK, Molyneux PM, Galand M, Vallat C, Witasse O, Lorente R, Hartogh P, Poulet F, Langevin Y, Palumbo P, Gladstone GR, Retherford KD, Dougherty MK, Wahlund JE, Barabash S, Iess L, Bruzzone L, Hussmann H, Gurvits LI, Santolik O, Kolmasova I, Fischer G, Müller-Wodarg I, Piccioni G, Fouchet T, Gérard JC, Sánchez-Lavega A, Irwin PGJ, Grodent D, Altieri F, Mura A, Drossart P, Kammer J, Giles R, Cazaux S, Jones G, Smirnova M, Lellouch E, Medvedev AS, Moreno R, Rezac L, Coustenis A, Costa M. Jupiter Science Enabled by ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2023; 219:53. [PMID: 37744214 PMCID: PMC10511624 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) will provide a detailed investigation of the Jovian system in the 2030s, combining a suite of state-of-the-art instruments with an orbital tour tailored to maximise observing opportunities. We review the Jupiter science enabled by the JUICE mission, building on the legacy of discoveries from the Galileo, Cassini, and Juno missions, alongside ground- and space-based observatories. We focus on remote sensing of the climate, meteorology, and chemistry of the atmosphere and auroras from the cloud-forming weather layer, through the upper troposphere, into the stratosphere and ionosphere. The Jupiter orbital tour provides a wealth of opportunities for atmospheric and auroral science: global perspectives with its near-equatorial and inclined phases, sampling all phase angles from dayside to nightside, and investigating phenomena evolving on timescales from minutes to months. The remote sensing payload spans far-UV spectroscopy (50-210 nm), visible imaging (340-1080 nm), visible/near-infrared spectroscopy (0.49-5.56 μm), and sub-millimetre sounding (near 530-625 GHz and 1067-1275 GHz). This is coupled to radio, stellar, and solar occultation opportunities to explore the atmosphere at high vertical resolution; and radio and plasma wave measurements of electric discharges in the Jovian atmosphere and auroras. Cross-disciplinary scientific investigations enable JUICE to explore coupling processes in giant planet atmospheres, to show how the atmosphere is connected to (i) the deep circulation and composition of the hydrogen-dominated interior; and (ii) to the currents and charged particle environments of the external magnetosphere. JUICE will provide a comprehensive characterisation of the atmosphere and auroras of this archetypal giant planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh N. Fletcher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Thibault Cavalié
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - Davide Grassi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ricardo Hueso
- Física Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luisa M. Lara
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, c/Glorieta de la Astronomía 3, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Yohai Kaspi
- Dept. of Earth and Planetray Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Eli Galanti
- Dept. of Earth and Planetray Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | | | | | - Marina Galand
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Claire Vallat
- European Space Agency (ESA), ESAC Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid), Spain
| | - Olivier Witasse
- European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - Rosario Lorente
- European Space Agency (ESA), ESAC Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid), Spain
| | - Paul Hartogh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - François Poulet
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Yves Langevin
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Pasquale Palumbo
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - G. Randall Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228 United States
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX United States
| | - Kurt D. Retherford
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228 United States
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX United States
| | | | | | - Stas Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Kiruna, Sweden
| | - Luciano Iess
- Dipartimento di ingegneria meccanica e aerospaziale, Universit á La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bruzzone
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Trento, I-38123 Italy
| | - Hauke Hussmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonid I. Gurvits
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Aerospace Faculty, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ondřej Santolik
- Department of Space Physics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Kolmasova
- Department of Space Physics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Georg Fischer
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Giuseppe Piccioni
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Thierry Fouchet
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | | | - Agustin Sánchez-Lavega
- Física Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Patrick G. J. Irwin
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - Denis Grodent
- LPAP, STAR Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francesca Altieri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mura
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierre Drossart
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
- Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Josh Kammer
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228 United States
| | - Rohini Giles
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228 United States
| | - Stéphanie Cazaux
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Geraint Jones
- UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Hombury St. Mary, Dorking, RH5 6NT UK
- The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Maria Smirnova
- Dept. of Earth and Planetray Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Emmanuel Lellouch
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | | | - Raphael Moreno
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - Ladislav Rezac
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Athena Coustenis
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - Marc Costa
- Rhea Group, for European Space Agency, ESAC, Madrid, Spain
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Orton GS, Tabataba-Vakili F, Eichstädt G, Rogers J, Hansen CJ, Momary TW, Ingersoll AP, Brueshaber S, Wong MH, Simon AA, Fletcher LN, Ravine M, Caplinger M, Smith D, Bolton SJ, Levin SM, Sinclair JA, Thepenier C, Nicholson H, Anthony A. A Survey of Small-Scale Waves and Wave-Like Phenomena in Jupiter's Atmosphere Detected by JunoCam. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2020; 125:e2019JE006369. [PMID: 32728504 PMCID: PMC7380317 DOI: 10.1029/2019je006369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the first 20 orbits of the Juno spacecraft around Jupiter, we have identified a variety of wave-like features in images made by its public-outreach camera, JunoCam. Because of Juno's unprecedented and repeated proximity to Jupiter's cloud tops during its close approaches, JunoCam has detected more wave structures than any previous surveys. Most of the waves appear in long wave packets, oriented east-west and populated by narrow wave crests. Spacing between crests were measured as small as ~30 km, shorter than any previously measured. Some waves are associated with atmospheric features, but others are not ostensibly associated with any visible cloud phenomena and thus may be generated by dynamical forcing below the visible cloud tops. Some waves also appear to be converging, and others appear to be overlapping, possibly at different atmospheric levels. Another type of wave has a series of fronts that appear to be radiating outward from the center of a cyclone. Most of these waves appear within 5° of latitude from the equator, but we have detected waves covering planetocentric latitudes between 20°S and 45°N. The great majority of the waves appear in regions associated with prograde motions of the mean zonal flow. Juno was unable to measure the velocity of wave features to diagnose the wave types due to its close and rapid flybys. However, both by our own upper limits on wave motions and by analogy with previous measurements, we expect that the waves JunoCam detected near the equator are inertia-gravity waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn S Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas W Momary
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Andrew P Ingersoll
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Shawn Brueshaber
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Western Michigan University Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - Michael H Wong
- Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley CA USA
- SETI Institute Mountain View CA USA
| | - Amy A Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD USA
| | - Leigh N Fletcher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | | | | | - Dakota Smith
- National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA
| | - Scott J Bolton
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
| | - Steven M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - James A Sinclair
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Chloe Thepenier
- Glendale Community College Glendale CA USA
- Now at the University of California Davis CA USA
| | | | - Abigail Anthony
- Golden West College Huntington Beach CA USA
- Now at the University of California Berkeley CA USA
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Simon AA, Hueso R, Iñurrigarro P, Sánchez-Lavega A, MoralesJuberías R, Cosentino R, Fletcher LN, Wong MH, Hsu AI, de Pater I, Orton GS, Colas F, Delcroix M, Peach D, Gómez-Forrellad JM. A New, Long-Lived, Jupiter Mesoscale Wave Observed at Visible Wavelengths. THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL 2018; 156:79. [PMID: 30510304 PMCID: PMC6268009 DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aacaf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-scale waves were observed along the boundary between Jupiter's North Equatorial Belt and North Tropical Zone, ~16.5° N planetographic latitude in Hubble Space Telescope data in 2012 and throughout 2015 to 2018, observable at all wavelengths from the UV to the near IR. At peak visibility, the waves have sufficient contrast (~10%) to be observed from ground-based telescopes. They have a typical wavelength of about 1.2° (1400 km), variable-length wave trains, and westward phase speeds of a few m/s or less. New analysis of Voyager 2 data shows similar wave trains over at least 300 hours. Some waves appear curved when over cyclones and anticyclones, but most are straight, but tilted, shifting in latitude as they pass vortices. Based on their wavelengths, phase speeds, and faint appearance at high-altitude sensitive passbands, the observed NEB waves are consistent with inertia-gravity waves at the 500-mbar pressure level, though formation altitude is not well constrained. Preliminary General Circulation Model simulations generate inertia-gravity waves from vortices interacting with the environment and can reproduce the observed wavelengths and orientations. Several mechanisms can generate these waves, and all may contribute: geostrophic adjustment of cyclones; cyclone/anticyclone interactions; wind interactions with obstructions or heat pulses from convection; or changing vertical wind shear. However, observations also show that the presence of vortices and/or regions of convection are not sufficient by themselves for wave formation, implying that a change in vertical structure may affect their stability, or that changes in haze properties may affect their visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 2077, USA
| | - Ricardo Hueso
- Física Aplicada I, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Peio Iñurrigarro
- Física Aplicada I, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Raúl MoralesJuberías
- New Mexico Institute of Technology and Mining, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 8780, USA
| | - Richard Cosentino
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 2077, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow
| | - Leigh N. Fletcher
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Michael H. Wong
- University of California at Berkeley, Astronomy Department Berkeley, CA 947200-3411, USA
| | - Andrew I. Hsu
- University of California at Berkeley, Astronomy Department Berkeley, CA 947200-3411, USA
| | - Imke de Pater
- University of California at Berkeley, Astronomy Department Berkeley, CA 947200-3411, USA
| | - Glenn S. Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - François Colas
- IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS-UMR 8028, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Lille 1, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Marc Delcroix
- Société Astronomique de France, Commission des observations planétaires, Tournefeuille, France
| | - Damian Peach
- British Astronomical Association, Burlington House, London, UK
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