Evaluation of the heart and lung dosimetric parameters in deep inspiration breath hold using 3D Slicer

Exploring the Application of the Artificial-Intelligence-Integrated Platform 3D Slicer in Medical Imaging Education

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized medical imaging procedures, specifically with regard to image segmentation, reconstruction, interpretation, and research. 3D Slicer, an open-source medical image analysis platform, has become a valuable tool in medical imaging education due to its integration of various AI applications. Through its open-source architecture, students can gain practical experience with diverse medical images and the latest AI technology, reinforcing their understanding of anatomy and imaging technology while fostering independent learning and clinical reasoning skills. The implementation of this platform improves instruction quality and nurtures skilled professionals who can meet the demands of clinical practice, research institutions, and technology innovation enterprises. AI algorithms' application in medical image processing have facilitated their translation from the lab to practical clinical applications and education.

Comparison of baseline drifts using three reflector blocks versus using a single reflector block for the calibration of wall-mounted Respiratory Gating for Scanner (RGSC) camera integrated with a CT

BACKGROUND

The calibration of the Respiratory Gating for SCanner (RGSC) system is critical to achieve better and more stable accuracy. The current procedure for a wall-mounted RGSC system has a relatively large residual error.

PURPOSE

To compare the baseline drifts in the image acquisition of DIBH using three reflector blocks versus using a single reflector block in the calibration of a wall-mounted RGSC camera system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Varian provides a calibration plate with three rows of calibration points: each row is separated by 15 cm longitudinally and by 10 cm laterally. In Varian's single-block calibration method, the reflector block was first placed on the center point of the calibration plate and aligned with the scanner isocenter. The calibration took a picture of the block, then placed the block on the other eight points sequentially. In the proposed three-block method, we placed three reflector blocks on the center row, with the center block aligned with the isocenter, and we took a picture of the center block by manually blocking the other two blocks in calibration. By moving the couch longitudinally in or out 15 cm, the calibration goes through all nine points. Monte Carlo simulation was done using Matlab to analyze the calibration matrix eigenvalue characteristics.

RESULTS

For a typical scan length of 40 cm of DIBH, the residual baseline drift in simulated DIBH is 0.02 ± 0.03  versus 0.30 ± 0.12 cm for three-block calibration and single-block calibration, respectively. To achieve 0.5 mm tolerance for the eigenvalue, the laser and reflector box should be within ±3 mm uncertainties based on the eigenvalue simulation.

CONCLUSION

Three-block calibration method effectively removes baseline drift caused by couch movement in DIBH/4D CT scan for the wall-mounted camera while the single-block calibration method still has significant residual baseline drift.

The effect of respiratory capacity for dose sparing in left-sided breast cancer irradiation with active breathing coordinator technique

Background and aim

A subsequent cardiac toxicity is deemed to be dose-dependent for left-sided breast cancer irradiation. This study aims to demonstrate the effect of respiratory capacity for dose sparing when the deep inspiration breath hold with Active Breathing Coordinator technique (ABC-DIBH) is used in left-sided breast cancer irradiation.

Methods

74 left-sided breast cancer patients, who received whole breast or post-mastectomy chest wall radiotherapy with ABC-DIBH between 2020 and 2021 in our center, were retrospectively reviewed in this study. CT scans of free breath (FB) and ABC-DIBH were done for each patient, and two treatment plans with a prescription dose of 5000 cGy/25 Fr were designed separately. The dose to heart, left anterior descending artery (LAD) and lungs was compared between FB and ABC-DIBH. The correlation between individual parameters (dose to organs at risk (OARs) and minimum heart distance (MHD)) was analyzed, and the effect of respiratory capacity for dose sparing was assessed.

Results

The plans with ABC-DIBH achieved lower Dmean for heart (34.80%, P < 0.01) and LAD (29.33%, P < 0.01) than those with FB. Regression analysis revealed that both Dmean and D2 of heart were negatively correlated with MHD in the plans with FB and ABC-DIBH, which decreased with the increase in MHD by 37.8 cGy and 309.9 cGy per 1mm, respectively. Besides, a lower Dmean of heart was related to a larger volume of ipsilateral lung in plans with FB. With the increase in volume of ipsilateral lung, the linear correlation was getting weaker and weaker until the volume of ipsilateral lung reached 1700 cc. Meanwhile, a negative linear correlation between Dmean of LAD and MHD in plans with FB and ABC-DIBH was observed, whose slope was 162.5 and 135.9 cGy/mm, respectively. Furthermore, when the respiratory capacity of ABC-DIBH reached 1L, and the relative ratio (ABC-DIBH/FB) reached 3.6, patients could obtain the benefit of dose sparing. The larger difference in respiratory capacity had no significant effect in the larger difference of MHD, Dmean of heart and Dmean of LAD between FB and ABC-DIBH.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the sufficiently good effect of ABC-DIBH when utilizing for cardiac sparing. It also reveals the correlations among individual parameters and the effect of respiratory capacity for dose sparing. This helps take optimal advantage of the ABC-DIBH technique and predict clinical benefits.

Impact of respiratory motion in dosimetric and clinical advantages for adjuvant left-sided breast radiotherapy

We investigated the organ-sparing effect of the deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) technique among different levels of lung expansion for left-side breast radiotherapy. This retrospective study enrolled 30 patients who received adjuvant left breast radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Simulation scans of both DIBH and deep breathing four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) were acquired, and three treatment plans were generated for each patient. One plan was based on the DIBH images, and the other two plans were based on the mid-lung expansion (ME) and initial lung expansion (IE) phases retrieved from 4DCT data sets. Dosimetric comparisons and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models were conducted. We used image registration for displacement analysis and sought potential factors related to the dose benefit of DIBH. The DIBH plans resulted significantly lower doses to the heart, left ventricle (LV) and left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), including the high- to low-dose areas, followed by the ME plans and IE plans (p < 0.05). DIBH reduced the risk of long-term cardiac mortality by 40% and radiation pneumonitis of the left lung by 37.96% compared with the IE plans (p < 0.001). The reduction in the mean dose to the heart and LV significantly correlated with anterior displacement of the left lung. The DIBH technique is a feasible tool to provide dosimetric and clinical advantages for adjuvant left-sided breast radiotherapy. Breathing pattern and the level of lung expansion seem to play an important role.