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Sousa C, Matos MAR, Morais VMF. Experimental and Computational Thermochemical Study of Maleic Anhydride and Vinylene Carbonate. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9474-9484. [PMID: 29120631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The standard molar enthalpies of formation of maleic anhydride and vinylene carbonate in gaseous phase, at T = 298.15 K, were derived from the standard molar enthalpies of formation of the compounds in condensed phase combined with the phase transition enthalpies. The standard molar enthalpies of formation in condensed phase were obtained from the enthalpies of combustion measured using static bomb combustion calorimetry and mini-bomb combustion calorimetry for vinylene carbonate and maleic anhydride, respectively. Phase transition enthalpies were obtained by Calvet microcalorimetry. High level quantum calculations were performed at the composite G3 level of theory in order to estimate the standard molar enthalpies of formation of both compounds in gaseous phase. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and computational results. In addition, analysis of the factors affecting the relative stability of both systems has been carried out in the framework of the ab initio valence bond (VB) theory in order to clarify the aromaticity/antiaromaticity issues involving these molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sousa
- CIQ - Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Agostinha R Matos
- CIQ - Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Victor M F Morais
- CIQ - Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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Preethalayam P, Krishnan KS, Thulasi S, Chand SS, Joseph J, Nair V, Jaroschik F, Radhakrishnan KV. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Pentafulvenes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3930-3989. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preethanuj Preethalayam
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - K. Syam Krishnan
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Sreeja Thulasi
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - S. Sarath Chand
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Jomy Joseph
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims 51687 Cedex 2, France
| | - Vijay Nair
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Florian Jaroschik
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims 51687 Cedex 2, France
| | - K. V. Radhakrishnan
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
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Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the journal (volume 23, 2012, issues 1–3) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Balaban AT. Monocyclic Hetarenes with π-Electron Aromatic Sextet. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(10)09903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Stem MR, Liebman JF. Interplay of thermochemistry and structural chemistry, the journal (volume 15, 2004) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-006-9038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cyrański MK. Energetic aspects of cyclic pi-electron delocalization: evaluation of the methods of estimating aromatic stabilization energies. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3773-811. [PMID: 16218567 DOI: 10.1021/cr0300845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Quadrelli P, Romano S, Toma L, Caramella P. A bispericyclic transition structure allows for efficient relief of antiaromaticity enhancing reactivity and endo stereoselectivity in the dimerization of the fleeting cyclopentadienone. J Org Chem 2003; 68:6035-8. [PMID: 12868944 DOI: 10.1021/jo034401j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
B3LYP/6-31G calculations account for the enhanced reactivity and endo stereoselectivity in the dimerization of the fleeting antiaromatic cyclopentadienone. Secondary orbital interactions promote endo stereoselectivity and a full merging of 4+2 and 2+4 allowed paths in an endo bispericyclic transition structure. Electrostatic effects increase reactivity and selectivity but the driving force to enhanced reactivity is the loss of antiaromaticity in the dimerization TSs while enhanced selectivity derives from the more efficient relief of antiaromaticity in the bispericyclic array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Quadrelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Najafian K, von Ragué Schleyer P, Tidwell TT. Aromaticity and antiaromaticity in fulvenes, ketocyclopolyenes, fulvenones, and diazocyclopolyenes. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:3410-7. [PMID: 14584805 DOI: 10.1039/b304718k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structures, energies, natural charges, and magnetic properties of 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-membered cyclic polyenes 1-4, respectively, with exocyclic methylene, keto, ketenyl, and diazo substituents (a-d, respectively) were computed at the B3LYP/6-311G+ **//B3LYP/6-311+G** level to elucidate their aromatic and antiaromatic properties. The corresponding conjugated cyclic cations le and 3e were also studied. The criteria used are isomerization energies (ISE), magnetic susceptibility exaltations (lambda), aromatic stabilization energies (ASE), nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS), and bond length alternation (deltaR). Planar C2v structures were found to be the lowest energy minima with the exceptions of diazocyclopropene (1d), cycloheptafulvenone (3c), diazocycloheptatriene (3d), and all of the cyclononatetraene derivatives (4). The fulvenes (1a-4a) have modest aromatic or antiaromatic character, and are used as standards for comparison. By these criteria the ketenylidene and diazo cyclopropenes and cycloheptatrienes 1,3-c,d and oxo cyclopentadiene and cyclononatetraene 2,4b are antiaromatic, while the 5- and 9-ring ketenyl and diazo compounds and 3- and 7-ring ketones are aromatic. The degree of aromatic/antiaromatic character decreases with ring size. The consistent agreement with Hückel rule predictions for all the criteria shows their utility for the evaluation of the elusive properties of aromaticity and antiaromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Najafian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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Baik MH, Schauer CK, Ziegler T. Density functional theory study of redox pairs: 2. Influence of solvation and ion-pair formation on the redox behavior of cyclooctatetraene and nitrobenzene. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11167-81. [PMID: 12224965 DOI: 10.1021/ja016905+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study of the electrochemical behavior of cyclooctatetraene (COT) and nitrobenzene with Density Functional Theory and the conductor like solvation model (COSMO) is reported. The two-electron reduction of the tub-shaped COT molecule is accompanied by a structural change to a planar structure of D(4)(h)() symmetry in the first electron addition step, and to a fully aromatic structure of D(8)(h)() symmetry in the second electron addition step. Theoretical models are examined that are aimed at understanding the electrolyte- and solvent-dependent redox behavior of COT, in which a single 2e(-) redox wave is observed with KI electrolyte in liquid ammonia solution (DeltaDeltaE(disp) = [E(-2) - E(-1)] - [E(-1) - E(0)] < 0, inverted potential), while two 1e(-) redox waves are observed (DeltaDeltaE(disp) > 0) with NR(4)(+)X(-) (R = butyl, propyl; X(-) = perchlorate) electrolyte in dimethylformamide solution. In all cases, the computed reaction energy profiles are in fair agreement with the experimental reduction potentials. A chemically intuitive theoretical square scheme method of energy partitioning is introduced to analyze in detail the effects of structural changes and ion-pair formation on the relative energies of the redox species. The structural relaxation energy for conversion of tub-COT to planar-COT is mainly apportioned to the first reduction step, and is therefore a positive contribution to DeltaDeltaE(disp). The effect of the structural change on the disproportionation energy for COT is counteracted by the substantially more positive reduction potential for planar-(COT)(-1) in comparison to tub-(COT)(-1). Ion pairing of alkali metal counterions with the anionic reduction products gives rise to a negative contribution to DeltaDeltaE(disp) because the second ion-pairing step is more exothermic than the first, and the reduction of [KA] (A = COT, NB) is more exothermic than the reduction of A(-1). For COT, this negative energy differential term as a result of ion pairing predicts the experimentally observed inversion in the two 1e(-) potentials (DeltaDeltaE(disp) < 0). Nitrobenzene is treated with the same computational protocol to provide a system for comparison that is not complicated by the major structural change that influences the COT energy profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hyun Baik
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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Rodríguez-Otero J, Martínez-Núñez E, Peña-Gallego A, Vázquez SA. The role of aromaticity in the planarity of lumiflavin. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6347-52. [PMID: 12201752 DOI: 10.1021/jo011159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio MP2/6-31G(d,p) and density functional theory B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculations were performed to investigate the molecular structure of the active part of flavins in the oxidized and reduced forms, using lumiflavin as a model compound. The possible aromatic character of these systems was explored by using the following aromaticity indexes: nucleus-independent chemical shifts, the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility, the Bird index, and natural bond orbital analysis. To provide further insight, calculations on the 2+ charged species were also carried out. Both the MP2 and B3LYP computations predict a planar conformation for the oxidized form and a bent structure for the reduced form, in agreement with previous experience. For both the oxidized and reduced states, ring A is found to be the most aromatic, as expected. The calculations suggest that the folding in the reduced form is mainly a result of electronic preferences rather than steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodríguez-Otero
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kovačević B, Liebman JF, Maksić ZB. “Nibbering's C7H7N”: an ab initio study of the structure and electronic properties of benzaldimine and its protonated ion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b204766g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Katritzky AR, Jug K, Oniciu DC. Quantitative measures of aromaticity for mono-, bi-, and tricyclic penta- and hexaatomic heteroaromatic ring systems and their interrelationships. Chem Rev 2001; 101:1421-49. [PMID: 11710227 DOI: 10.1021/cr990327m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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Jursic B. Exploring the lowest energy triplet potential energy surface for cyclic C4H4 isomers with the complete basis set ab initio method. Is the transformation of triafulvene into cyclobutadiene possible in their excited states? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(99)00086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Skancke A, Liebman JF. The Energetics of Cyclopropene, 1,4-Cyclohexadiene, and Some of Their Hetero- and/or Exocyclic Derivatives. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9905874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Skancke
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, and The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Joel F. Liebman
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, and The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
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The contribution of ring conformational flexibility to the relative stability of isomeric cyclohexadienes. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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