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The Signaling Pathways and Targets of Natural Compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Ischemic Stroke. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103099. [PMID: 35630576 PMCID: PMC9148018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common neurological disorder associated with high disability rates and mortality rates. At present, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) is the only US(FDA)-approved drug for IS. However, due to the narrow therapeutic window and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, r-tPA is currently used in less than 5% of stroke patients. Natural compounds have been widely used in the treatment of IS in China and have a wide range of therapeutic effects on IS by regulating multiple targets and signaling pathways. The keywords "ischemia stroke, traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese herbal medicine, natural compounds" were used to search the relevant literature in PubMed and other databases over the past five years. The results showed that JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK, Notch, Nrf2, and PI3K/Akt are the key pathways, and SIRT1, MMP9, TLR4, HIF-α are the key targets for the natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine in treating IS. This study aims to update and summarize the signaling pathways and targets of natural compounds in the treatment of IS, and provide a base of information for the future development of effective treatments for IS.
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Fang X, Li Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Feng S, Miao M. Ethanol extracts from Ilex pubescens promotes cerebral ischemic tolerance via modulation of TLR4-MyD88/TRIF signaling pathway in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 256:112680. [PMID: 32084554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pubescent Holly Root is the dry root of Ilex pubescens Hook. et Arn. It is clinically using in the treatment for stroke and coronary artery disease. It remains unclear whether the ethanol extracts of Ilex pubescens(IPEE) treatment can promote cerebral ischemic tolerance (CIT) and exert endogenous neuroprotective effects and thus to alleviate the nerve injury caused by the subsequent persistent cerebral ischemic attacks. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of IPEE on CIT and its underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were used in the present study. The bilateral common carotid arteries were blocked for 10 min followed a subsequent reperfusion to create the cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP); After 3 days post CIP, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R)-injury. Rats were continuously fed with IPEE for 5 days throughout the experiment period at the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Then, the brain infarct volume, histopathology, neurological deficits, and the gene/protein expression related with the TLR4-MyD88/TRIF signaling pathway were evaluated after 24 h of MCAO/R experiment. RESULTS IPEE pretreatment significantly reduced the cerebral infarct volume, the neurological deficit scores, and the plasma level of neuron specific enolase (NSE) at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Meanwhile, IPEE pretreatment significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1α and RANTES, while it increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, when compared with the group with CIP treatment alone. Moreover, the effect of IPEE treatment on CIT was in a dose-dependent manner, showing as a better effect in the group pretreated with IPEE with the dose of 100 mg/kg than that in group pretreated with IPEE with the dose of 200 mg/kg. In addition, IPEE pretreatment significantly inhibited the expressions of MyD88 mRNA and the protein expression of COX-2 and NF-κBp65, while it strengthened the expressions of TRIF mRNA and protein. The effects of IPEE pretreatment on the expression of these genes were better than that in the group treated with CIP alone. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that IPEE pretreatment can enhance cerebral ischemic tolerance with a underlying mechanism involved in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway through inhibiting the production of proteins or cytokines in the downstream of MyD88 and activating TRIF dependent anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Yujie Li
- Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Suxiang Feng
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Mingsan Miao
- Department of Graduate School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China.
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Kofke WA, Ren Y, Augoustides JG, Li H, Nathanson K, Siman R, Meng QC, Bu W, Yandrawatthana S, Kositratna G, Kim C, Bavaria JE. Reframing the Biological Basis of Neuroprotection Using Functional Genomics: Differentially Weighted, Time-Dependent Multifactor Pathogenesis of Human Ischemic Brain Damage. Front Neurol 2018; 9:497. [PMID: 29997569 PMCID: PMC6028620 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroprotection studies are generally unable to demonstrate efficacy in humans. Our specific hypothesis is that multiple pathophysiologic pathways, of variable importance, contribute to ischemic brain damage. As a corollary to this, we discuss the broad hypothesis that a multifaceted approach will improve the probability of efficacious neuroprotection. But to properly test this hypothesis the nature and importance of the multiple contributing pathways needs elucidation. Our aim is to demonstrate, using functional genomics, in human cardiac surgery procedures associated with cerebral ischemia, that the pathogenesis of perioperative human ischemic brain damage involves the function of multiple variably weighted proteins involving several pathways. We then use these data and literature to develop a proposal for rational design of human neuroprotection protocols. Methods: Ninety-four patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) and/or aortic valve replacement surgery had brain damage biomarkers, S100β and neurofilament H (NFH), assessed at baseline, 1 and 24 h post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with analysis for association with 92 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (selected by co-author WAK) related to important proteins involved in pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Results: At the nominal significance level of 0.05, changes in S100β and in NFH at 1 and 24 h post-CPB were associated with multiple SNPs involving several prospectively determined pathophysiologic pathways, but were not individually significant after multiple comparison adjustments. Variable weights for the several evaluated SNPs are apparent on regression analysis and, notably, are dissimilar related to the two biomarkers and over time post CPB. Based on our step-wise regression model, at 1 h post-CPB, SOD2, SUMO4, and GP6 are related to relative change of NFH while TNF, CAPN10, NPPB, and SERPINE1 are related to the relative change of S100B. At 24 h post-CPB, ADRA2A, SELE, and BAX are related to the relative change of NFH while SLC4A7, HSPA1B, and FGA are related to S100B. Conclusions: In support of the proposed hypothesis, association SNP data suggest function of specific disparate proteins, as reflected by genetic variation, may be more important than others with variation at different post-insult times after human brain ischemia. Such information may support rational design of post-insult time-sensitive multifaceted neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Kofke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John G Augoustides
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Katherine Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics Abramson Cancer Center Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert Siman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qing Cheng Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Weiming Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sukanya Yandrawatthana
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guy Kositratna
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cecilia Kim
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph E Bavaria
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Liu Y, Li B, Li Q, Zou L. Neuroglobin up-regulation after ischaemic pre-conditioning in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Inj 2015; 29:651-7. [PMID: 25625519 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Neuroglobin (NGB) is a known neuroprotector and is up-regulated after ischaemia-hypoxia brain damage. However, no studies have investigated NGB levels after ischaemic pre-conditioning and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS AND PROCEDURES This study subjected rats to different ischaemic pre-conditioning and MCAO regimens and assayed NGB levels in the hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus by immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS After 30 minutes of ischaemic pre-conditioning, the number of NGB-positive cells and NGB levels in the hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus were increased with longer reperfusion times, peaked at 24-hours reperfusion and slightly decreased at 48-hours reperfusion. Similarly, the mRNA and protein expression levels of NGB were also up-regulated; they peaked at 24-hours reperfusion and slightly decreased at 48-hours reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS NGB may regulate neuroprotection against ischaemia and hypoxia-mediated brain damage after ischaemic pre-conditioning. The results provide additional evidence supporting the utility of ischaemic pre-conditioning and help elucidate its potential regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital Medical School of Chinese PLA , Beijing , PR China and
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Shin JH, Park YM, Kim DH, Moon GJ, Bang OY, Ohn T, Kim HH. Ischemic brain extract increases SDF-1 expression in astrocytes through the CXCR2/miR-223/miR-27b pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:826-36. [PMID: 24999035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cerebral stroke is one of the leading global causes of mortality and morbidity. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) refers to a sublethal ischemia and resulting in tolerance to subsequent severe ischemic injury. Although several pathways are reportedly involved in IPC-mediated neuroprotection, the functional role of astrocytes is not fully understood. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), a CXC chemokine produced mainly in astrocytes, is a ligand for chemokine receptor CXCR4. SDF-1 is reported to play a critical role in neuroprotection after stroke by mediating the migration of neuronal progenitor cells. We hypothesized that stimuli derived from ischemic brain were involved in the protective effects of IPC. To investigate this hypothesis, the mechanism in which ischemic brain extract (IBE) induced SDF-1 expression was investigated in C6 astrocytoma cells. IBE treatment of C6 cells increased SDF-1 expression compared to that in untreated or normal brain extract (NBE)-treated cells by downregulating SDF-1 targeting miRNA, miR-27b. MiR-223 was inversely upregulated in IBE-treated cells; overexpression of miR-223 decreased the expression of miR-27b by suppressing IKKα expression. Analysis of cytokine array data revealed an IBE associated enhanced expression of CINC-1 (CXCL1) and LIX1 (CXCL5). Knockdown or inhibition of their receptor, CXCR2, abolished IBE-mediated increased expression of SDF-1. These results were confirmed in primary cultured astrocytes. Taken together, the data demonstrate that IBE-elicited signals increase SDF-1 expression through the CXCR2/miR-223/miR-27b pathway in C6 astrocytoma cells and primary astrocytes, supporting the view that increased expression of SDF-1 by ischemic insults is a possible mechanism underlying therapeutic application of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Shin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Young Mi Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Medical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Oh Young Bang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Takbum Ohn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Ho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, South Korea.
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