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Cai J, Peng Y, Chen T, Liao H, Zhang L, Chen Q, He Y, Wu P, Xie T, Pan Q. Chloral Hydrate Treatment Induced Apoptosis of Macrophages via Fas Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4836-4843. [PMID: 27941708 PMCID: PMC5167102 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are recent reports on several anesthetics that have anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects apart from their uses for pain relief and muscle relaxation. Chloral hydrate is a clinical anesthetic drug and sedative that has also been reported to attenuate inflammatory response, but the mechanisms are not clearly understood. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study investigated the effect of chloral hydrate treatment on the apoptosis of macrophages and explored the underlying mechanisms. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with various concentrations of chloral hydrate for various lengths of time. Morphological changes were observed under a light microscope and apoptosis was detected with annexin-V-FITC/PI double-staining assay, Hochest 33258 and DNA ladder assay, the expression of Fas/FasL was detected with a flow cytometer, and the Fas signaling pathway was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that chloral hydrate treatment induced the morphology of RAW264.7 macrophages to change shape from typical fusiform to round in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and was finally suspended in the supernatant. For the induction of apoptosis, chloral hydrate treatment induced the apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages from early-to-late stage apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. For the mechanism, chloral hydrate treatment induced higher expression of Fas on RAW264.7 macrophages, and was also associated with changes in the expression of proteins involved in Fas signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Chloral hydrate treatment can induce the apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages through the Fas signaling pathway, which may provide new options for adjunctive treatment of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yanxia Peng
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Huanjin Liao
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qiuhua Chen
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yiming He
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Wu
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qingjun Pan
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Wu S, Ma C, Gao X, Zhang L, Miao Q, Li M, Li W, Song X, Wang X, Liu J, Wei L. Group A Streptococcus induces less p65 nuclear translocation and non-classical nuclear factor kappa B activation in macrophages, which possibly leads to a weaker inflammatory response. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 44:50-60. [PMID: 26854198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the pathogenic mechanism of group A Streptococcus (GAS) and to investigate how GAS evades phagocytosis by immune cells. METHODS The classical inflammatory signaling pathway of macrophages infected with GAS was investigated by protein microarray, real-time PCR, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and flow cytometry. RESULTS GAS induced a lower level of inflammatory mediators in macrophages than either the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus or the Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Therefore, the conventional inflammatory signal pathway was investigated. It was found that GAS and S. aureus induced both toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 expression, while Gram-negative E. coli only activated TLR4 in RAW264.7 cells. Although MyD88, the main adaptor protein, was activated by the three pathogens, there was no difference in MyD88 expression in macrophages. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is the classical transcription factor of inflammatory signals, and the results of the present study showed that GAS, similar to E. coli, induced a weaker p65 nuclear translocation compared to S. aureus. Interestingly, GAS activated NF-κB by inducing p65-p52 heterodimer, but not the classical heterodimer of NF-κB (p65-p50), while E. coli activated NF-κB by inducing both p65-p50 and p65-p52 heterodimers. CONCLUSIONS Compared to S. aureus and E. coli infection, GAS induced a weaker nuclear translocation and distinct combination of NF-κB subunits in macrophages, which probably leads to a weak inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China; Department of Pathogeny, Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Qingfeng Miao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China.
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