MicroRNA-874-3p promotes testosterone-induced granulosa cell apoptosis by suppressing HDAC1-mediated p53 deacetylation

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Review of Multi-omics Analyses

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is among the most prevalent endocrinological abnormalities of young females, posing a grave public health challenge to the society. The objective of the present literature review is to analyze the enormous amount of information available by way of numerous multi-omic studies, and to explore a meaningful relationship between various factors such as genetic, proteomic, environmental etc. to understand the multifactorial metabolic disorder in a proper manner. Detailed literature search was done in various science article repositories and biomedical databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, BioMed Central, Embase etc. by using several keywords in whole gamut of combinations. PCOS is a heritable disease. It manifests as a result of a combination of several intricately inter-linked symptoms such as anovulation, obesity, type II diabetes, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries etc., the last one being the main manifestation of the disease, thus leading to infertility among several other complications. Such a multifactorial metabolic disorder with extreme symptomatic heterogeneity cannot be fully explained solely based on symptoms or genetic variations; thus, giving some space of thought to other factors such as epigenetic, microbiomic factors etc. playing a role in the causation of the disease. The present scientific survey of literature extensively reviews various aspects of PCOS by critically looking into the vast multi-omic data, and concluded with suggesting treatment options as well as lifestyle changes required to deal with the psychological/ emotional impacts of the condition on affected women.

Granulosa Cells-Related MicroRNAs in Ovarian Diseases: Mechanism, Facts and Perspectives

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that affect the translation of mRNAs by imperfectly binding to homologous 3'UTRs. Research on miRNAs in ovarian diseases is constantly expanding because miRNAs are powerful regulators of gene expression and cellular processes and are promising biomarkers. miRNA mimics, miRNA inhibitors and molecules targeting miRNAs (antimiRs) have shown promise as novel therapeutic agents in preclinical development. Granulosa cells (GCs) are supporting cells for developing oocytes in the ovary. GCs regulate female reproductive health by producing sex hormones and LH receptors. Increasing research has reported the relevance of miRNAs in GC pathophysiology. With in-depth studies of disease mechanisms, there are an increasing number of studies on the biomolecular pathways of miRNAs in gynecology and endocrinology. In the present review, we summarize the different functions of GC-related microRNAs in various ovarian disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, premature ovarian failure and ovarian granulosa cell tumors.

Lipid metabolism and neuromuscular junction as common pathways underlying the genetic basis of erectile dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea

Erectile dysfunction (ED) incidence is higher in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Studies have suggested that ED and OSA may activate similar pathways; however, few have investigated the links between their underlying genotypic profiles. Therefore, we conducted an in-silico analysis to test whether ED and OSA share genetic variants of risk and to identify any molecular, cellular and biological interactions between them. Two gene lists were manually curated through a literature review based on a PUBMED search, which resulted in one gene list associated with ED (total of 205 genes) and the other with OSA (total of 2622 genes). Between those gene sets, 35 were common for both lists (Fisher exact test, p-value = 0.027). The Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis using the intersect list as input showed that 3 of them had direct interactions (LPL, DGKB and PLCB1). In addition, the biological function of the genes contained in the intersect list suggested that pathways related to lipid metabolism and the neuromuscular junction were commonly found in the genetic basis of ED and OSA. From the shared genes between both conditions, the biological pathways highlighted in this study may serve as preliminary findings for future functional investigations on OSA and ED association.

Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in Long Noncoding RNA HOTTIP with Risk of Idiopathic Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion

The clustered homeobox gene family known as the Hox family plays a fundamental role in the morphogenesis of the vertebrate's embryo. A long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), known as HOTTIP (HOXA transcript at the distal tip), has been functionally characterized and contributed to the pathogenesis of various conditions. The current case-control study was undertaken to examine the gene frequencies and shared alleles of the HOTTIP  gene in Iranian participants with or without idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Both ARMS-PCR reaction and RFLP-PCR techniques were employed to detect three HOTTIP polymorphisms (rs2023843C/T, rs78248039A/T, and rs1859168C/A) in a DNA sample of 161 women with RSA and 177 healthy women. We found that the TT genotype of the HOTTIP rs2023843 C/T polymorphism was associated with a lower risk for idiopathic RSA. In contrast, the TT genotype of the HOTTIP rs78248039 A/T polymorphism was correlated with an enhanced risk of RSA. The presence of the A-allele for HOTTIP rs1859168 C/A polymorphism was associated with an increased risk for idiopathic RSA. Haplotype analysis showed that the T/T/A, C/T/A, T/T/C, and T/A/A haplotypes of rs2023843/rs78248039/rs1859168 enhanced RSA susceptibility. Computational analysis predicted that this lncRNA might act as a potential sponge for some microRNAs; therefore, affecting the expression of genes being targeted by them. In addition, both rs2023843 and rs1859168 variants could alter the local secondary structure of HOTTIP. Our results showed that HOTTIP rs2023843C/T, rs78248039A/T, and rs1859168C/A polymorphisms may confer genetic susceptibility to idiopathic RSA in an Iranian population.

Protective Effect of Long Noncoding RNA OXCT1-AS1 on Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis of Human Myocardial Cells by the Competitive Endogenous RNA Pattern

BACKGROUND

The anthracycline chemotherapeutic antibiotic doxorubicin (DOX) can induce cumulative cardiotoxicity and lead to cardiac dysfunction. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can function as important regulators in DOX-induced myocardial injury.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the functional role and molecular mechanism of lncRNA OXCT1 antisense RNA 1 (OXCT1-AS1) in DOX-induced myocardial cell injury in vitro.

METHODS

Human cardiomyocytes (AC16) were stimulated with DOX to induce a myocardial cell injury model. OXCT1-AS1, miR-874-3p, and BDH1 expression in AC16 cells were determined by RT-qPCR. AC16 cell viability was measured by XTT assay. Flow cytometry was employed to assess the apoptosis of AC16 cells. Western blotting was used to evaluate protein levels of apoptosis-related markers. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the binding ability between miR-874-3p and OXCT1-AS1 and between miR-874-3p and BDH1. The value of p<0.05 indicated statistical significance.

RESULTS

OXCT1-AS1 expression was decreased in DOX-treated AC16 cells. Overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 reversed the reduction of cell viability and promotion of cell apoptosis caused by DOX. OXCT1-AS1 is competitively bound to miR-874-3p to upregulate BDH1. BDH1 overexpression restored AC16 cell viability and suppressed cell apoptosis under DOX stimulation. Knocking down BDH1 reversed OXCT1-AS1-mediated attenuation of AC16 cell apoptosis under DOX treatment.

CONCLUSION

LncRNA OXCT1-AS1 protects human myocardial cells AC16 from DOX-induced apoptosis via the miR-874-3p/BDH1 axis.

HDAC1 participates in polycystic ovary syndrome through histone modification to regulate H19/miR-29a-3p/NLRP3-mediated granulosa cell pyroptosis

Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is known to participate in the molecular etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, its role in granulosa cell (GC) pyroptosis remains unclear. This study sought to investigate the mechanism of HDAC1 in PCOS-induced GC pyroptosis through histone modification. Clinical serum samples and the general data of study subjects were collected. PCOS mouse models were established using dehydroepiandrosterone and cell models were established in HGL5 cells using dihydrotestosterone. Expressions of HDAC1, H19, miR-29a-3p, and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and pyroptosis-related proteins and levels of hormones and inflammatory cytokines were determined. Ovarian damage was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Functional rescue experiments were conducted to verify the role of H19/miR-29a-3p/NLRP3 in GC pyroptosis in PCOS. HDAC1 and miR-29a-3p were downregulated whereas H19 and NLRP3 were upregulated in PCOS. HDAC1 upregulation attenuated ovarian damage and hormone disorders in PCOS mice and suppressed pyroptosis in ovarian tissues and HGL5 cells. HDAC1 inhibited H3K9ac on the H19 promoter and H19 competitively bound to miR-29a-3p to improve NLRP3 expression. Overexpressed H19 or NLRP3 or inhibited miR-29a-3p reversed the inhibition of GC pyroptosis by HDAC1 upregulation. Overall, HDAC1 suppressed GC pyroptosis in PCOS through deacetylation to regulate the H19/miR-29a-3p/NLRP3 axis.

Multi-omics insights and therapeutic implications in polycystic ovary syndrome: a review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological disease that causes adverse effects in women in their reproductive phase. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Over the last decade, sequencing and omics approaches have advanced at an increased pace. Omics initiatives have come to the forefront of biomedical research by presenting the significance of biological functions and processes. Thus, multi-omics profiling has yielded important insights into understanding the biology of PCOS by identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Multi-omics platforms provide high-throughput data to leverage the molecular mechanisms and pathways involving genetic alteration, epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, protein interaction, and metabolic alterations in PCOS. The purpose of this review is to outline the prospects of multi-omics technologies in PCOS research by revealing novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Finally, we address the knowledge gaps and emerging treatment strategies for the management of PCOS. Future PCOS research in multi-omics at the single-cell level may enhance diagnostic and treatment options.

Melatonin Maintains Homeostasis and Potentiates the Anti-inflammatory Response in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mastitis through microRNA-16b/YAP1

Staphylococcus aureus is a highly infectious pathogen and is a considerable threat to food hygiene and safety. Although melatonin is thought to exert an ameliorative effect on bovine mastitis, the regulatory mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we first verified the therapeutic effect of melatonin against S. aureus in vitro and in vivo, a screening of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs among the blank, and S. aureus and melatonin + S. aureus groups by high-throughput sequencing identified miR-16b and YAP1, which exhibited 1.95-fold upregulated and 1.05-fold downregulated expression, respectively. Moreover, epigenetic studies showed that S. aureus inhibited miR-16b expression by methylation (increased DNMT1 expression). Additionally, the DNMT1 expression level was significantly decreased by melatonin treatment, which might indicate that the inhibition of DNMT1 by melatonin reduces the effect of S. aureus on miR-16b. The flow cytometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, EdU assay, and cell morphology results indicated that miR-16b in bovine mammary epithelial cells (in vitro) and in mice (in vivo) can modulate the maintenance of homeostasis and potentiate the anti-inflammatory response. In addition, YAP1 was demonstrated to be the target gene of miR-16b through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, RNA immunoprecipitation, and functional assays. This study indicates that melatonin inhibits S. aureus-induced inflammation via microRNA-16b/YAP1-mediated regulation, and these findings might provide a new strategy for the prevention of bovine mastitis, facilitating further studies good of zoonotic diseases caused by S. aureus infection.

Long non‑coding RNA NEAT1 promotes mouse granulosa cell proliferation and estradiol synthesis by sponging miR‑874‑3p

It has been reported that long non-coding RNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) is involved in follicular growth and multiple ovarian diseases, but not the physiological function of NEAT1 in mouse granulosa cells (mGCs). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biological roles and regulatory mechanisms of NEAT1 in mGCs. The biological effects of NEAT1 on mGCs proliferation, apoptosis, production of 17β-Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) were investigated using MTS, flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. The association between NEAT1 and microRNA (miR)-874-3p was verified using luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation analysis. The results demonstrated that the knockdown of NEAT1 in mGC cells significantly promoted mGCs cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and increased the production of E2 and P4 in mGCs. The interference-mediated effect of NEAT1 on mGCs could be partially reversed by the downregulation of miR-874-3p. Overall, these results indicated that NEAT1 served as a competing endogenous RNA by competitively binding with miR-874-3p, thereby modulating mGCs proliferation and the production of E2 and P4 in mGCs.

miR-874: An Important Regulator in Human Diseases

miR-874 is located at 5q31.2, which is frequently deleted in cancer. miR-874 is downregulated in 22 types of cancers and aberrantly expressed in 18 types of non-cancer diseases. The dysfunction of miR-874 is not only closely related to the diagnosis and prognosis of tumor patients but also plays an important role in the efficacy of tumor chemotherapy drugs. miR-874 participates in the ceRNA network of long non-coding RNAs or circular RNAs, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer and other non-cancer diseases. In addition, miR-874 is also involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and Hedgehog signaling pathway. This review summarizes the molecular functions of miR-874 in the biological processes of tumor cell survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and tumorigenesis, and reveal the value of miR-874 as a cancer biomarker in tumor diagnosis and prognosis. Future work is necessary to explore the potential clinical application of miR-874 in chemotherapy resistance.

MiR-874-3p represses the migration and invasion yet promotes the apoptosis and cisplatin sensitivity via being sponged by long intergenic non-coding RNA 00922 (LINC00922) and targeting Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase Domain Containing 5 (GDPD5) in gastric cancer cells

Our study mainly reports the specific mechanisms of microRNA (miR)-874-3p on drug resistance in gastric cancer (GC). Clinical specimen was collected. The upstream long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and the downstream gene of miR-874-3p were predicted using bioinformatic analysis with the results being ascertained with dual-luciferase reporter assay. The viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion of transfected GC cells with or without cisplatin (DDP) treatment were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometric, Scratch, and Transwell assays. An animal xenograft model was constructed. Expressions of long intergenic non-coding RNA 00922 (LINC00922), miR-874-3p and potential target genes were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. MiR-874-3p, which was lower-expressed in drug-resistant GC tissues and cells, was upregulated to repress the viability, migration and invasion but enhance the apoptosis and sensitivity in GC cells with or without DDP resistance. Downregulation of miR-874-3p eliminated the effects of silenced LINC00922, a upstream lncRNA of miR-874-3p, on cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion, as well as the expressions of Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase Domain Containing 5 (GDPD5) and the downstream gene of miR-874-3p in DDP-resistant GC cells. GDPD5 silencing diminished the effects of miR-874-3p downregulation on GDPD5 expression, viability, migration and invasion of DDP-resistant GC cells. Additionally, LINC00922 silencing enhanced the inhibitory effect of DDP on tumor growth, whereas reversing the effects of DDP on LINC00922, miR-874-3p and GDPD5 expressions in tumors. MiR-874-3p, an miRNA, which is sponged by LINC00922 and targets GDPD5, inhibits the GC progression yet enhances the DDP sensitivity in GC.

Posttranslational modifications in pathogenesis of PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a lifelong reproductive, metabolic, and psychiatric disorder that affects 5-18% of women, which is associated with a significantly increased lifetime risk of concomitant diseases, including type 2 diabetes, psychiatric disorders, and gynecological cancers. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in changes in protein function and are necessary to maintain cellular viability and biological processes, thus their maladjustment can lead to disease. Growing evidence suggests the association between PCOS and posttranslational modifications. This article mainly reviews the research status of phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, as well as their roles and molecular mechanisms in the development of PCOS. In addition, we briefly summarize research and clinical trials of PCOS therapy to advance our understanding of agents that can be used to target phosphorylated, methylated, acetylated, and ubiquitinated PTM types. It provides not only ideas for future research on the mechanism of PCOS but also ideas for PCOS treatments with therapeutic potential.

microRNA-194 is increased in polycystic ovary syndrome granulosa cell and induce KGN cells apoptosis by direct targeting heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-related follicular developmental disorder that affects 50 %-70 % of reproductive-aged women diagnosed with ovulation-related infertility. Abnormal proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) are thought to be the critical factors leading to abnormal maturation of follicles. It has been shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) exert a significant influence in the pathogenesis of PCOS; however, the relationship between miRNA, PCOS, and GC apoptosis is not entirely understood.

METHODS

To clarify the effect of miR-194 in PCOS, CCK-8, Ki67 staining, AO/EB, and flow cytometry assays were used to assess cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis in KGN cells, which were artificially stimulated to overexpress miR-194. Luciferase reporter assays and rescue experiments were used to elucidate the mechanism underlying miR-194 in PCOS.

RESULTS

miR-194 expression was significantly up-regulated in rat models of PCOS and the ovarian GCs of PCOS patients. miR-194 suppression promoted KGN cell growth and proliferation. miR-194 overexpression also induced cell apoptosis, while miR-194 downregulation had an opposite effect. Furthermore, up-regulating heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) expression rescued the pro-apoptotic effects of miR-194 upregulation on KGN cells.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-194 is increased in PCOS granulosa cell and may function as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for KGN cells via HB-EGF regulation.